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  • What patent waiver in the COVID fight mean for global health equity

    The article highlights the implications of patent waiver for Covid-19 for global health equity.

    Where the opposition to waiver proposal came from

    • Recently, the US agreed to support the India-South Africa proposal, seeking a waiver of patent protection for technologies needed to combat and contain COVID-19.
    • Response to the proposal was divided during earlier debates at the WTO.
    • While many low and middle income countries supported it, resistance came from the U.S., the United Kingdom, the European Union, Switzerland, Australia and Japan.
    • Since the WTO operates on consensus rather than by voting, the proposal did not advance despite drawing support of over 60 countries.
    • Predictably, the pharmaceutical industry fiercely opposed it and vigorously lobbied many governments.
    • Right-wing political groups in the high income countries sided with the industry.

    Issues with the reasons given for opposition to the waiver proposal

    1) Quality and safety of vaccine production in low and middle-income countries

    • It was argued that the capacity for producing vaccines of assured quality and safety was limited to some laboratories.
    • So, it is argued that it would be hazardous to permit manufacturers in low and middle-income countries.
    • However, pharmaceutical manufacturers have no reservations about contracting industries in those countries to manufacture their patent-protected vaccines for the global market.

    2) Licenced manufacturing

    • The counter to patent waiver is an offer to license manufacturers in developing countries while retaining patent rights.
    • This restricts the opportunity for production to a chosen few.
    • The terms of those agreements are opaque and offer no assurance of equity in access to the products at affordable prices, either to the country of manufacture or to other developing countries.

    3) Supplying vaccines through COVAX facility

    • It was also stated that developing countries could be supplied vaccines through the COVAX facility, set up by several international agencies and donors.
    • While well-intended, it has fallen far short of promised delivery.
    • Some U.S. states have received more vaccines than entire Africa has from COVAX.

    4) No availability of extra capacity for vaccine production

    • Critics of a patent waiver say there is no evidence that extra capacity exists for producing vaccines outside of firms undertaking them now.
    • Even before the change in the U.S.’s position, manufacturers from many countries expressed their readiness and avidly sought opportunities to produce the approved vaccines.
    • They included industries in Canada and South Korea, suggesting that capable manufacturers in high income countries too are ready to avail of patent waivers but are not being allowed to enter a restricted circle.
    • The World Health Organization’s mRNA vaccine technology transfer hub has already drawn interest from over 50 firms.
    • Instead of arguing that capacity is limited, high-income countries and other donors should be supporting the growth of more capacity to meet the current and likely future pandemic.
    • They should learn from the manner in which India built up capacity and gained a reputation as a respected global pharmacy by moving from product patenting to process patenting between 1970 and 2005.

    5) Time required to utilise patented technology is long

    • Patent waivers are also dismissed as useless on the grounds that the time taken for their utilisation by new firms will be too long to help combat the present pandemic.
    • But many countries have low vaccination rates and variants are gleefully emerging from unprotected populations.
    • This makes it difficult to put the end date for the pandemic to end

    6) China factor

    • An argument put forth by multinational pharmaceutical firms is that a breach in the patent barricade will allow China to steal their technologies, now and in the future.
    • The original genomic sequence was openly shared by China, which gave these firms a head start in developing vaccines.

    Issue of rewarding innovation financially

    • Much of the foundational science that built the path for vaccine production came from public-funded universities and research institutes.
    • Further, what use is it to hold on to patents when global health and the global economy are devastated?
    • It is often argued that for defending patent protection, is that innovation and investment by industry need to be financially rewarded to incentivise them to develop new products.
    • Even if compulsory licences are issued bypassing patent restrictions, royalties are paid to the original innovators and patent holders.

    Way forward

    • Developing countries must take heart from his gesture and start issuing compulsory licences.
    • The Doha declaration on TRIPS flexibilities permits their use in a public health emergency.
    • High-income countries and multilateral agencies should provide financial and technical support to enable expansion of global production capacity.

    Consider the question “Why are the implications of patent waiver for Covid-19 vaccine for the global health equity? What were the reasons for opposition to waiver proposal?” 

    Conclusion

    The U.S.-supported patent waiver in the COVID fight has the potential to bring in much-needed global health equity.

  • Section 142 of the Social Security Code – 2020 Notified

    Aadhaar mandatory

    • The Union government has made Aadhaar mandatory for availing social security benefits, and for registration on a national informal workers’ database being developed for migrants.
    • The labour ministry has notified section 142 of the social security code.
    • It allows authorities to collect Aadhaar details for the database of beneficiaries under various social security schemes.
    • The move will be applicable to both formal and informal workers and may also help in curbing duplication of data by keeping imposters at bay, authorities said.
    • However, people who don’t have Aadhaar will not be denied of benefits, the ministry claims.

    National informal workers’ database

    •  National database for unorganized workers is at an advanced stage of development by National Informatics Centre.
    • The portal is aimed at collection of data for unorganized workers, including migrant workers for the purpose of giving benefits of the various schemes of the government.
    • An inter-state migrant worker can register himself on the portal on the basis of submission of Aadhaar alone.

