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  • The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 remains only a legal document without intense sensitisation of government functionaries and citizens regarding disability. Comment.

    The RPwD Act, 2016 was enacted to align India’s legal framework with the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) to promote equality, ensure dignity, and protect rights of PwDs.

    Key Features of the RPwD Act, 2016

    Expanded definition: Disability categories increased from 7 to 21, including autism, thalassemia, acid attack survivors, etc.

    Reservation: 4% in government jobs and 5% in higher education for PwDs.

    Accessibility: Mandates barrier-free public infrastructure, ICT accessibility, and universal design.

    Institutional Framework: Establishment of Central and State Advisory Boards, Chief Commissioner and State Commissioners for PwDs.

    Legal Protection: Punishment for discrimination, and provision of special courts to handle disability-related matters.

    Major Issues Hindering Effective Implementation

    Bureaucratic Issues

    Poor Institutional Implementation- As per Department of Empowerment of PwDs, only 23 of 35 States/UTs had constituted State Advisory Boards.

    Inaccessible Infrastructure- Under Accessible India Campaign (Sugamya Bharat), only 3% of government buildings were made fully accessible by 2024.

    Tokenistic Compliance- Disability cells in ministries lack funds and trained staff.

    Delay in appointing state commissioners and lack of special courts restrict legal recourse for PwDs.

    Fragmented Coordination- Overlap between ministries (Social Justice, Urban Affairs, HRD) causes slow execution of inclusive programs.

    Citizen Awareness and Social Sensitisation Issues

    Social Stigma and Prejudice- PwDs continue to face exclusion, pity narratives, and stereotypes in media and public life.

    Lack of Awareness Among Citizens and Local Institutions- Rural households and PRIs remain unaware of provisions such as disability certificates or reservation rights.

    Educational Exclusion- Despite RTE inclusion, schools lack special educators and assistive devices; enrolment gaps persist.

    Digital Divide and Communication Barriers- Most government websites and platforms fail web accessibility compliance standards (WCAG).

    Media Misrepresentation- Stereotyping of PwDs continues despite Supreme Court directives (2024) against derogatory portrayals in films and media.

    Way Forward

    Sensitisation – Conduct mandatory disability awareness training for civil servants, teachers, and health workers.

    Grassroots Awareness Campaigns: Use community radio, local NGOs, and ASHA/Aanganwadi networks.

    Institutional Strengthening: Fully operationalize State Advisory Boards, ensure adequate funding and monitoring.

    Accessibility Revolution: Enforce Sugamya Bharat milestones with real-time audits.

    True inclusion demands a “whole-of-society” approach-one that blends policy, participation, and perception change to realise the vision of “Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Vishwas.”

  • Reforming the government delivery system through the Direct Benefit Transfer Scheme is a progressive step, but it has its limitations too. Comment.

    As per World Bank (2023), India’s DBT architecture is the largest social protection systems globally, covering over 900 million people.

    Progressive Aspects of the DBT Scheme

    Cost Savings – DBT system helped India achieve by eliminating ghost beneficiaries, duplication, and leakages. (BlueKraft Digital Foundation, 2025)

    Better targeting – Subsidy allocations reduced from 16% (pre-DBT) to 9% of total government expenditure.

    Transparency and Reduction in Leakages – DBT has significantly reduced ghost beneficiaries and duplication. Eg-In PAHAL (LPG subsidy)

    Financial Inclusion – PM Jan Dhan Yojana enabled over 50 crore accounts, empowering poor women and rural households to receive funds directly.

    Efficiency and Timeliness – Eliminated intermediaries and delays. Eg-MNREGA, PM-KISAN, and PMUY payments.

    Strengthening Governance Accountability – Real-time monitoring via Public Financial Management System (PFMS) ensures audit trails and transparency.

    Inclusive Welfare Delivery and targeted support during crises. Eg-20 crore women Jan Dhan accounts.

    Promotes Digital and Cashless Economy – Eg- UPI handles 85% of India’s digital payments, processing (June 2025).

    Limitations of DBT Implementation

    Exclusion Errors: Aadhaar authentication failures lead to denial of benefits. Eg- Jharkhand PDS (2017) saw 10-15% exclusion (NITI Aayog).

    Digital Divide: Only 43% rural households have internet access (NFHS-5, 2021).

    Weak Banking Infrastructure: Shortage of bank branches and CSPs in rural and hilly areas.

