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  • [28th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Schooling in India in times of poor air quality

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Mumbai, Delhi, and Kolkata are the three Megacities of the country but air pollution is a much more serious problem in Delhi as compared to the other two. Why is this so? (UPSC CSE 2015)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have previously ‘constitutionalization of environmental problems’ (in 2022), and ‘pollution control and management’ (in 2013).

    Delhi’s air quality has reached alarming levels, with PM 2.5 concentrations soaring far above safe limits.  The Supreme Court of India has mandated that schools in Delhi-NCR shift to online classes due to hazardous air quality levels.

    Today’s editorial underscores the urgent need for effective policies to address both air pollution and its impact on education. This content can be used for recommending ‘Sustainable solutions’ while ensuring ‘Quality education’.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The ongoing crisis of severe air pollution is affecting schools in Delhi and the National Capital Region (NCR). Recent developments highlight the challenges faced by students and the educational system amid deteriorating air quality.

    What are the health impacts of poor air quality on students and educators?

    • Respiratory Health Issues: Children exposed to pollutants such as particulate matter (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can exacerbate asthma symptoms and trigger allergic reactions.
      • Studies show that children exposed to high pollution levels are at a greater risk of developing these conditions than adults.
    • Cognitive Impairment: Research indicates that students in poorly ventilated classrooms perform worse on standardized tests compared to those in environments with better air quality. The cognitive deficits associated with air pollution can hinder problem-solving abilities and overall learning outcomes.
    • Increased Absenteeism: Students suffering from health issues related to air pollution are more likely to miss school, which disrupts their learning process. Increased absenteeism not only affects individual academic progress but can also impact overall classroom dynamics.
    • Psychological Effects: Concerns about health risks associated with poor air quality can lead to heightened stress and anxiety among students and educators. This psychological burden can further detract from the learning environment, making it less engaging and supportive

    How has the Indian education system adapted to ongoing air quality challenges?

    • Shift to Hybrid Learning Models: In response to deteriorating air quality, schools in Delhi and surrounding NCR cities have transitioned to hybrid learning models.
      • This approach combines online and physical classes, allowing students to attend lessons remotely when air quality is deemed hazardous.
    • Implementation Challenges: Despite the shift, schools face significant challenges in implementing hybrid models effectively. For instance, some principals have expressed concerns about the effectiveness of hybrid learning, citing past experiences where it did not meet educational standards. Logistical issues such as access to technology and internet connectivity remain barriers for many students, particularly those from lower socio-economic backgrounds.
    • Government Initiatives and Policies: Initiatives such as the National Clean Air Programme aim to reduce particulate matter levels across major cities, although implementation has been inconsistent.
      • Educational frameworks are being updated to incorporate environmental education more robustly, addressing issues like climate change and pollution as part of the curriculum.
    • Long-term Educational Strategies: The National Curriculum Framework encourages teaching about environmental issues, including pollution and climate change, which can help raise awareness among students about air quality challenges and their implications for health and society. 

    What long-term implications does poor air quality have on cognitive performance?

    • General Impact on Cognitive Function: Research indicates that long-term exposure to air pollutants, particularly fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), is associated with a decline in cognitive function.
      • A study involving over 25,000 participants found that higher levels of air pollution correlated with decreased performance in verbal and mathematical tests, particularly as individuals age. 
      • The negative effects were notably pronounced in older men with lower education levels, suggesting that chronic exposure can exacerbate existing vulnerabilities related to cognitive decline
    • Specific Cognitive Domains Affected: Different studies have shown that exposure to PM2.5 can lead to slower response times and lower throughput in cognitive tasks, with effects worsening with increased pollution levels.
      • Semantic fluency tests have demonstrated significant declines in performance linked to air quality, reflecting broader implications for language processing and executive functions.
    • Neurodevelopmental Effects: Research has shown that even “safe” levels of air pollution can alter developmental patterns in young brains, potentially leading to long-term cognitive deficits. This is concerning as it suggests that early exposure may set the stage for lifelong cognitive challenges.
    • Increased Risk of Dementia and Cognitive Impairment: One study reported a hazard ratio indicating a 19% increased risk for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) among those exposed to the highest levels of pollutants compared to those with lower exposure.
      • This suggests that the cumulative effects of poor air quality not only impair immediate cognitive performance but also contribute to serious long-term health issues.

    Way Forward: As India grapples with severe air quality issues, it is crucial for policymakers to ensure that all students have equitable access to education while safeguarding their health. The situation calls for a collaborative approach involving government agencies, educational institutions, and communities to develop sustainable solutions that can withstand future environmental crises.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/schooling-in-india-in-times-of-poor-air-quality/article68918906.ece

  • The right to work deleted

    Why in the News?

    The implementation guidelines for MGNREGA are outlined in Master Circulars issued by the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) annually or biennially.

    Mahatma Gandhi NREGA provides a number of legal entitlements to the job seekers through a series of provisions in the Act. While the Act makes provision for at least 100 days work per rural household in a year, it is the strong legal framework of rights and entitlements that come together to make the hundred days of work per year possible.

    • Every household residing in any rural area is entitled to a Job Card which contains the names and photographs of all adult members of the household so that they can demand and receive work.
      • According to the Master Circular for 2021-22, job cards can only be deleted under specific circumstances: 
        • when a household has permanently migrated
        • if the job card is identified as a duplicate,
        • if it was issued using forged documents.
    • According to Chapter 4 (​​Schedule II) of the annual circular, “Every adult member of a registered household whose name appears in the job card shall be entitled to apply for unskilled manual work.
    • The Ministry mandates the provision of an additional 50 days of wage employment (beyond the stipulated 100 days) to every Scheduled Tribe Household in a forest area,  under the FRA Act, 2006.
    • State Governments are mandated to put in place multiple mechanisms by which rural households can submit applications for demand for work at the Gram Panchayat (GP), Block and District levels.

    What were the reasons behind the decision to delete references to the ‘Right to work’ in recent legislation or policy?

    • Administrative Efficiency: Governments may argue that streamlining policies and removing cumbersome regulations can enhance efficiency in employment programs.
    • Aadhaar-Based Payment Systems (ABPS): The push for ABPS has led to increased deletions of job cards, as officials focus on compliance metrics rather than ensuring workers’ rights are upheld.
    • Political and Economic Pressures: There may be external pressures to reduce welfare spending or adjust labour policies in response to economic conditions, leading to a perception that the ‘right to work’ is less critical.

    What does the term ‘right to work’ entail, and why is it significant in the context of labor laws?

    • The ‘right to work’ is a fundamental principle in labour laws that guarantees individuals the opportunity to engage in employment and earn a livelihood.
    • In the context of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), specifically provides rural households with a legal entitlement to at least 100 days of wage employment per year.
    • This right is significant because it aims to alleviate poverty, promote social justice, and ensure economic security for rural populations. The act also mandates due process in the deletion of workers from job cards, emphasising the importance of transparency and accountability in employment practices.

    How might the deletion of the ‘right to work’ impact workers, unions, and the broader labour market?