    ——————————————————//—————————————–

    BACK2BASICS

    • The Code on Social Security, 2020 is a code to amend and consolidate the laws relating to social security with the goal to extend social security to all employees and workers either in the organised or unorganised or any other sectors.
    • The Social Security Code, 2020 brings unorganised sector, gig workers and platform workers under the ambit of social security schemes, including life insurance and disability insurance, health and maternity benefits, provident fund and skill upgradation, etc. The act amalgamates 9 central labour enactments relating to social security.
    • To access complete Act, you can click on the link given below:

    https://labour.gov.in/sites/default/files/SS_Code_Gazette.pdf

  • How right mentorship helps you save a UPSC IAS attempt? | Shreya’s story

    Click here to fill the Samanvaya form for 1-1 mentorship. We will call you within 24 hours.(Also provided at the bottom of the article)

    Shreya decided to venture towards her long-nurtured dream of becoming an IAS officer in 2019, and after a year-long struggle, she appeared in the 2020 UPSC Prelims and got to experience the exam first hand.

    After the lost attempt of 2020, she acknowledged that there were areas in her preparation strategy which she could not properly address while doing the preparation alone last year. This is a very important step she has taken in underlining the areas of improvement, which many actually fail to see while self-evaluating the errors. Thereby losing precious time in the
    process.

    Click here to fill the Samanvaya form for 1-1 mentorship. We will call you within 24 hours.

    Then there were also her personal highs and lows. She felt the need to be held accountable for her studies to address the shortcomings of inconsistencies. Then her search for institutional/formal training for UPSC CSE exam began. She had to make certain choices vis-a-vis the training format to meet her specific requirements. Thus with her list of expectations ready, she started to search for their specific solutions.

    We would also like to mention other similar problems which students like Shreya face during their initial years of preparations here, which are:

    • Mental stress and Isolation
    • Financial Hardships
    • Lack of Peer 2 Peer learning
    • Lack of Direction
    • Reliance on X number of sources
    • Unfair Practices by coaching centers
    • Lack of answer writing
    • Reading Newspaper in a proper way
    • Poor Time management
    • Improper analysis

    Click here to fill the Samanvaya form for 1-1 mentorship. We will call you within 24 hours.

    So she stumbled upon Civilsdaily in late 2020. Now she has spent some 6-7 months with us and opted for a mentorship program, and what encouraged us to tell her story to you is the kind of progress she has been able to make with her mentor and how?

    Let’s hear her out in the small video message she has for us.

    Want to discuss the issues that you are facing?

    Fill up the SAMANVAYA form given below to schedule a free 1-on-1 free mentorship session. Once filled we’ll call you within 24 hours.

    Civilsdaily Samanvaya 1-On-1 Mentorship Form

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    Yes I want Mentorship

    Happy learning
    Civilsdaily IAS

  • Mini-Seed Kits to boost pulses output in kharif 2021

    Central government to distribute mini-kits of seed

    • The government on said it will distribute over 20 lakh mini-kits of seeds worth Rs 82.01 crore as part of a strategy to boost pulses production in the kharif season of the 2021-22 crop year.
    • The total cost for these mini-kits will be borne by the central government to boost the production and productivity of tur, moong and urad.
    • In addition to this, the usual programme of inter-cropping and area expansion by the states will continue on a sharing basis between the Centre and state, it said.

    Increasing production and productivity

    • From a meagre production of 14.76 million tonnes in the 2007-08 crop year, pulses production has now reached 24.42 million tonnes in the 2020-2021 crop year, which is a phenomenal increase of 65 per cent.
    • India is still importing around 4 lakh tonnes of tur, 0.6 lakh tonnes of moong and around 3 lakh tonnes of urad for meeting its demand.
    • The special programme will increase the production and productivity of the three pulses of tur, moong and urad to a great extent and will play an important role in reducing the import burden.

  • RBI steps in to ease COVID-19 burden

    Term Liquidity Facility announced

    • Reserve Bank of India stepped in on Wednesday with measures aimed at alleviating any financing constraints for healthcare infrastructure and services reeling under the second Covid wave.
    • RBI Governor announced a Term Liquidity Facility of ₹50,000 crore with tenor of up to three years, at the repo rate, to ease access to credit for providers of emergency health services.
    • Under the scheme, banks will provide fresh lending support to a wide range of entities, including vaccine manufacturers, importers/suppliers of vaccines and priority medical devices, hospitals/dispensaries, pathology labs, manufacturers and suppliers of oxygen and ventilators, and logistics firms. 
    • These loans will continue to be classified under priority sector till repayment or maturity, whichever is earlier.

    Measures for individual and MSME borrowers

    • As part of a “comprehensive targeted policy response”, the RBI also unveiled schemes to provide credit relief to individual and MSME borrowers impacted by the pandemic.
    • RBI unveiled a Resolution Framework 2.0 for COVID-related stressed assets of individuals, small businesses and MSMEs.
    • To provide further support to small business units, micro and small industries, and other unorganised sector entities the RBI decided to conduct special three-year long-term repo operations (SLTRO) of ₹10,000 crore at the repo rate for Small Finance Banks.
    • The SFBs would be able to deploy these funds for fresh lending of up to ₹10 lakh per borrower.
    • In view of the fresh challenges brought on by the pandemic and to address the emergent liquidity position of smaller MFIs, SFBs are now being permitted to reckon fresh lending to smaller MFIs (with asset size of up to ₹500 crore) for onlending to individual borrowers as priority sector lending.