    Data Privacy and Security Risks: Eg- Aadhaar and CoWIN data leaks.

    Technocratic Bias: Focus on automation sidelines those lacking digital literacy or documentation

    Administrative Delays: Verification and coordination issues cause payment rejections or delays. Eg- payment delays in MGNREGA

    Limited Grievance Redressal: Weak feedback mechanisms for correction of DBT errors.

    Way Forward

    Improve Authentication: Use offline Aadhaar, multi-factor verification, and local validation.

    Institutional Reforms: Apply Business Process Re-engineering (2nd ARC) for simpler workflows.

    Social Audits and Human Interface: Combine digital governance with local institutions for last-mile trust.

    Strengthen Digital Infrastructure: Accelerate BharatNet Phase-II to connect all Gram Panchayats

    Enhance Digital Literacy: Expand PMGDISHA and integrate digital literacy in school curricula (e-Kidz, IT clubs).

    India must move toward “Technology with Inclusion” – ensuring no beneficiary is left behind.

  • How will you explain that medieval Indian temple sculptures represent the social life of those days? (स्पष्ट करें कि मध्यकालीन भारतीय मंदिरों की मूर्तिकला उस दौर के सामाजिक जीवन का प्रतिनिधित्व करती है।)

  • Discuss the significance of the lion and bull figures in Indian mythology, art and architecture.(भारतीय मिथक कला और वास्तुकला में सिंह एवं वृषभ की आकृतियों के महत्व पर विचार करें।)

    Animal symbolism occupies a central place in Indian civilisational thought. Among these, the lion and bull find continuous expression from Vedic times to modern India in religion, art and architecture.

    Significance of the Lion

    Mythological Significance

    Divine power and protection – Lion is the vahana of Goddess Durga, symbolising victory of dharma over adharma. Eg- Mahishasuramardini imagery.

    Incarnation of Vishnu – Narasimha avatar (half-man, half-lion) represents divine intervention against tyranny.

    Royal authority – Lion associated with kingship and sovereignty in Puranic literature.

    Buddha is also called as Shakya-Simha. His first sermon is described as the “Lion’s Roar” (Simhanada), signifying the power and authority of Truth.

    Throne Symbolism- The Indian word for throne is Simhasana (Lion-seat), indicating that the occupant possesses the qualities of a lion.

    Artistic Significance

    Symbol of fearlessness and majesty – Eg- Lions shown overpowering elephants or enemies

    Ashokan Lion Capital – Four lions back-to-back at Sarnath symbolise power, vigilance and moral governance.

    Narasimha is an important form in Indian sculpture and paintings. Eg – Narasimha’s relief at the temple of Belur.

    Architectural Significance

    Guardian figures – Lions placed at temple entrances and gopurams as protectors of sacred space.

    State symbolism – Adopted as National Emblem of India, reflecting continuity of ancient political ideals.

    Significance of the Bull

    Mythological Significance

    Vehicle of Lord Shiva – Nandi, the bull, symbolises devotion, strength and fertility

    Cosmic order – Bull associated with Dharma standing on four legs in Satya Yuga.

    Agrarian symbolism – Bull revered as sustainer of life, linked with prosperity and agriculture.

    The first Jain Tirthankara is symbolized by the Bull (Rishabha), representing the beginning of the spiritual path

    Artistic Significance

    Icon of devotion – Sculpted Nandi figures placed facing the sanctum in Shiva temples. Eg- Brihadeeswara Temple, Thanjavur.

    The bronze bull of Kalibangan represents Harappan skill in lost-wax casting

    Bull sculptures on the capital of Mauryan pillars depicting the zodiac sign of Taurus.

    Rampurva Bull Capital represents the calm, stable aspect of the Emperor’s rule.

    Architectural Significance

    Integral temple element – Separate Nandi mandapas in Dravidian temples. Eg- Largest monolithic statue of Nandi in Lepakshi Temple.

    Alignment of Nandi with garbhagriha symbolises direct spiritual connection.

    The Lion and the Bull act as the dual pillars of Indian iconography, reflecting the “spirit of India.”

  • Examine the potential of wind energy in India and explain the reasons for their limited spatial spread. (भारत में पवन ऊर्जा की संभावना का परीक्षण कीजिए एवं उनके सीमित क्षेत्रीय विस्तार के कारणों को समझाइए|)

  • The most significant achievement of modern law in India in the constitutionalization of environmental problems by the Supreme Court. Discuss this statement with the help of relevant case laws.