    • Workers’ Rights: It undermines the legal protections afforded to workers, making it easier for authorities to arbitrarily delete job cards without proper verification or due process.
    • Unions and Collective Bargaining: Unions may find it challenging to advocate for workers’ rights when legal entitlements are diminished, weakening their bargaining power.
    • Labour Market Dynamics: A reduction in guaranteed employment can lead to increased unemployment and underemployment, exacerbating poverty and economic inequality among rural populations.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Oversight and Accountability: Implement independent audits, regular reviews, and grievance redress mechanisms to ensure adherence to due process in job card deletions, with active involvement of Gram Sabhas and worker representatives.
    • Enhance Worker Protections: Reinforce legal safeguards for the ‘right to work’ by improving transparency in employment programs, ensuring compliance with MGNREGA mandates, and addressing systemic issues like ABPS-linked exclusions through inclusive digital solutions.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q An essential condition to eradicate poverty is to liberate the poor from the process of deprivation.” Substantiate this statement with suitable examples. (UPSC IAS/2016)

  • Trump to impose ‘additional’ tariff on China

    Why in the News?

    President-elect Donald Trump announced his intention to impose tariffs on the United States’ three largest trading partners—Canada, Mexico, and China—once he assumes office.

    What specific tariffs is Trump proposing on imports from China, Canada, and Mexico?

    • 25% Tariff on Imports: President-elect Donald Trump announced plans to impose a 25% tariff on imported goods from the United States’ three largest trading partners: Canada, Mexico, and China.
    • Additional 10% Tariff on China: He also proposed an additional 10% tariff specifically targeting imports from China, citing the country’s failure to address the flow of fentanyl into the United States.

    What are the underlying reasons for these tariff increases?

    • Trade Imbalance: The tariffs aim to address perceived trade imbalances and protect American manufacturing jobs.
    • Fentanyl Crisis: The additional tariff on China is a direct response to the ongoing opioid crisis in the U.S., particularly related to fentanyl trafficking. Trump emphasized China’s lack of action in curbing the drug’s flow into the U.S. as a justification for the tariffs.
    • Political Strategy: The tariffs may also serve as a political manoeuvre to reinforce Trump’s stance on trade issues and drug-related policies as he prepares to take office.

    What potential economic impacts could arise in the Asian region (esp India) from these tariffs?

    • Increased Costs for Importers: Indian companies that rely on imports from these countries may face higher costs due to increased tariffs, potentially leading to higher prices for consumers.
    • Supply Chain Disruptions: The tariffs could disrupt existing supply chains, particularly in industries that rely on components from Canada, Mexico, and China, affecting production schedules and costs.
    • Investment Shifts: Businesses might reconsider their investment strategies in light of new tariffs, potentially leading to a shift in manufacturing bases or sourcing strategies away from affected countries.
    • Opportunities for Indian Manufacturers: Conversely, Indian manufacturers might find opportunities to fill gaps left by increased tariffs on imports, potentially boosting local production and employment.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Trade and Strategic Engagement with the U.S.: India should proactively address trade imbalances by diversifying imports from the U.S., aligning with American regulatory standards, and offering enhanced market access in key sectors like technology and defence.
    • Position as a Reliable Alternative to China: Leverage initiatives like Make in India to attract U.S. investments, promote joint ventures, and emphasize India’s strategic importance as a trusted partner in global supply chains.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q What are the key areas of reform if the WTO has to survive in the present context of ‘Trade War’, especially keeping in mind the interest of India? (UPSC IAS/2018)

  • How ‘socialist’ and ‘secular’ were inserted in the Preamble, why SC ruled they will stay?

    Why in the News?

    Nearly 75 years after the adoption of the Constitution of India, the Supreme Court reaffirmed (on 25th Nov’ 24) the inclusion of the terms ‘socialist’ and ‘secular’ in the Preamble of the Constitution.

    What historical context led to the insertion of the terms ‘socialist’ and ‘secular’ in the Preamble?

    • The Objectives Resolution, introduced by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1946, laid foundational principles for the Constitution, emphasizing independence, equality, and minority rights, which set the stage for later amendments.
    • Initial discussions around socialism and secularism occurred during the drafting of the Constitution, with early proposals to include these concepts being rejected. The debates highlighted differing views on the role of socialism and secularism in India’s governance.
    • The terms ‘socialist’ and ‘secular’ were inserted into the Preamble during the Emergency (1975-1977) under the 42nd Amendment, a time characterized by significant political unrest and government overreach.

    What was the SC’s reasoning for upholding these terms in the Preamble?

    • Evolution of Meaning: The Supreme Court noted in 1973 () that the meanings of ‘socialism’ and ‘secularism’ have evolved over time within the Indian context.
      • The court recognized that these terms now reflect principles of economic justice and religious neutrality rather than strict ideological definitions.
    • Interpretation of Secularism: The court emphasized that India’s interpretation of secularism is unique, where the state neither endorses nor discriminates against any religion. This interpretation aligns with the Preamble’s ideals of fraternity and equality.
    • Socialism as Economic Justice: The court defined socialism as ensuring economic and social justice, asserting that it does not impede private enterprise but rather supports state intervention to uplift marginalized communities.

    How do ‘socialist’ and ‘secular’ reflect India’s Constitutional values and principles?

    • Commitment to Justice: The inclusion of ‘socialist’ reflects a commitment to social and economic justice, aiming to reduce inequalities in society.
    • Religious Neutrality: By incorporating ‘secular’, the Constitution underscores India’s commitment to religious pluralism and the protection of individual rights regardless of faith.
    • Basic Structure Doctrine: The Supreme Court’s decision reinforces the idea that these terms are integral to the basic structure of the Constitution, which cannot be altered or removed without undermining India’s democratic framework.

    What are the steps taken by the Government to implement the Socialist and Secular principles of the Preamble?

    • Promoting Social Justice (Socialist): Welfare schemes like MNREGA, Ayushman Bharat, and PDS reduce poverty and ensure equitable access, while progressive taxation and affirmative action address economic disparities.
    • Ensuring Religious Neutrality (Secular): Laws protecting religious freedom, minority rights (Articles 25–30), and institutions like the National Commission for Minorities promote interfaith harmony and safeguard pluralism.
    • Strengthening Democracy and Equality: Free and fair elections by the Election Commission and rights-based laws like the RTE Act and the SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act ensure equality, fraternity, and justice for all.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthening Constitutional Values: Enhance awareness of constitutional principles through education and public campaigns, ensuring adherence to secularism, socialism, and democratic ideals in policymaking.
    • Inclusive Governance: Implement targeted programs to address socio-economic inequalities, promote interfaith dialogue, and uphold democratic rights, fostering harmony and justice in a diverse society.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Discuss each adjective attached to the word ‘Republic’ in the preamble. Are they defendable in the present circumstances stances?. (UPSC IAS/2016)

  • What is the UNSC Resolution 1701?

    Why in the News?

    Israel and Lebanon agreed to a ceasefire after 13 months of rising conflict, though it is linked to the UN Resolution 1701, which has not been fully implemented.