    Measure for States

    • To enable the State governments to better manage their fiscal situation in terms of their cash flows and market borrowings, maximum number of days of overdraft (OD) in a quarter is being increased from 36 to 50 days and the number of consecutive days of OD from 14 to 21 days, the RBI said.

  • 8th May 2021 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions

    [WpProQuiz 626]

    [WpProQuiz_toplist 626]

  • 8 May 2021 | Nikaalo Prelims Quiz- TS 11- Current Affairs Test 4: October 2020

    [WpProQuiz 625]

  • Atmanirbhar Bharat & the informal sector

    The article highlights the important role the informal sector can play in the vision of Atmanirbhar Bharat.

    Economic development through Atmanirbhar Bharat

    • The vision of the Atmanirbhar Bharat is rooted in the classical paradigm of economic development, based on demand injection in the economy via two sources, domestic and external.
    • ‘Vocal for local’ exhorts a distinct and decisive shift in consumer preferences towards locally-produced goods and services.
    • ‘Make for the world’ is more ambitious and resembles the export-led growth strategy adopted in East Asia.
    • Thus, the Atmanirbhar Bharat categorically bestows the Indian economy with twin engines of growth.

    Important role informal sector can play

    • The strategy is based on an assumption of lack of adequate demand.
    • So a prognosis of supply side with respect to the ability of domestic producers of goods and services to seize the opportunity at the requisite scale and scope is pertinent.
    • The nature, character, structure and contributions of the informal sector require retrospection.
    • The size of India’s informal sector is massive, it accounts for about 50% of GVA and a major share in the export basket.
    • This position proffers it with growth opportunities emanating from domestic as well as external sources.

    Constraints faced by informal sector

    • Most firms are micro in size and deploy little capital.
    • They have a small scale of production, substandard/unbranded quality of products, and localised scope of procuring raw material and marketing their products.
    • They are vulnerable to business downturns and other market uncertainties, as reflected in high mortality.
    • Their access to cheap, reliable and long-term credit sources is highly restricted.
    • The sector also endures a lack of official identity and recognition of its existence and contribution.

    Three transformations informal sector need to adopt

    • Atmanirbhar Bharat promises enhanced demand for domestically-produced goods and services, but the exposure to stiff global competition, especially for informal sector units, is imminent.
    • In such a scenario, the informal sector must embrace for three tectonic shifts with respect to internal transformation, strategic positioning and labour-market dynamics.

    1)  Internal transformation

    • Enterprises must undergo drastic internal transformation, progressively converging at incremental formalisation through spontaneous and self-propelled transition into economically-viable units.
    • It requires infusion of capital to ensure enhanced labour productivity and higher wages.
    • A systemic disruption, fostering natural growth must be ushered in, which would also curb the birth of new informal enterprises.
    • Moreover, internal consolidation in the sector via merger and acquisitions of units would bring benefits accruing from scale economies.

    2) Strategic positioning

    • Two, because the vision of the Atmanirbhar Bharat exposes the informal sector to global competition, entrepreneurs must embrace the subtle art of strategic positioning in global mega-supply chains.
    • They must pick their products and markets with utmost care, and engrain two mantras of success at the global stage in the DNA of their business strategies.
    • Global mega-supply chains demand ultra-flexibility in production cycle in addition to heightened resilience to withstand headwinds emanating from not just domestic factors but also global.

    3) Labour market dynamics

    • The informal sector employs more than 80% of India’s workforce.
    • The changes in the first two spheres i.e. higher capital intensity-led enhanced labour productivity and ultra-flexibility in production cycles may have severe repercussions on the availability and quality of jobs in India.
    • To alleviate these concerns, the first assumption is that the proportionate increase in expected demand must be more than the enhanced labour productivity to at least retain the currently employed workers.
    • To generate good quality jobs, diversification (both horizontal and vertical) must be encouraged.
    • Vertical diversification entails products not just be partly produced or assembled in India, they must be the end-products of fully indigenised and integrated production and supply chains, from design to made in India.
    • Horizontal diversification involves expansion into newer products and markets, smartly aligning with India’s comparative advantage of surplus labour.

    Consider the question ” India’s vast informal sector is poised to play an instrumental, decisive and intriguing role in the vision of the Atmanirbhar Bharat.  But the sector, in its current form, appears severely constrained to harness the opportunities. In lights of this, examine the constraints faced by the sector and suggest the measures needed to transform the sector.” 

    Conclusion

    The vision of the Atmanirbhar Bharat is an inflexion point for India’s informal sector, which stipulates adroit manoeuvring between contrasting forces of continuity and change.

  • ESCAPE THE SNOOZE MODE IN YOUR UPSC-CSE PREPARATION

    ESCAPE THE SNOOZE MODE IN YOUR UPSC-CSE PREPARATION

    Click here to fill the Samanvaya form for 1-1 mentorship. We will call you within 24 hours.(Also provided at the bottom of the article)

    We talked to 8000+ aspirants in the last one year and their answers will surprise you.

    Inconsistency in UPSC preparation is like getting up at 5 am. A night before you set up your alarm. The motivation to get up is high at this point. But in the morning, when the alarm rings, we swipe it to the right with a thought “IN 5 MINUTES…FOR SURE!!”. This snooze cycle usually continues for some time till we realize it is 8 am. Already a bad start to the day! To add to it, you will spend the whole day repenting upon not being able to get up early, instead of focusing upon the time we have. The same goes for UPSC preparation. You set your targets but one slight glitch and your whole preparation go off track. Till the time you yourself realize this mismanagement, it is a bit too late. Anxiety builds up, performance levels fall. You are not able to achieve even 10% OF YOUR TRUE POTENTIAL on the D-day.