    “The Constitution is not a mere lawyers’ document, it is a vehicle of Life, and its spirit is always the spirit of Age.”- B.R. Ambedkar

    Constitutionalization of environmental problems under Article 21 is the embodiment of this spirit.

    Constitutionalization is done through

    Expansion of Article 21

    Use of Directive Principles (Art. 48A, 51A(g))

    Development of Doctrines (Polluter Pays, Precautionary Principle, Public Trust, Absolute Liability, Intergenerational Equity)

    Expansion of Judicial Review & PILs

    Use of Continuous Mandamus

    Relevant case laws

    Industrial Pollution

    MC Mehta v. Union of India (Oleum Gas Leak, 1986) – Established Absolute Liability for hazardous industries.

    Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v. UOI (1996) – Applied Polluter Pays Principle.

    Water Pollution

    MC Mehta v. UOI (Ganga Pollution, 1988) – Ordered closure of polluting tanneries.

    Paryavaran Suraksha Samiti v. UOI (2017) – Directed installation of Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs).

    Air Pollution

    MC Mehta v. UOI (Delhi Pollution, 1998) – Mandated conversion of public transport to CNG.

    MC Mehta v. UOI (Firecrackers, 2024) – Imposed ban to ensure clean air.

    Deforestation & Forest Rights

    T.N. Godavarman v. UOI (1997-ongoing) – Continuous mandamus for forest conservation.

    Niyamgiri Case (2013) – Empowered Gram Sabha to protect tribal rights.

    Climate Change

    M.K. Ranjitsinh v. UOI (2024) – Recognised Right against adverse climate impacts under Articles 14 and 21.

    Natural Resources

    MC Mehta v. Kamal Nath (1997) – Applied Public Trust Doctrine to rivers.

    Reliance Natural Resources v. RIL (2010) – Declared natural resources as public property.

    Development Projects

    Narmada Bachao Andolan v. UOI (2000) – Integrated sustainable development into constitutional law.

    Vanashakti v. UOI (2024) – Stressed need for prior environmental clearance.

    As Justice P.N. Bhagwati observed, “Right to life includes the right to live with human dignity” – and dignity today is inseparable from a clean and healthy environment.

  • Right of movement and residence throughout the territory of India are freely available to the Indian citizens, but these rights are not absolute. Comment

    “Liberty means freedom to do everything which injures no one else.” (French Declaration of the Rights of Man, 1789). The Right to Movement and Residence under the Indian Constitution embodies this idea of liberty.

    Constitutional Provision

    Article 19(1)(d) – Right to move freely throughout the territory of India.

    Article 19(1)(e) – Right to reside and settle in any part of India.

    However, it is not absolute as

    Reasonable Restrictions under Article 19(5) – interests of the general public or for the protection of Scheduled Tribes.

    Protection of Scheduled Tribes – Restrictions in 5th and 6th Schedules safeguard traditional culture, property rights, and protect tribes from exploitation by outsiders.

    Security of State – Eg – Restrictions under AFSPA in disturbed regions.

    Public Order – Curfews, preventive detention, or restrictions during riots.

    Judicial Endorsement – Eg – State of UP v. Kaushailiya (1964) upheld restrictions on movement of prostitutes to protect public health and morality.

    Pandemic Situations – During COVID-19 lockdowns, freedom of movement was restricted to control spread of the virus.

    Inner Line Permit (ILP) – Required in certain north-eastern states; prior approval of state government needed to protect local interests.

    Foreigners – Can be deported for violating rules, even though citizens enjoy freedom of residence.

    “Liberty is not a license, but is regulated freedom.” Ensuring individual liberty while safeguarding collective interests reflects balanced constitutionalism.

  • Describe the characteristics and types of primary rocks. (प्राथमिक चट्टानों की विशेषताओं एवं प्रकारों का वर्णन कीजिए।)

  • Mention the significance of straits and isthmus in international trade. (अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार में जलसंधि व स्थलसंधि के महत्त्व का उल्लेख कीजिए ।.)

  • Discuss the meaning of colour-coded weather warnings for cyclone prone areas given by India Meteorological Department. (भारतीय मौसम विज्ञान विभाग द्वारा चक्रवात प्रवण क्षेत्रों के लिए मौसम सम्बन्धी चेतावनियों के लिए निर्धारित रंग-संकेत के अर्थ की चर्चा करें।)

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