    About UNSC Resolution 1701:

    Details
    What is it?
    • Passed on August 11, 2006, following the 34-day war between Israel and Hezbollah.
    • Aimed to end hostilities, ensure the security of Israel and Lebanon, and establish long-term peace along the Israel-Lebanon border.
    • Also designed to prevent Hezbollah from using southern Lebanon as a base for military operations against Israel.
    Key Provisions and Objectives
    • Cessation of Hostilities: Aimed at halting the conflict between Hezbollah and Israel.
    • Disarmament of Armed Groups: Called for the disarmament of Hezbollah and all other armed groups in Lebanon, leaving only the Lebanese state with weapons authority.
    • Israeli Withdrawal: Mandated Israel’s full withdrawal from southern Lebanon, which had been occupied since the 1982 Lebanon War.
    • Lebanese Forces Deployment: Directed the Lebanese government to deploy its army in southern Lebanon to ensure peace and prevent Hezbollah’s rearmament.
    • UNIFIL Deployment: Increased deployment of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) to monitor the border and ensure compliance.
    • Arms Embargo: Imposed restrictions to prevent the transfer of weapons to Hezbollah.
    • Implementation of Taif Accords (1989): The resolution emphasizes the full implementation of this accord, which is critical for the disarmament of non-state actors in Lebanon and the consolidation of Lebanese state authority across the country.
    Implementation and Violations
    • Partial Implementation: While Israel withdrew from southern Lebanon, Hezbollah retained its weapons and continued its terror operations.
    • Lebanese Army Deployment: The Lebanese army was deployed in southern Lebanon but struggled to assert full control, as Hezbollah’s influence remained strong in the region.
    • UNIFIL’s Role: UNIFIL, while active, faced challenges in fully enforcing the provisions of the resolution due to Hezbollah’s continued presence and the complexities of local politics.
    • Violations: Despite the resolution’s provisions, violations have included Hezbollah’s stockpiling of weapons and cross-border skirmishes, as well as the failure to fully disarm all armed groups, undermining the resolution’s goals.
    • Taif Accords Violation: This has hindered the establishment of complete state sovereignty in Lebanon.

     

    PYQ:

    [2018] “India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss.

  • [pib] India Post Payments Bank (IPPB)

    Why in the News?

    The Minister of State for Communications has provided crucial information about the India Post Payments Bank (IPPB).

    About India Post Payments Bank (IPPB):

    Details
    What is it? Division of India Post under the Ministry of Communications, launched in 2018.

    Operates as payments bank.
    Vision and Principles • Objective: Promote financial inclusion by providing accessible and affordable financial services.
    • Customer-Centric: Focuses on delivering secure and affordable banking to rural and underserved areas.
    Empowerment Initiatives by IPPB • Financial Inclusion: Offers savings accounts, current accounts, money transfers, bill payments, and insurance.
    • Aadhaar-Linked Services: Implements Aadhaar-enabled Payment System (AePS) for easy and secure transactions.
    • Doorstep Banking: Provides banking services through 3 lakh postmen and Grameen Dak Sewaks.
    • Rapid Expansion: Reached 4 crore customers by December 2020 and crossed 8 crore customers by January 2022, with over 9 crore customers as of March 2024.

     

    Back2Basics: Payments Bank

    • A payments bank operates like a regular bank but without credit risk.
    • It was set up based on the recommendations of the Nachiket Mor Committee.
    • Objective: To promote financial inclusion, especially in unbanked areas, serving migrant workers, low-income households, and small entrepreneurs.
    • Payments banks are registered as public limited companies under the Companies Act, 2013, and licensed under the Banking Regulation Act, 1949.
    • Governed by the Banking Regulation Act, RBI Act, 1934, and the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999.
    • Services Offered:
        • Minimum paid-up equity capital is Rs. 100 crores.
        • Can accept deposits up to Rs. 2,00,000 in savings and current accounts.
        • 75% of deposits must be invested in government securities (SLR), with the remaining 25% placed as time deposits with other scheduled commercial banks.
        • Offers remittance services, mobile payments, ATM/debit cards, net banking, and third-party fund transfers.
        • Act as a banking correspondent (BC) for credit and other services.
    • Limitations:
      • Cannot issue loans or credit cards.
      • Cannot accept time deposits or NRI deposits.
      • Cannot set up subsidiaries for non-banking financial activities.

     

    PYQ:

    [2018] Which one of the following links all the ATMs in India?

    (a) Indian banks’ Association

    (b) National Securities Depository Limited

    (c) National Payments Corporation of India

    (d) Reserve Bank of India

  • [pib] Indian Chemical Council wins 2024 OPCW-The Hague Award

    Why in the News?

    The Indian Chemical Council (ICC) was honored with the prestigious Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), The Hague Award during the 29th Session of the Conference of the States Parties.

    Significance of the OPCW-The Hague Award

    • Purpose: The award recognizes contributions to advancing the goals of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), focusing on chemical safety, disarmament, and global security.
      • This year, the award was given to the Indian Chemical Council (ICC), the first chemical industry body to receive it, for its role in promoting chemical safety and CWC compliance.
    • Global Impact: The award emphasizes ICC’s work in collaboration with international bodies and advocacy for sustainable practices in chemical security.
    • Legacy: The OPCW, which won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2013, continues to honor impactful organizations and individuals contributing to the global disarmament agenda.

     

    What is the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)?

    Details
    What is it? • CWC bans the development, use, and stockpiling of chemical weapons and mandates their destruction.
    • Genesis: Negotiations began in 1980.
    • Established: Opened for signature on January 13, 1993, and entered into force on April 29, 1997.
    • More comprehensive than the 1925 Geneva Protocol, which only banned the use of chemical weapons.
    Structure and Functions • Conference of States Parties (CSP): The main decision-making body, meeting annually.
    • Executive Council: 41-member body overseeing CWC implementation.
    • Technical Secretariat: Provides support for verification and compliance.
    • Verification: Inspects facilities and ensures compliance with the treaty.
    Membership criteria and members • Open to all nations: Any state can join if it meets requirements.
    • 193 States-Parties: Includes most nations.
    • Non-Signatories: Egypt, North Korea, and South Sudan have neither signed nor ratified the CWC.
    Functioning Arm • Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) implements the CWC, headquartered in The Hague.
    • Role: Oversees the destruction of chemical weapons and ensures treaty compliance.
    • Inspection: Conducts inspections of chemical facilities worldwide.
    • Awards: The OPCW won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2013 for its efforts in chemical weapons elimination.

     

    PYQ:

    [2016] With reference to ‘Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)’, consider the following statements:

    1. It is an organization of the European Union in working relation with NATO and WHO.
    2. It monitors the chemical industry to prevent new weapons from emerging.
    3. It provides assistance and protection to States (Parties) against chemical weapons threats. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 1 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • [pib] Schemes Implemented in Science and Technology

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Science and Technology, through its three key departments — Department of Science and Technology (DST), Department of Biotechnology (DBT), and Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) — is implementing various schemes to bolster the Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) ecosystem across India.

    Schemes Implemented Under the Department of Science and Technology (DST)

    Scheme   Objective Key Components
    Science and Technology (S&T) Institutional and Human Capacity Building (2015) Enhance human resource development and institutional capacity in science and technology. – Fellowships at various levels (undergraduate, postgraduate, doctoral, post-doctoral).
    – Establishment of sophisticated R&D facilities.
    – Capacity building for faculty.
    Research and Development (R&D) (2009) Support research in fundamental, applied, and translational sciences. – Collaborative research with universities, government, and private sectors.
    – International research cooperation.
    – Focus on diverse sectors like health, energy, and IT.
    Innovation, Technology Development, and Deployment (2016) Foster innovation and facilitate the development of new technologies for national development. – Technology incubation centers.
    – Technology transfer and commercialization.
    – Support for startups and entrepreneurs.
    National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber Physical Systems (NM-ICPS) (2017) Promote interdisciplinary research in Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) that integrate computational algorithms with physical processes. – Development of CPS technologies (e.g., IoT, smart cities, advanced manufacturing).
    – Setting up innovation centers and testbeds for CPS.
    National Quantum Mission (NQM) (2023) Advance quantum technologies for solving national challenges in energy, communications, and security. – Research in quantum computing, quantum communications, and quantum sensing.
    – Establishment of quantum technology hubs and research centers.