    WE ASKED 8000+ STUDENTS ONE SIMPLE QUESTION –

    “WHAT IS THE BIGGEST OBSTACLE THAT YOU ARE FACING IN YOUR UPSC PREPARATION?”

    YOU WILL BE ASTOUNDED THAT ONE ANSWER WAS COMMON IN REPLIES – INCONSISTENCY.

    They are Consistently Inconsistent. Meaning, they go through these highs and lows in their preparation. They are able to study for days, week but they hit a sudden gap in preparation. Then, they find it very hard to come back. The good news is that we have the solution.

    Click here to fill the Samanvaya form for 1-1 mentorship. We will call you within 24 hours.

    Our philosophy behind MENTORSHIP is to get you out of this Snooze cycle. This ensures that you are the BEST VERSION of yourself in this journey. If you are under the impression that mentorship is weekly calls you attend, then you are mistaken, my friend. Trust us, your mentor will be your ‘FRIEND, PHILOSOPHER AND GUIDE’.

    How Mentorship can fight inconsistency in preparation?

    TO EACH THEIR OWN – Every aspirant is different. Their strengths and weaknesses are different. Their time availability is also different. Identifying this is important so you don’t end up making unrealistic targets and lose momentum. Your mentor will make sure you start slow but remain consistent to build your confidence. Making your schedule structured based on our experience of working with 2500+ students is our first priority. 

    TRACK YOUR PROGRESS – When you see yourself grow, it becomes easier to motivate yourself to push boundaries. Tracking your progress can happen in many ways like mentorship calls or chat sessions or by regular tests. The idea is to ensure that you don’t go off track in your preparation, and even if you do, we have your back.

    Click here to fill the Samanvaya form for 1-1 mentorship. We will call you within 24 hours.

    EVOLUTION – A constant guidance is important to bring consistency to your UPSC preparation. Guidance is not about clearing your doubts or asking you to study when you don’t. It is also about the evolution of your preparation. This is where you and your mentor work as a team. A constant effort to PLAN AND BUILD UP YOUR ABILITY to learn in a faster and more efficient way.

    Click here to fill the Samanvaya form for 1-1 mentorship. We will call you within 24 hours.

    TALK IT OUT – The biggest hurdle in achieving your highest level of consistency is the emotional part. Every now and then, you. surround yourself with negative thoughts, you feel scared and depressed. Instead of resolving these emotional issues, you avoid them as it seems like a waste of your precious time. You have to understand that ignoring emotional troubles does not solve them. What your doing is building an emotional time bomb that may burst a week before your mains or prelims! This is where your MENTOR AS A FRIEND comes in. All our mentors have been through this journey. We understand your fears and anxieties. So, TALK IT OUT.

    Click here to fill the Samanvaya form for 1-1 mentorship. We will call you within 24 hours.

    Don’t let inconsistency keep you away from your dreams.

    Fill up the SAMANVAYA form given below. Let us know your problems and we will find a solution to it, just like our students say ” TOGETHER WE CAN AND WE WILL”.

    Civilsdaily Samanvaya 1-On-1 Mentorship Form

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    Yes I want Mentorship

  • Important Historical Sculpture/Tribes in India, Their festivals, and Culture

     

     
    7th May 2021
    Important Historical Sculpture and Paintings
               Famous Sculpture/                             Painting Era/ Dynasty      Monument
        Bodhisattva Padmapani Gupta Period Ajanata
        Mahakapi Jataka Sunga Bharhut stupa
        Torso of Vishnu Gupta Period Mathura
        Stupa worship Mauryan/Sunga period Bharhut stupa
        Yakshini Mauryan/Sunga period Bharhut stupa
        Queen Maya’s dream Mauryan/Sunga period Bharhut stupa
        Painting of Yashodahara,Rahul & buddha Gupta Period Ajanata
        Standing Buddha Gupta Period Sarnath
        Seated Buddha Kushanas Mathura
        Standing Buddha Kushanas Gandhara
        Mara Vijaya Multiple period Ajanta
        Maheshmurthi Rashtrakuta Period Elephanta caves
        Shiva chasing boar Vijaynagara Period Lepakshi temple
        Shiva killing Tripurasura   Thanjavoor
        Dakshinamurthy Vijaynagara Period Lepakshi temple
        Ladies attending Parvathy Vijaynagara Period Lepakshi temple
        Krishna playing the flute   Pundareekapuram temple
        Sheshashayana Vishnu Gupta Period Dashavtar temple
        Vishnu in Nara-Narayan form Gupta Period Dashavtar temple
        Arjun Penance Pallavas Mahabalipuram
        Statue of Suparshvanatha Pallavas  
        Statue of Gommateshwara, Ganga Dynasty Shravanbelagola, Karnataka
        Yakshi Mauryan Period Didarganj
        Durga with eight arms shown in the act of defeating Mahishasura, Pallavas Mahishasura Mardini Cave, Mahabalipuram
        Ravana Shaking Mount Kailasha Rashtrakuta Ellora
        Nandi bull Cholas Brihadeshwara temple
        Kalyana Sundara Murthy Rashtrakuta Ellora
        Nayika Ganga Dynasty Lingraj temple
        Nataraja Cholas Brideshwar temple
        Manjira player Ganga Dynasty Surya Mandir,Odhisa
        Mohini Hoysalas Chennakeshava temple
        Pillars with horse rider Naykas Meenakshi temple
        Worship of Bodhi tree Mauryan Period Bharhut
        Animals worshipping Bodhi tree Sungas Sanchi
        Yakshini Sungas Sanchi
        Taming of Nalagiri elephant Mauryan Period Amravati
        Head of Buddha Kushanas Gandhara
        Seated Buddha Kushanas Mathura
        Dwarfish Yaksha   Pithalkoda caves
        Five Ratha Pallavas Mahabalipuram
        Vrikshika Sunga Sanchi Stupa
        Buddha’s Great departure Kushanas Gandhara
        Indra flying amid clouds together with celestial nymphs Gupta Period Ajanta

