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[2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] Trace India’s consolidation process during the early phase of independence in terms of polity, economy, education and international relations. (15 Marks)

Smash 2025 Adv Test 10 Q14. Elaborate on the dual contribution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel in integrating princely states and laying the foundation of a strong administrative framework. PYQ Q. Assess the main administrative issues and socio-cultural problems in the integration process of Indian Princely States. (2021) “A nation is not made overnight but is… Continue reading [2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] Trace India’s consolidation process during the early phase of independence in terms of polity, economy, education and international relations. (15 Marks)

[17th September 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Judicial Experimentalism versus the Right to Justice

PYQ Relevance [UPSC 2024] Starting from inventing the ‘basic structure’ doctrine, the judiciary has played a highly proactive role in ensuring that India develops into a thriving democracy. In light of the statement, evaluate the role played by judicial activism in achieving the ideals of democracy. Linkage: The recent “cooling period” ruling in Shivangi Bansal… Continue reading [17th September 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Judicial Experimentalism versus the Right to Justice

Unseen labour, exploitation: the hidden human cost of Artificial Intelligence

Introduction The promise of AI as an automated, error-free technology often masks the unseen human labour that makes it possible. From labelling raw data to moderating harmful content, “ghost workers” form the backbone of AI ecosystems. Yet, their contributions remain invisible, underpaid, and unprotected. The debate on AI is incomplete without recognising the human cost… Continue reading Unseen labour, exploitation: the hidden human cost of Artificial Intelligence

Topography, climate change: Behind heavy rains in Himalayas

Introduction Extreme rainfall in Uttarakhand over the past week has triggered multiple landslides, swelling rivers and leading to the loss of at least 15 lives. While such events have always occurred in the Himalayan belt during the monsoon, the frequency, intensity, and unpredictability of these disasters have sharply increased in recent years. This phenomenon is… Continue reading Topography, climate change: Behind heavy rains in Himalayas

What are Stablecoins?

Why in the News? Globally, stablecoins face regulatory scrutiny; the Bank of England has proposed ownership limits (ÂŁ10k–£20k for individuals, ÂŁ10m for businesses) to reduce banking system risks. About Stablecoins: Definition: Cryptocurrencies designed to maintain stable value, usually pegged to fiat currency, commodities, or other crypto. Role: Provide price stability, often used to park profits… Continue reading What are Stablecoins?

What is Portable Ion Chromatography?

Why in the News? Australian scientists have developed a simpler, portable version of ion chromatography called Aquamonitrix, enabling field-based analysis of nitrate and nitrite ions. About Ion Chromatography: Overview: A laboratory technique used to separate and measure ions (charged particles) in a sample. Process: A liquid sample is passed through a long column that separates… Continue reading What is Portable Ion Chromatography?

Nankana Sahib Pilgrimage

Why in the News? The Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has directed State governments not to process applications for Sikh pilgrims’ visit to Nankana Sahib, Pakistan, for the November 2025 birth anniversary (Parkash Gurpurab) of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. About Nankana Sahib: Location: Punjab province, Pakistan, near Lahore. Historical Significance: Birthplace of Guru Nanak… Continue reading Nankana Sahib Pilgrimage

Sarnath and UNESCO Nomination

Why in the News? ASI will install a revised plaque at Sarnath, crediting Babu Jagat Singh (1787–88) for uncovering its archaeological importance, rather than British archaeologists. About Sarnath: Location: Near Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, at the confluence of the Ganga and Varuna rivers. Religious Importance: After enlightenment at Bodh Gaya, Gautama Buddha delivered the Dhammachakkappavattana Sutta… Continue reading Sarnath and UNESCO Nomination

[2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] How are climate change and sea level rise affecting the very existence of many island nations? Discuss with examples. (10 Marks)

Smash 2025 FLT 09 Q7. Discuss the geological processes involved in the formation of different types of islands. How does global warming threaten the islands across the world? PYQ. Explain the formation of thousands of islands in Indonesian and Philippines archipelagos. (2014) Samachar Manthan: Article name: United Nations World Water Development Report, 2025Source: Samachar Manthan March… Continue reading [2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] How are climate change and sea level rise affecting the very existence of many island nations? Discuss with examples. (10 Marks)