     

    Schemes Implemented Under the Department of Biotechnology (DBT)

    Scheme Objective Key Components
    Biotechnology Research Innovation and Entrepreneurship Development (Bio-RIDE) (2017) Foster innovation in biotechnology through research, industrial development, and entrepreneurship. – Biotechnology R&D: Funding for research projects.
    – Industrial & Entrepreneurship Development (I&ED): Support for biotech startups and industrial innovations.
    – Biomanufacturing and Biofoundry: Development of manufacturing and biotechnological production systems.

  • [27th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: An ideal way to treat India’s corneal blindness problem

    PYQ Relevance:
    Q) Appropriate local community-level healthcare intervention is a prerequisite to achieve ‘Health for All’ in India. Explain. (UPSC CSE 2018)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have always focused on ‘Inclusive Healthcare Infrastructure’ (in 2020), ‘Effective Implementation of Healthcare Policies’ (in 2017), ‘Universal Health Coverage Programs’ (in 2015).

    Corneal blindness is a significant public health issue in India, contributing to approximately 15% to 20% of total blindness cases. With an estimated 1.2 million people affected and 20,000 to 25,000 new cases emerging annually, the urgency for effective solutions is paramount.

    Today’s editorial explores the current challenges and proposes a comprehensive approach to address corneal blindness in India. This content can be used to present ‘Public Health challenges’ and to suggest some ‘innovative solutions to address Public Health’ in India.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The Report titled “India’s corneal blindness crisis” published by India Today, highlights the increasing incidence of corneal blindness, particularly in rural areas, and discusses the contributing factors such as limited access to healthcare and a shortage of donor corneas.

    What are the key findings from these reports?

    • Rising Incidence: Corneal blindness is increasing in India, with estimates of 20,000 to 25,000 new cases annually. This condition accounts for approximately 7.5% of total blindness cases in the country, significantly impacting rural populations where access to eye care is limited.
    • Demographics and Causes: The causes of corneal blindness have shifted from infectious diseases like keratitis to eye trauma and complications. Factors such as vitamin A deficiency, poor hygiene, and delayed medical interventions exacerbate the problem, particularly affecting children and working-age adults in rural areas.
    • Healthcare Disparities: Many individuals in rural regions lack access to quality eye care services, leading to irreversible corneal damage before they seek help. There is a notable gap in training and resources for healthcare providers, limiting their ability to effectively manage and treat corneal conditions.
    • Shortage of Donor Corneas: Despite a demand for around 100,000 corneal transplants each year, only about 25,000 to 30,000 corneas are donated annually. This shortage poses a significant barrier to treating those affected by corneal blindness.
    • Policy Considerations: Indian policymakers are considering implementing a ‘presumed consent’ model for organ donation to increase the availability of donor corneas. This approach aims to address the critical shortage and improve access to necessary treatments. 

    What are the primary causes and current statistics of corneal blindness in India?

    • Occupational Hazards: Injuries, particularly in industrial and agricultural settings, are increasingly recognized as a leading cause of corneal blindness. This shift highlights the impact of occupational hazards on eye health.
      • Historically, infectious diseases such as keratitis and trachoma have been significant contributors to corneal blindness. 
      • However, the focus has shifted towards eye trauma and complications as major causes in recent years.
    • Nutritional Deficiencies: Widespread vitamin A deficiency is another critical factor exacerbating the incidence of corneal blindness, particularly among vulnerable populations such as children and working-age adults.
    • Healthcare Access Issues: Limited access to quality eye care services, especially in rural areas, leads to delayed treatment for conditions that could be managed effectively if addressed early.
    • Poor Hygiene and Delayed Interventions: Poor hygiene practices and delays in seeking medical help contribute to the worsening of corneal conditions, often resulting in irreversible damage.
    Current Statistics

    • Corneal blindness affects approximately 1.2 million people in India.
    • The country sees an estimated 20,000 to 25,000 new cases of corneal blindness each year.
    • Corneal blindness accounts for around 7.5% of the total blindness burden in India.
    • Children and working-age adults in rural areas are particularly susceptible due to malnutrition and frequent injuries, while elderly individuals face risks from degenerative eye conditions.

    What are the barriers to effective treatment and prevention of corneal blindness?

    • Shortage of Donor Corneas: There is a significant gap between the demand for corneal transplants (estimated at 100,000 annually) and the actual number of donor corneas available (around 25,000 to 30,000). This shortage limits the ability to treat those suffering from corneal blindness effectively.
    • Healthcare Disparities: The distribution of specialized corneal services is uneven across India, with underserved regions lacking adequate facilities for the timely management of corneal diseases.
      • More trained corneal surgeons are needed to meet the annual transplant targets.
      • Although the Cornea Society of India has over 1,000 members, the exact number of surgeons performing keratoplasty regularly is unclear. This gap in training and availability affects surgical outcomes.
    • Data Gaps: Comprehensive data on the prevalence of corneal blindness and the number of individuals who could benefit from transplantation are lacking. Establishing a national registry for corneal blindness and transplants is essential.
    • Preventable Causes: Many cases of corneal blindness are avoidable through preventive measures such as addressing vitamin A deficiency, improving hygiene practices, and providing timely medical interventions for infections and injuries.
    • Public Awareness and Myths: Lack of awareness about eye health and misconceptions surrounding eye donation hinder corneal donation efforts. Myths about eye color change after donation or beliefs that only young people can donate deter potential donors. 

    What comprehensive strategies can be implemented?

    • Public Awareness and Education:Min of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) can lead nationwide awareness campaigns about eye health, corneal blindness, and the importance of eye donation.
      • Local health departments can conduct community outreach programs in schools and villages to educate people about eye care and the significance of corneal donation.
    • Enhancing Healthcare Access: The National Programme for Control of Blindness & Visual Impairment (NPCBVI) under the MoHFW, is responsible for improving eye care services across India, including establishing mobile eye care units.
      • District Blindness Control Societies (DBCS) that operate at the district level to implement eye care initiatives, can organize screening camps and facilitate access to surgical treatments for corneal blindness.
    • Training and Capacity Building: The Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) and Regional Institutes of Ophthalmology (RIOs) can provide specialized training programs for eye surgeons and healthcare workers to enhance their skills in treating corneal conditions.
    • Policy and Research Initiatives: The Ministry of Science and Technology can support research initiatives aimed at understanding the causes of corneal blindness and evaluating the effectiveness of interventions through funding and collaboration with research institutions.
      • For example, the National Eye Bank Association of India can work on establishing guidelines for eye banks, promoting voluntary eye donations, and conducting research on best practices in eye banking

    By implementing these strategies, India can make significant strides towards reducing the prevalence of corneal blindness and improving overall eye health across its population.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/an-ideal-way-to-treat-indias-corneal-blindness-problem/article68913949.ece

  • Central government scheme to promote natural farming launched

    Why in the News?