     

    The following table contains the tribes in India, significant aspects of their life, and festivals they celebrate.
      Name of the tribe States/ Region Significant aspects related to the tribe Festivals
      Munda Chota Nagpur Plateu 1.Christianity is their main religion.
    2..They speak Mundari which is austro-asiatic Language.    		 Main festivals of Munda tribe are Mage Parab , Ind-Parab Jom-Nagoa or Jom Nawa ,Batauli ,Kolom Sing ,Phagu Festival ,Sarhul or Ba Parab ,Karam and Sohrai Festival
      Santhals West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Jharkhand and Assam. 1.Santhals are the third largest tribe in India.
    2.Santhals speak Santhali, which belongs to the Austro- Asiatic language family. Santhals have their script called Olchiki, which was developed by Dr Raghunath Murmu in 1925.
    3.Santhals have no temples of their own. They even do not worship any idols. Santhals follow the Sarna religion.    		 Santhals mainly celebrate the Karam festival which falls in the month of September and October
      Angami Nagaland 1.Men wear shawls called white Mhoushu and the black Lohe. The women wear Mechala – the wrap around skirt and shawls of unique designs and patterns
    2.Christianity is the major religion followed among the Angami tribal people
    3.Angamis are quite popular for their woodcraft and artwork.    		 Sekrenyi is the main festival celebrated among the Angamis in Nagaland.
      Bhils The central Bhils are found in the mountain regions in the Indian states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujrat and Rajasthan. Bhils are also found in the north eastern parts of Tripura. 1.Religion practice among the Bhils differ from place to place. Most of them worship local deities like Khandoba, Kanhoba, Bahiroba, and Sitalmata. Some of the worship Tiger God called ‘vaghdev’. They have no temples of their own.
    2.Ghoomar is the most famous dance among the Bhils.
    3.Than Gair is the religious dance drama performed by the men in the month of Sharavana (July and August)    		 The Baneshwar fair is the main festival celebrated among the Bhils. This fair is held during the period of Shivatri (in the month of January or February) and is dedicated to Baneshwar Mahadev also known as Lord Shiva. On this occasion Bhils gather all together set up camps on the banks of the Som and Mahi river.
      Chenchus Chenchu inhabit in the Nallamalai hills, which have been the part of the Nagarjuna Sagar Tiger Sanctuary for centuries in Andhra Pradesh India. 1.Chenchus talk in Chenchu language with the Telgu accent. Their language is also known as Chenchucoolam, Chenchwar, Chenswar or Choncharu.
    2.Chenchus worship number of deities. They mainly believe in Bhagaban taru who lives in the sky and look after the Chenchus in all their doings. Another deity they worship is Garelamai Sama, who is the Goddess of forest.    		  
      Khasis Khasi tribe is mainly found in the sate of Assam and the Khasi Jaintia hills in Meghalaya 1.Khasis speak Khasi, which is an Austro- Asiatic language. It is the part of the Mon-Khmer group of languages.
    2.Khasis have a matriachal society.
    3.Most of the Khasis follow Christianity as the religion. The Khasi believe in the supreme creator God U Blei Nong-thaw.    		 Nongkrem is the major festival celebrated among the Khasis.
      Bhuthias Bhutia tribes are of the Tibetan origin. They migrated to Sikkim around 16th century. In the northern part of the Sikkim where they are the major inhabitants, they are known as the Lachenpas and Lachungpas. Majority of the Bhutias are concentrated in the dry valley of the North Sikkim. 1.Bhutia tribes usually speak Sikkimese.
    2.The legal system among the Bhutias is termed as the Dzumsa, which means the rendezvous point of the common masses.
    3. Bhutia male wear Bakhu which is a loose traditional dress with the full sleeves. While the women dress consists of Silken Honju, which is the full sleeves blouse    		 Losar and Losoong are the main festivals celebrated among the Bhutia tribes.
      Gonds The Gonds are the tribal community mostly found in the Gond forests of central India. They are widely spread in the Chhindwara District of Madhya Pradesh 1.Gonds tribe speak Gondi language which is related to the Telgu and the other Dravidian languages.
    2.Gonds have been largely influenced by the Hindus and for the long time have been practicing the Hindus culture and traditions. Gonds are the worshipers of Janani or the mother of creator.
    3.Gusadi dance is the most famous dance perfomed by the Gonds.    		 Gonds fair and festivals are influenced from the Hindu traditions. Keslapur Jathra is the important festival of the Gonds.
      Gaddis Himachal Pradesh. 1.The main occupation of Gaddi tribes is shepherding and they make their livelihood by rearing and selling sheeps, goats, mules and horses
    2. They speak Gaddi langauge    		 The Namagen dance is performed in the month of September to celebrate the autum. They were costumes which are largely woolen and studded with ornaments of silver. They are worn by women.
      Birhor Chattisgarh 1.They follow Hinduism and have their indigenous traditional beliefs. ‘Sing Bonga’, is regarded by the people as the supreme god.
    2.Birhor tribe is one of the primitive tribes. They belong to the Proto-Australoid stock; linguistically, they originate from the Austro-Asiatic group.    		  
      Garo Meghalaya 1.In Garo tribes, women are the owners of property thus making it a matrilineal society.
    2.most of the Garos adopted Christianity. These tribes speak Garo language, which is also further divided into different sub-languages or dialects.    		 Wangala is one of the significant festivals of these tribes This festival is celebrated after the harvest of crops as thanks giving ceremony to their deity Salijong
      Zeliang Nagaland 1.The Zeliang practice wet cultivation or Panikheti and terraced cultivation. They practice Jhum cultivation though they prefer Panikheti.
    2.Many have accepted the religion of Christianity.    		 The Hega festival is one of the most important and the largest festivals among the Zeliang community
      Rengma Nagaland 1.They belong to the Mongoloid racial stock. The Rengma is a patriarchal society therefore the line of descent is traced through the male side and property rights goes to the male line.