Unified Pension Scheme (UPS)

Why in the News? The Centre has approved the Unified Pension Scheme, starting Apr 2025, with NPS employees allowed to switch till Sept 30, 2025. About Unified Pension Scheme (UPS): Launch & Applicability: Announced in August 2024; implemented from 1 April 2025. Applicable to central govt employees who joined service after 1 January 2004 (those… Continue reading Unified Pension Scheme (UPS)

[16th September 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Court’s nod to Mental Health as Right

PYQ Relevance [UPSC 2020] In order to enhance the prospects of social development, sound and adequate health care policies are needed in the fields of geriatric and maternal health care. Discuss. Linkage: The 2025 Sukdeb Saha judgment extends the scope of Article 21 by making mental health a constitutional right, just as geriatric and maternal… Continue reading [16th September 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Court’s nod to Mental Health as Right

SC on amended Waqf Act: What has been stayed, what remains

Introduction The Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025, passed by Parliament earlier this year, faced widespread opposition from political leaders, religious organisations, and civil society. Over 65 petitions were filed, challenging its constitutional validity. On September 15, the Supreme Court issued an interim order staying several key provisions, particularly those expanding the powers of district collectors, imposing… Continue reading SC on amended Waqf Act: What has been stayed, what remains

Tropical Forest Forever Facility (TFFF)

Why in the News? Brazil, the host of COP30, has proposed the Tropical Forest Forever Facility (TFFF) to finance the conservation of standing forests. What is Tropical Forest Forever Facility (TFFF)? Nature: A global blended finance fund that pays Tropical Forest Countries (TFCs) per hectare of forest conserved. Adjustments: Deductions made for deforestation or degradation.… Continue reading Tropical Forest Forever Facility (TFFF)

India secures International Seabed Authority (ISA) exploration contract

Why in the News? India has secured the world’s first International Seabed Authority (ISA) licence to explore polymetallic sulphur nodules in the Carlsberg Ridge, northwest Indian Ocean. India’s Engagement with ISA: Exploration Contracts: 2002 – Polymetallic nodules, Central Indian Ocean Basin (valid till 2027). 2016 – Polymetallic sulphides, Indian Ocean Ridge (valid till 2031). 2025… Continue reading India secures International Seabed Authority (ISA) exploration contract

In news: Bank for International Settlements (BIS)

Why in the News? The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) has cautioned that record-high global share prices appear detached from concerns over rising government debt. About the Bank for International Settlements (BIS): Establishment: Formed in 1930, making it the world’s oldest international financial institution. Role: Known as the “central bank for central banks”, serving only… Continue reading In news: Bank for International Settlements (BIS)

[2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] Q6. The French Revolution has enduring relevance to the contemporary world. Explain. (10 Marks)

Smash 2025 Adv Test 10Q.8 Analyse the role of Enlightenment ideas in shaping the course of the French and American Revolutions. PYQQ. Explain how the foundations of the modern world were laid by the American and French revolution. (2019) The French Revolution of 1789 was a turning point in world history. What began as a… Continue reading [2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] Q6. The French Revolution has enduring relevance to the contemporary world. Explain. (10 Marks)

[pib] Exercise Pacific Reach, 2025

Why in the News? INS Nistar, the Navy’s new indigenous Diving Support Vessel, made its maiden port call at Singapore to join the multinational Exercise Pacific Reach 2025. About Exercise Pacific Reach: Overview: A biennial, multinational submarine rescue exercise initiated in 1996 (Asia-Pacific). Objective: Enhances cooperation, interoperability, and readiness in submarine rescue. Pacific Reach 2025… Continue reading [pib] Exercise Pacific Reach, 2025

[15th September 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Improving Macros: Period of low inflation and relatively high growth

PYQ Relevance [UPSC 2019] Do you agree with the view that steady GDP growth and low inflation have left the Indian economy in good shape? Give reasons in support of your arguments. Linkage: The present scenario of low inflation (2.1%) coupled with high growth directly resonates with the 2019 PYQ, as it exemplifies how such… Continue reading [15th September 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Improving Macros: Period of low inflation and relatively high growth

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