    Recently, the Union Cabinet approved the “National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF)”, a Centrally Sponsored Scheme by the Agriculture Ministry to promote natural farming nationwide in mission mode.

    What is Natural Farming?

    • Natural farming is defined by the Agriculture Ministry as a chemical-free agricultural system that relies solely on inputs derived from livestock and plant resources. This approach emphasizes the use of local agroecological principles and traditional knowledge, integrating crops, trees, and livestock to enhance biodiversity and soil health.
    • Aim: The goal is to rejuvenate soil quality while minimizing external inputs, thus reducing costs for farmers and promoting healthier food production.

    How is the NMNF Different from Earlier Interventions?

    The NMNF represents an evolution of previous initiatives, particularly the Bhartiya Prakritik Krishi Paddhti (BPKP), which was launched in 2019. 

    • Higher Budgetary Outlay: The NMNF has a total financial outlay of ₹2,481 crore, with ₹1,584 crore from the central government and ₹897 crore from states until 2025-26.
    • Targeting More Farmers: The mission aims to engage over one crore farmers, significantly expanding its reach compared to earlier efforts.
    • Establishment of Standards: It seeks to create scientifically supported standards and streamlined certification processes for naturally grown produce, along with a national brand for such products.

    Why is it Necessary to Diversify the Farming Basket?

    • Environmental Sustainability: Reducing chemical inputs helps restore soil health and biodiversity, making agriculture more resilient to climate change.
    • Economic Viability: By promoting local inputs and reducing dependency on purchased fertilizers, farmers can lower their costs and increase their profitability.
    • Food Security: A diverse agricultural system can lead to improved food quality and nutritional security for communities.

    Why a Mission on Natural Farming is Needed?

    • Excessive Fertilizer Use: The initiative targets districts with high fertiliser consumption, aiming to shift practices towards more sustainable methods that rejuvenate soil health and reduce environmental degradation.
    • Health Risks: By eliminating synthetic chemicals from farming, the mission aims to lower health risks associated with pesticide exposure for both farmers and consumers.
    • Climate Resilience: Natural farming practices enhance resilience against climate-related challenges such as droughts and floods by improving soil structure and water retention capabilities.

    Way forward: 

    • Policy and Infrastructure Support: Strengthen institutional frameworks by expanding Bio-input Resource Centres (BRCs), offering financial incentives, and ensuring easy access to natural farming resources and certification systems.
    • Awareness and Capacity Building: Conduct large-scale training programs for farmers on natural farming practices, promote successful models through Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), and foster collaborations with agricultural universities for research and innovation.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q What is an Integrated Farming System? How is it helpful to small and marginal farmers in India? (UPSC IAS/2022)

  • From a republic to a republic of unequals

    Why in the News?

    On November 26, 2024, India celebrated 75 years of its Constitution, honouring how leaders from different viewpoints worked together in the Constituent Assembly to build a nation that respects the rights and interests of all cultural groups.

    Why Did Constitution Makers Agree to Create a Liberal Political State in India?

    • Emphasis on Liberty: The Constitution-makers embraced liberalism, which prioritizes individual freedom and the belief that citizens should operate without state interference. This was seen as essential for realizing human potential in intellectual, moral, and physical dimensions.
    • Positive State Role: Recognizing the severe social and economic inequalities at Independence, the framers concluded that a purely liberal approach without state intervention would exacerbate these disparities. Thus, they envisioned a state that actively works to reduce inequality through affirmative action and policies designed to uplift marginalized groups.
    • Egalitarian Vision: The Constitution reflects principles of egalitarian liberalism, aiming to create an inclusive society where equal opportunities are available to all. This is evident in the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP), which advocate for reducing inequalities and ensuring fair access to resources.

    How Does the Neoliberal Ideological Order Shadow the Constitutional Vision of Creating an Egalitarian Social Order in India?

    • Concentration of Wealth: The neoliberal agenda has facilitated wealth concentration among a small elite, undermining constitutional provisions intended to prevent such disparities.
      • The report that indicates that by 2022-23, 90% of billionaire wealth was held by upper castes in India is titled “Towards Tax Justice and Wealth Redistribution in India” (2024), prepared by the World Inequality Lab at the Paris School of Economics.
    • Shift in Economic Focus: Since the adoption of neoliberal reforms in the 1990s, there has been a marked shift towards prioritizing private capital investment over welfare state interventions.
    • Rising Inequality: Research indicates that income inequality has surged post-reforms, with the top 1% of earners capturing an increasing share of total income rising from 6% in the 1980s to approximately 22% by 2022-23.

    What Policy Measures Can Be Implemented to Address Inequality Effectively? (Way forward)

    • Strengthening Welfare Policies: Reinvigorating welfare state mechanisms to ensure basic needs are met for all citizens can help bridge the gap between different socio-economic groups. This includes enhancing social security systems and public health initiatives.
    • Affirmative Action: Expanding affirmative action policies can help uplift marginalized communities by ensuring their representation in education, employment, and political spheres.
    • Progressive Taxation: Implementing a more progressive tax system can redistribute wealth more equitably. Higher taxes on the wealthy can be used to fund social programs aimed at reducing poverty and improving access to education and healthcare.
    • Community Resource Management: Encouraging community-based management of resources can empower local populations and ensure equitable distribution of wealth generated from local economies.
    • Regulatory Frameworks: Establishing robust regulatory frameworks that prevent monopolistic practices and ensure fair competition can help mitigate wealth concentration and promote economic equity.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q COVID-19 pandemic accelerated class inequalities and poverty in India. Comment. (UPSC IAS/2020)

  • Cyclone Fengal

    Why in the News?

    • A depression over the Southwest Bay of Bengal has intensified into a deep depression and is likely to further intensify into Cyclone Fengal.
      • The system is currently close to an area with higher sea surface temperatures (SST), contributing to its potential intensification into a cyclonic storm.

    Origin of the Name ‘Fengal’

    • The name ‘Fengal’ was proposed by Saudi Arabia and is rooted in Arabic.
    • It reflects a combination of linguistic tradition and cultural identity.

    Cyclone Naming Process:

    • Cyclones in the North Indian Ocean are named by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) panel.
    • This panel includes 13 member countries, such as India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan, among others.
      • Each member country submits a list of potential cyclone names, and these names are used sequentially as cyclones form in the region.
      • This system, in place since 2004, ensures easy identification and effective communication of storms to the public.

     

    PYQ:

    [2015] In the South Atlantic and South Eastern Pacific regions in tropical latitudes, cyclone does not originate. What is the main reason behind this?

    (a) Sea Surface temperature are low

    (b) Inter Tropical Convergence Zone seldom occurs

    (c) Coriolis force is too weak

    (d) Absence of land in those regions

  • 5 women who helped draft the Constitution

    5 women who helped draft the Constitution

    Why in the News?

    On Constitution Day (November 26), President Murmu acknowledged the significant role of women members in the Constituent Assembly of India.