     

    2.The Rengma tribes are agriculturists. They grow paddy through Jhum cultivation and wet cultivation.

    3.Traditionally Rengma tribes are worshippers of supernatural beings. The Supreme god is known as Teronyu. Nyensug and Nyensugi are the next important god and goddesses who are worshipped for household wealth. Now most of the Rengma tribes are Christians

    		 Ngada is the most important festival of Rengma tribes. It is celebrated after harvesting the crop or at the end of November or in the beginning of December. Actually it is a “Thanks giving” festival of the Rengma tribes
      Ao Nagaland The Ao Nagas are rich in their folk literature.
    With the arrival of Christian missionaries in the 19th century the Ao were some of the earliest converts to Christianity among the other Naga tribes.    		 1. The Aos observe Moatsü Mong after the sowing is done. The festival provides them a period of recreation and entertainment after the stressful work of clearing fields, burning jungles, sowing seeds, cleaning up the Tsubu (wells) and repairs and construction of houses by elders of the Putu Menden, stretching over a week.
    2.Aos have another festival called Tsüngrem Mong. It is celebrated in the eve of the harvest.
      Lushai Manipur/Mizoram 1.Lushai tribes have developed expertise in swimming and hunting. That they are good archers are apparent from the fact that they can nicely handle ‘Sairawkher’.
    2.The way they dress shows that these Lushai tribes have got aesthetic sense. Lukhum is a special hat worn by the Lushai tribes. It is sharp in shape, mainly prepared from ‘bamboo splits’. Special open-hexagonal weave are used for weaving these hats.
    3.For proper administration, the whole of the Lushai society are segregated into clans and castes, nicely run by a village head. Different is the way in which they practice the ‘Sakhua sacrifice’. These Lushai tribes are pious.    		 There Bamboo dance(known as Cheraw dance) is very famous.
      Hmar Manipur 1.The society is patrilineal and patriarchal in nature.
    2. Hmars worship supernatural beings. Pathien is the supreme god.
    3.The Hmars depend on forest products. Their economy can be classified dually -traditional and subsidiary occupations.    		 Chawn-lam, Dar-lam, Pheipheet-lam, Hrang-lam, Tinna-Hla-lam are the common dances of the Hmar community. All dances are based on the rhythmic tunes of musical instruments.
      Kuki Manipur Kuki Tribe of Manipur are mainly followers of Christianity and Judaism.  
      Mizo Mizoram 1.The Mizos are of the Mongoloid racial stock with well built features.
    2.They follow Christianity
    3.The Mizos are mainly an agricultural people. Jhum cultivation is the traditional form of agriculture that is practiced    		 The Mizo celebrate many festivals among which Chapchar kut and Pavlkut are most important festivals. Chapchar kut is celebrated in the month of March. It is the spring festival celebrated. Pawl kut is a harvest festival celebrated in the months of December and January.
      Chakesang Nagaland   Held in between March and April, the Tsukhenyi festival is one of the least known tribal festivals in India that is celebrated with great enthusiasm by the Chakesang Nagass
      Limboos Sikkim 1.Many Limbu follow a combination of Buddhism and their traditional beliefs.
    2.There traditional group dance is called dhannach and is performed during marriage,death or any festivities
    3.The traditional dress of Limboos are mekhli and Taga    		  
      Lepchas Sikkim 1.The Lepchas are the aboriginal inhabitants of Sikkim and they are mostly settled in North Sikkim. They are mostly Buddhist but many of them have now adopted Christianity
    2. The traditional cloths of the Lepchas are woven in exquisite colour combinations. Men’s dress is called Thokro-Dum and the female’s dress is called Dumdyam or Dumvum.
    3. The Lepcha trace their descent patrilineally. The marriage is negotiated between the families of the bride and the groom.    		  
      Apatani Aruanchal Pradesh 1.UNESCO has proposed the Apatani valley for inclusion as a World Heritage Site for its “extremely high productivity” and “unique” way of preserving the ecology
    2. Women of the Apatani Tribe, in India’s Apatani plateau, are famous for the bizarre nose plugs they’ve been wearing since times long passed.    		 They have two major festival- Dree and Myoko.
      Nyishis Aruanchal Pradesh 1.The Nyishi language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan family, however, the origin is disputed.
    2.Polygyny is prevalent among the Nyish.
    3. The Nyishis, who traditionally wear cane helmets surmounted by the crest of a hornbill beak (known as pudum, padam), have considerably affected the population of this bird.
    Several organizations, such as the Arunachal Wildlife and Nature Foundation and the Wildlife Trust of India, have been trying to stop the Nyishi hunting these birds in order to protect them from extinction. Nature reserves, such as the Pakke Sanctuary, are being set up to protect the birds, while artificial materials, such as fiberglass, have been introduced as an alternative to the hornbill beak in Nyishi dress.    		 Nyokum is the festival celebrated by the Nyishi people, a religion which commemorates their ancestors.