    5 Notable Women in the Constituent Assembly

    Name Their Contributions
    Ammu Swaminathan (1894-1978) • Co-founded the Women’s India Association in 1917 with leaders like Annie Besant.
    • Advocated for women’s education and rights.
    • Spoke on the Hindu Code Bill and gender equality in the Constituent Assembly.
    • Became the first woman elected to the Madras legislature.
    • After independence, served as India’s goodwill ambassador to countries like Russia, China, and the US.
    Annie Mascarene (1902-1963) • Born in Travancore to a Latin Christian family considered at the bottom of the caste system.
    • Advocated for universal adult franchise and against caste-based voting rights.
    • Joined the Travancore State Congress and fought for political representation of marginalized communities.
    • As a member of the Constituent Assembly, called for a strong Centre and autonomy for local governments.
    • Elected as an independent candidate in 1952 from Thiruvananthapuram.
    Begum Qudsia Aizaz Rasul (1909-2001) • Hailing from a prominent family in Punjab, she faced resistance for her education, with a fatwa issued against her convent schooling.
    • Fought for women’s rights and opposed separate electorates based on religion.
    • Stayed in India post-partition and joined the Indian National Congress.
    • Elected to the Rajya Sabha in 1952.
    • Helped promote women’s hockey in India.
    Dakshayani Velayudhan (1912-1978) • First Dalit woman to graduate in science and the first Dalit woman in the Cochin Legislative Council.
    • Advocated for nationalism and opposed separate electorates for Dalits.
    • Strongly committed to social justice despite facing discrimination.
    • After independence, remained involved in the Dalit movement and continued advocating for social justice.
    Renuka Ray (1904-1997) • Came from an affluent family with a civil servant father and a progressive mother.
    • Joined the freedom struggle after meeting Mahatma Gandhi in 1920.
    • Advocated for women’s rights, particularly on divorce and inheritance.
    • Represented women’s organizations in the Central Legislative Assembly in 1943.
    • Opposed women’s reservation in legislatures, seeing it as a hindrance to women’s growth.
    • After losing the 1952 elections, returned to politics and worked on women’s empowerment.

     

    PYQ:

    [2011] With reference to Indian freedom struggle, Usha Mehta is well-known for:

    (a) Running the secret Congress Radio in the wake of Quit India Movement
    (b) Participating in the Second Round Table Conference
    (c) Leading a contingent of Indian National Army
    (d) Assisting in the formation of Interim Government under Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru

  • National Milk Day

    Why in the News?

    National Milk Day on November 26 commemorates the birth anniversary of ‘The Milkman of India’, Dr Verghese Kurien, who was credited with making India self-reliant in milk production.

    About National Milk Day:

    Details • Observed on November 26 to honor Dr. Verghese Kurien’s contributions to India’s dairy industry and the White Revolution.
    • Celebrates India’s transformation into the world’s largest milk producer.
    Contributions made by Varghese Kurien • Born on November 26, 1921, in Kozhikode, Kerala.
    • Played a key role in establishing Amul (1949) and transforming it into a global dairy brand.
    • Inaugural chairman of the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB).
    • Led Operation Flood, which revolutionized India’s dairy industry and made it self-sufficient in milk production.
    • Received numerous awards, including the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership (1963).
    About the White Revolution and Milk Production in India • Initiated in 1970 through Operation Flood to increase milk production and reduce dependence on milk powder imports.
    • Empowered dairy farmers by promoting a cooperative-based model for milk production.
    • By the late 1990s, India became the world’s largest milk producer, surpassing the US.
    • Milk production grew threefold, from 21.2 million tonnes in 1968-69 to over 55 million tonnes by 1991-92.
    • Helped build the infrastructure for milk supply chains, processing plants, and storage facilities, making milk more accessible.
    • Significantly improved the income and livelihood of rural farmers, boosting employment and economic development.

    India is ranked 1st in milk production, contributing 24% of global milk production, reaching 230.58 million tonnes in 2022-23. 

  • In news: Pennaiyar River

    In news: Pennaiyar River

    Why in the News?

    The Supreme Court has directed the Union government to submit the report on the Tamil Nadu-Karnataka Pennaiyar River Water Dispute.

    About Pennaiyar River

    Origin and Geological Composition • Also known as Thenpennai, originates on the eastern slope of Nandi Hills in Karnataka and flows through Tamil Nadu into the Bay of Bengal.
    • Length: 497 km (2nd longest in TN); Catchment area: 3,690 km².
    • 77% of the drainage basin lies in Tamil Nadu.
    • Bounded by the Velikonda, Nagari, Javadu, Shevaroy, Chitteri, and Kalrayan hills of the Eastern Ghats.
    • Lies in the tropical monsoon zone with monsoon (June–December) and non-monsoon (January–May) periods.
    Tributaries • Tributaries include Markandanadhi, Kambainallur, Pambar, Vaniyar, Kallar, Valayar Odai, Pambanar, Aliyar, Musukundanadhi, and Thurinjalar.
    • Supported by monsoonal rains and reservoirs like Kelavarapalli, Krishnagiri, and Sathanur Dams.
    Important Sites along its Basin • Mentioned in Sangam literature for its lush vegetation.
    • Important temples include Penneswaraar Temple, Dakshina Tirupati, Veerateshwarar Temple, and Kabilar Kundru.
    • Srivilliputhur Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary is a key protected area near the river.
    • Used for irrigation in districts such as Chikkaballapur, Bengaluru Rural, Kolar, Krishnagiri, Dharmapuri, Tiruvannamalai, Viluppuram, and Cuddalore.

     

    PYQ:

    [2004] Assertion (A): West- flowing rivers of Peninsular India have no deltas:

    Reason (R): These Rivers do not carry any alluvial sediments.

    1. Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
    2. Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
    3. A is true but R is false
    4. A is false but R is true
  • [UPSC Webinar] By Arvind Sir, Lead, Smash Mains | Score 800+ Marks in UPSC Mains with Microthemes | Learn the Theme-Demand Approach to Answer Writing | Join on 28th November 2024 at 7:00 PM

    [UPSC Webinar] By Arvind Sir, Lead, Smash Mains | Score 800+ Marks in UPSC Mains with Microthemes | Learn the Theme-Demand Approach to Answer Writing | Join on 28th November 2024 at 7:00 PM

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    Register for the session to get complete UPSC Mains preparation plan and strategy

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    UPSC Mains

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    This year, AIR 2 Animesh Pradhan avoided this trap by focusing on making his Mains preparation foolproof, rather than depending on the interview stage.

    Microthemes are essential for UPSC preparation. Structuring your Mains preparation around microthemes can help you score 800+ marks. By analyzing PYQs, you can identify key areas, create focused notes, and practice related themes, making your preparation strong. Practicing answer writing based on theme demands further boosts performance.

    Arvind Sir, Lead of Smash Mains, has identified key blind spots in Mains preparation. He will conduct a free Zoom masterclass on Thursday, 28th November, at 7 PM. In this session, he will share a proven strategy, used by rankers, to structure Mains preparation with microthemes for scoring 800+ marks.

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  • NGT issues notice to Centre on expansion of Glacial Lakes

    Why in the News?

    The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has taken suo motu cognizance of the alarming rise in the number of Himalayan glacial lakes due to rising temperatures, highlighting the growing risk of natural disasters like floods and landslides.

    Central Water Commission’s (CWC) report on Glacial Lakes

    • Glacial lakes in the Himalayas have expanded by 10.81% in 13 years due to glacier melting caused by rising temperatures.
    • Between 2011 and 2024, India’s glacial lakes grew by 33.7%, highlighting the escalating threat.
    • The NGT noted that 67 lakes in India saw a surface area increase of over 40%, marking them as high-risk for GLOFs.
    • Key areas of expansion include Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh.