      Adis Aruanchal Pradesh Adi dances vary from the slow, rustic and beautifully enchanting style Ponung (performed in Solung festival) to the exhilarating, exuberant thumps of Delong performed by Men in Etor festival. These dances have led to certain forms of dancing which jointly narrate a story, the Tapu (War Dance). In the Tapu War Dance, the dancers vigorously re-enact the actions of war, its gory details and the triumphant cries of the warriors. Yakjong is performed in Aran festival. The Adi celebrate a number of festivals, in particular their prime festivals are Aran, Solung, Etor.Solung, is observed in the first week of September for five days or more. It is a harvest festival performed after the sowing of seeds and transplantation, to seek for future bumper crops. Ponung songs and dances are performed by women folk during the festival
      Sema/Sumi Nagas Nagaland 1.The ‘Sumi Naga’ is one of the major Naga peoples in Nagaland, India. The Sumis mainly inhabit the Zunheboto district, although many have spread and is now living in a few more districts within Nagaland.
    2.Sumi Naga tribe practiced kiti-do and were a headhunter as every other Naga tribals .    		 Tuluni (July 8) is a festival of great significance for the Sumi. This festival is marked with feasts as the occasion occurs in the bountiful season of the year. Drinking rice beer indispensably forms as part of the feasts. Rice beer is served in a goblet made of bamboo or made from the leaf of plantain. This drink is called Tuluni which gives the festival its name.
      Konyak tribe Nagaland The Konyak are a Naga people, and are recognised among other Naga by their tattoos, which they have all over their face and hands; facial tattoos were earned for taking an enemy’s head. They are called the land of Angh’s. They have the largest population among the Nagas. Aoleang is the biggest festival for the Konyak. They wear their traditional attire and sing folk song to celebrate the Aoleang festival.
      Reang Tripura 1.The Reangs are basically a semi-nomadic tribe who practice jhum (slash and burn) or shifting method of cultivation on the hill sides.
    2. The Reang basically belonged to the Mongoloid group and speaks the Tibeto-Burmese language ‘Kau Bru    		 The Hodaigri dance amongst the Reang (Bru) was usually performed on the occasion of Maikhlungmo rituals i.e. worship of Goddess of food grains and cotton especially during the month of September-October
      Mishing Assam 1.The Mishing tribe is the second largest tribe among the other tribes of North- East India.
    2.Traditionally Mishing people live near the bank of river and they build their “Chang Ghar” with the help of timber bamboo, thatch, etc for comfort living.    		 Mishing people are easy going, very simple living and are fond of festivals. The main festival is “Ali-Aye-Ligang” which is the most colourful spring festival held every year on first Wednesday of the month “Gimur polo”(Feb-March).
      Karbi Assam 1.The Karbis believes in animism which consists of such a belief in the role of spiritual beings in human life.
    2. Various types of dances are performed by the youths during the performances of Chomangkan, the death ceremony and other socio-religious festivals. The Karbis have very limited number of musical instruments. A big drum called Cheng is their main musical instrument.    		 A number of festivals are observed by the people belonging to Karbi tribal group. Like for instance, they celebrate ‘Chojun Puja’ or ‘Swarak Puja’, ‘Rongker’, ‘Chokk-eroi’, ‘Hacha-Kekan’, ‘Chomangkan’.
      Mikir Assam    
      Kols Madhya Pradesh Most of these tribes are landless labourer. They prefer to live in groups near villages called Kolhan  
      Bonda Odhisa The Bonda are an ancient tribe of people who live in the isolated hill regions of the Malkangiri district of southwestern Odisha, India,  
      Oarons Odhisa,Bihar and Jharkhand 1.Oraon also called Kurukh, aboriginal people of the Chota Nagpur region in the state of Jharkhand, India. They call themselves Kurukh and speak a Dravidian language akin to Gondi and other tribal languages of central India.
    2.Speakers of Oraon number about 1,900,000, but in urban areas, and particularly among Christians, many Oraon speak Hindi as their mother tongue.
    3.It was long thought that the Oraons and the other tribals were animists, people who attribute a living soul to plants, inanimate objects and natural phenomena. This view has been discarded although amateur anthropologists still sort it out in articles, in popular magazines. The Oraons are not nature worshipers.    		  
      Murias Chattisgarh 1.The Muria are an adivasi (scheduled tribe) of the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh, India. They are part of the Gondi people.
    2.They have mixed-sex dormitories where adolescents are sent to practice premarital sex, sometimes with a single partner and sometimes serially.
    3.The Muria are traditionally animists, with village and clan deities    		  
      Korba Chattisgarh Famous for there Karma dance  
      Sahariya Rajasthan 1.Sahariya Tribe is the only primitive tribe of the Rajasthan state