    About National Green Tribunal (NGT):

    About Establishment:

    • Formed in 2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act as a statutory body.
    • Aimed at addressing environmental issues and ensuring speedy implementation of decisions.
    • Known for making significant decisions, including addressing air pollution in Delhi and cancelling coal block clearances.

    Composition:

    • Headquartered in Delhi.
    • Chaired by a retired Supreme Court judge.
    • Includes Judicial Members and Expert Panel.

    Benches:

    • Principal bench in Delhi.
    • Additional benches in Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata, and Chennai.
    Powers and Functions of NGT • Empowered to decide on cases related to various environmental laws and hear civil cases concerning environmental issues.
    • Responsible for enforcement of:
    – The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
    – The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
    – The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, and more.Exceptions:

    • Not authorized to hear cases under:
    – The Indian Forest Act, 1927
    – The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
    – State laws related to the protection of trees, forests, etc.

    Governing Principles:

    • Governed by principles of natural justice, not bound by the Indian Evidence Act.
    • Applies the principles of sustainable development, precautionary approach, and the polluter pays principle.

    Review and Challenge:

    • NGT orders can be reviewed under Rule 22 of NGT Rules.
    • Orders can be challenged before the Supreme Court within ninety days.

     

    PYQ:

    [2018] How is the National Green Tribunal (NGT) different from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)?

    1. The NGT has been established by an Act whereas the CPCB has been created by an executive order of the Government.

    2. The NGT provides environmental justice and helps reduce the burden of litigation in the higher courts whereas the CPCB promotes cleanliness of streams and wells and aims to improve the quality of air in the country.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

  • Feminist ideology in India’s constitutional discourse

    Why in the News?

    Referring to the framers of India’s Constitution solely as “founding fathers” reflects patriarchal bias, overlooking the pivotal contributions of the “founding mothers” who co-authored its progressive vision like UCC (Uniform Civil Code).

    What are the implications of the UCC for women’s rights in a diverse society?

    • Equality Across Personal Laws: The UCC aims to replace personal laws based on the scriptures and customs of each major religious community in India with a common set governing every citizen.
    • Legal Protection Against Patriarchal Religious Law: By establishing a uniform framework, the UCC could provide women with equal rights in matters traditionally dominated by patriarchal interpretations of religious laws.
    • Cultural Resistance: The implementation of the UCC faces resistance due to India’s diverse cultural landscape. Many communities view it as an infringement on their religious freedoms.

    How does feminist constitutionalism challenge traditional interpretations of the Indian Constitution?

    • Challenging Patriarchal Narratives: Feminist constitutionalism critiques traditional interpretations that often marginalise women’s contributions and rights.
      • For example, while the Indian Constitution guarantees equality, its application has frequently been undermined by personal laws that perpetuate women’s subordination.
    • Reinterpreting Constitutional Provisions: Feminist legal theorists argue for a reinterpretation of constitutional provisions to ensure they align with contemporary understandings of gender equality.
    • Historical background of the Constitution: The historical context of the Constitution’s framing reveals that while women like Amrit Kaur and Hansa Mehta fought for equal rights, their efforts were often compromised by the need to secure broader political consensus.
      • For example, Hansa Mehta and Amrit Kaur strongly advocated for the inclusion of the UCC under the Fundamental Rights to ensure gender equality in personal laws.

    5 women who helped draft the Constitution

    What role does historical context play in shaping contemporary gender jurisprudence in India?

    • Legacy of Founding Mothers: The contributions of women in the Constituent Assembly have been historically overlooked, yet their advocacy for fundamental rights laid a foundation for future gender jurisprudence.
    • Impact on Contemporary Legislation: Historical struggles against patriarchal norms inform today’s feminist movements and legal battles. The ongoing discourse around the UCC is rooted in these historical contexts, highlighting both progress made and obstacles remaining in achieving true gender equality.
    • Intersectionality: The intersectional experiences of women from diverse backgrounds during the Constitution’s framing underscore the need for inclusive legal frameworks that address not only gender but also caste, class, and community-specific issues.

    In what ways can feminist legal theory contribute to redefining concepts of justice and equality in India? (Way forward)

    • Redefining Justice and Equality: Feminist legal theory advocates for a broader understanding of justice that encompasses social, economic, and cultural dimensions rather than merely legalistic definitions. This perspective encourages policies that address systemic inequalities faced by women.
    • Promoting Inclusive Dialogue: By emphasizing women’s voices and experiences in legal discourses, feminist theory fosters inclusive dialogue about rights and justice, challenging dominant narratives that often exclude marginalized groups.
    • Encouraging Legislative Reforms: Feminist legal scholars push for legislative reforms that reflect an understanding of gender as a social construct influenced by cultural norms, thereby advocating for laws that protect women’s rights comprehensively across all spheres.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Discuss the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting for its citizen a uniform civil code as provided for in the Directive Principles of State Policy. (UPSC IAS/2015)

  • Legal issues in Sambhal

    Why in the News?

    The petition in Sambhal is like those filed for Varanasi’s Gyanvapi Mosque and Mathura’s Shahi Idgah. The main issue is how the law – ‘Places of Worship Act, 1991’, is understood.

    What were the causes of the strikes?

    • The district court in Sambhal ordered a survey of the Shahi Jama Masjid based on a plea claiming it was built on a Hindu temple site. This order led to protests from local Muslim residents who viewed it as an attack on their religious rights and heritage.
    • Protests escalated into violence when a large crowd gathered to oppose the survey. Reports indicate that protesters clashed with police, resulting in injuries and fatalities among both protesters and law enforcement officials.
    • The ongoing disputes over religious sites in India, particularly those involving claims of historical conversions, have heightened communal sensitivities.
    • Similar cases in Varanasi and Mathura have set precedents that contribute to public unrest when surveys or legal actions are perceived as threatening the status quo of religious sites.

    What Does the Law Say About the Petitioners’ Claim?

    • Civil Suit Framework: The petitioners filed a civil suit seeking to establish their claim over the mosque site. In civil suits, initial claims are generally accepted at face value (prima facie), allowing for further evidence to be presented later if the suit is deemed maintainable.
    • Challenges Under Places of Worship Act: However, any claim that seeks to alter the religious character of a place of worship is barred under the Places of Worship Act, 1991.
      • This Act aims to maintain the status quo of religious sites as they existed on August 15, 1947.

    What Does the Places of Worship Act, 1991 Say?

    • Preservation of Religious Character: The Act prohibits any conversion of places of worship and mandates that their religious character must remain as it was on August 15, 1947. Specifically, Section 3 bars any conversion in full or part into a place of worship of a different denomination or sect.
    • Legal Proceedings: Section 4 states that any legal proceedings regarding changes to a place’s religious character that existed on that date are abated (terminated), preventing new suits from being filed regarding such conversions.
    • Exemptions: Notably, the Act does not apply to disputes already sub-judice at its enactment, such as the Babri Masjid-Ram Janmabhoomi case, which has complicated its application in contemporary disputes.

    How have Courts allowed these Title Suits?