    2.They follow Hindu religious practices and speak a dialect influenced by Hadoti.    		  
      Irulas Tamil Nadu 1. They inhabit the area of the Nilgiri mountains, in the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala, India
    2.Early 20th century anthropological literature classified the Irular under the Negrito ethnic group.
    3.Unlike the Negrito tribes in the Andaman Islands who have retained their language, Irular speak the Irula language, a Dravidian language that is closely related to Tamil, Yerukala, Sholaga and other Tamil languages    		  
      Badagas Tamil Nadu 1.The Badagas live in the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu, India. They speak the unwritten Badaga language and are the one of the social groups in Nilgiris
    2.Thundu (a white piece of cloth) forms an integral part of the attire of Badaga women and as a cultural item, is presented to visiting dignitaries as a gesture of good will.    		 Their important festival is Hethai Habba.
      Uralis Kerela 1.The Urali tribes like most of the tribes in south India, worship nature as Gods and inventor of the world. They consider the Sun as ‘the creator of all souls’ and moon as the mother of all creation.
    2.The Uralis generally do not engage in inter-tribal marriage, instead they prefer to marry within their own tribe. It is custom amongst them to wear a sacred thread on special occasions like weddings and funerals.    		  
      Jarawas Andaman & Nicobar Island 1.The Jarawa are still at the primitive stage of life on earth. They entirely depend upon forest and sea for food. Wild boar and monitor lizard are consumed. Various kinds of fruit , honey and tubers are parts of their diet too.
    2.The jarawas of both sexes go complete naked. However some ornaments made with shells and palm leaves are worn by them but these are not in the sense to cover their nudity.
    This tribe has lived in the southeast part of Andaman but after the British regime they shifted to the western region of the island. They have forever been hunter gatherers in the true sense however things have changed since the 1990’s specially after the building of the old trunk road.    		  
      Sentinelese Andaman & Nicobar Island 1.The Sentinelese people are said to be so hostile that their home has been named the ‘hardest place to visit’ in the world.The Sentinelese and other indigenous Andamanese peoples are frequently described as negritos,
    2.They inhabit the North Sentinel island, and are the only remaining tribe in the Andamans to still maintain their isolation from the rest of the world. Nobody knows exactly how they look, the population or how they live. Since 1967, the indian governments with the help of anthropologists have tried to make contact with the tribe. They tried giving gifts of food, coconuts, etc but they were always met with hostility. The tribe showers arrows and stones at whoever comes near the island.
    .    		  
      Onge Andaman & Nicobar Island Onges are one of the most primitive tribes in India. They belong to the Negrito racial stock and they have been mainly seen near the Dugong creek in Little Andaman. They are dependent on the food provided by nature and are a semi-nomadic tribe.
    The onge population fell post british colonization from 672 in 1986 to 92 in 1901 but has remained stable since.    		  
      Shompen Andaman & Nicobar Island The Shompens, who live in the Great Nicobar island, are a semi-nomadic people. They wander in their forest and coastal habitat in search of fruits and games. There are two territorial groups among the Shompens; The habitation of Shompens is the Great Nicobar which is the largest among the Nicobar group of Islands. Like the Nicobarese, they belong to the Mongoloid race.  
      Pangwal Himachal Pradesh. 1.These rugged people, who are Hindus, have their unique customs, traditions, and institutions. The native Pangwals and Bhotis are robust, hardworking, handsome people who keep the valley’s unique culture alive in folk songs, music and tribal dances. Music, dance and the locally brewed liquor ‘patar’, play a significant role in the life of the Pangwals. One of the major festivals celebrated towards the end of February is ‘Jukaru’
      Sherdukpen Aruanchal Pradesh 1.The Sherdukpen language is part of the Kanauri branch of the Tibeto-Burman family.
    2.Bardo Chham is a folk dance of Sherdukpens, a small community of West Kameng District of Arunachal Pradesh, Bardo Chham is based on the stories of good and evil. According to the local beliefs, there are both good and evil in mankind. The Sherdukpens mask themselves representing the different animals and dance to show an act of fighting the evil forces.    		  
      Wattal tribe Jammu & Kashmir Dumhal dance is performed by Wattal tribe on special occassions  
      Bhutias Sikkim 1.The Bhutia are a community of people of Tibetan ancestry, who speak Lhopo or Sikkimese, a Tibetan dialect fairly mutually intelligible to standard Tibetan
    2. Singhi Chham or Kanchendzonga Dance is a dance form in Sikkim whereby the dancers perform in a lion costume that represents the snow lion. It is a dance of the Bhutia people    		  
      Todas Tamil Nadu Tribals of Nilgiri hills  

     

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