    • Judicial Interpretations: Despite the provisions of the Places of Worship Act, courts have allowed title suits related to places like Gyanvapi and Mathura by ruling them maintainable. This has occurred even while constitutional challenges to the Act are pending before higher courts.
    • Supreme Court Observations: A significant observation by the Supreme Court indicated that while changing a place’s religious nature is prohibited under the Act, inquiries into its historical character may still be permissible. This interpretation has provided grounds for district courts to entertain such petitions without directly contravening the Act’s intent.
    • Sambhal Case Specifics: In Sambhal’s case, the court ordered a survey before determining whether the civil suit was maintainable. This ex-parte decision (made without hearing both sides) has led to further disputes regarding its legality and fairness.

    Way forward: 

    • Strict Adherence to the Places of Worship Act: Courts must uphold the intent of the 1991 Act by ensuring that disputes challenging the religious character of sites as of August 15, 1947, are dismissed, avoiding unnecessary surveys or actions that could inflame communal tensions.
    • Fostering Interfaith Dialogue: Governments and local authorities should facilitate interfaith discussions to address historical grievances peacefully and promote mutual understanding, reducing the risk of violent clashes and fostering communal harmony.

    Mains PYQ:

    [2019] What are the challenges to our cultural practices in the name of Secularism?

  • [26th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The Constitution still thrives, let it show India the way

    PYQ Relevance:
    Q) ‘Constitutional Morality’ is rooted in the Constitution itself and is founded on its essential facets. Explain the doctrine of ‘Constitutional Morality’ with the help of relevant judicial decisions. (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Mentor’s Comment:  UPSC Mains have focused on Constitutional Principles (2014 and 2019) with respect to ‘basic features’ and ‘checks and balances’.  

    Before commending the Constitution’s work to the Assembly, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar said that – “however good a Constitution may be, it is sure to turn out bad because those who are called to work it, happen to be a bad lot. However bad a Constitution may be, it may turn out to be good if those who are called to work it, happen to be a good lot.”

    Today’s editorial focuses on the enduring relevance and adaptability of the Indian Constitution. This content can be used whicle inferring ‘Constitutional Background’, ‘Core Principles of the Constitution’ and ‘Balance of Power’ in your Mains Answers.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Today 26th November, marks the 75th anniversary of the adoption by the Constituent Assembly of the draft Constitution of India. The Union government has announced that it intends to commemorate this momentous occasion with a special joint sitting of Parliament.

    Historical Background:

    The Indian Constitution is celebrated for its comprehensive framework that establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic. The Constitution not only outlines the structure of government but also enshrines fundamental rights that protect individual freedoms and uphold justice.

    Core Principles:
    • Justice: Ensuring fairness in all judicial processes.
    • Liberty: Protecting individual freedoms against state interference.
    • Equality: Guaranteeing equal treatment under the law.
    • Fraternity: Promoting a sense of brotherhood among citizens.

    How does the Constitution adapt to the changing socio-political landscape of India?

    • Amendability: This structure enables the Constitution to evolve without compromising its core principles, through Article 368, ensuring it remains relevant to current societal needs:
      • Simple Majority: Some provisions can be amended by a simple majority in Parliament.
      • Special Majority: Others require a special majority, which includes a two-thirds majority in both Houses.
      • Ratification by States: Certain amendments necessitate ratification by at least half of the state legislatures.
    • Judicial Interpretation: The Supreme Court of India has established several landmark judgments that illustrate this adaptability with changing conditions:
      • Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973): This case introduced the “basic structure doctrine,” asserting that while Parliament can amend the Constitution, it cannot alter its fundamental framework.
      • Right to Privacy: The Supreme Court’s recognition of the right to privacy as a fundamental right under Article 21 demonstrates how judicial interpretation can expand constitutional protections in response to modern concerns.
    • Balancing Rigidity and Flexibility: The hybrid nature of the Indian Constitution—combining elements of rigidity with flexibility—ensures that balance is crucial for maintaining democratic governance and protecting fundamental rights against arbitrary alterations.
    • Dynamic Nature of Constitutional Principles: CJI D.Y. Chandrachud emphasized that no single generation holds a monopoly over constitutional interpretation, reflecting a continuous dialogue between generations. This dialogue allows for evolving challenges such as technological advancements and changing social norms.
    • Inclusion of New Realities: The Constitution’s flexibility facilitates the inclusion of new realities and societal demands:
      • Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP): These principles guide the state in policy-making and reflect socio-economic changes, allowing for progressive reforms in areas like social justice and economic equity.
      • Gender Equality and Rights: Recent rulings have addressed gender discrimination in religious practices, showcasing how the Constitution adapts to uphold rights against traditional norms.

    What is the significance of constitutional values in promoting justice and equality in India?

    • Justice: The Constitution guarantees justice through its Preamble and Fundamental Rights, ensuring that every citizen can receive fair treatment under the law.
      • For instance, the Joseph Shine v. Union of India (2018) case decriminalized adultery, reinforcing gender equality and emphasizing that both partners in a marriage should be treated equally under the law.
    • Equality Before Law: Article 14 ensures that all individuals are treated equally, prohibiting discrimination.
      • The Navtej Singh Jauhar v. Union of India (2018) case is a landmark ruling that decriminalized consensual same-sex relationships by striking down Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, thus affirming the rights of the LGBTQ+ community and promoting social equality.
    • Fraternity and Social Cohesion: The value of fraternity promotes unity and respect among diverse communities. Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud emphasized the importance of mutual fraternity for maintaining equality in order to raise awareness about constitutional values, highlighting that dignity and respect for all citizens are foundational to national unity.
    • Economic Equality: The Constitution also addresses economic disparities through Directive Principles, aiming for equal rights to livelihood and equal pay for equal work (Article 39). This framework guides government policies towards creating a more equitable society.

    In what ways can citizens actively engage with and uphold constitutional ideals?

    • Participating in Local Governance: The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act empowers citizens to participate in local governance through structures like ward committees. These committees allow residents to voice concerns and influence local decisions.
      • For example, Under JNNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission), various states established Area Sabhas (neighborhood committees) to facilitate citizen participation in urban planning.
      • In cities like Pune, these committees have successfully engaged citizens in developing city plans, leading to improved infrastructure and services based on community needs.
    • Advocating for Rights and Social Justice: Citizens can advocate for their rights by participating in legal awareness programs that educate them about their constitutional rights.
      • For example initiative like the ‘Vidhi Jagriti Abhiyaan’ focuses on educating rural populations (especially women) about their legal rights, enabling them to seek justice against violations.
    • Engaging in Digital Activism: With the rise of digital media, citizens can use online platforms to raise awareness about constitutional issues and mobilize support for various causes.
      • The #MeToo movement gained significant traction on social media, where women shared their experiences of harassment and sought justice.
    • Participating in Elections and Civic Duties: Active participation in elections is fundamental to democracy. Citizens should not only vote but also engage with candidates and political parties on issues that matter to them.
      • Initiatives like the Systematic Voters’ Education and Electoral Participation (SVEEP) program have successfully increased voter turnout, particularly among young voters. 

    Conclusion: “Independence is no doubt a matter of joy. But let us not forget that this independence has thrown on us great responsibilities. By independence, we have lost the excuse of blaming the British for anything going wrong. If hereafter things go wrong, we will have nobody to blame except ourselves.” – Dr. Ambedkar 

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-constitution-still-thrives-let-it-show-india-the-way/article68909557.ece

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