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International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for FAO

Why in the News? India has expressed serious concerns over proposed changes to the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA)—popularly known as the Plant Treaty. About the Plant Treaty, 2001: Adoption: It was adopted by the FAO on 3rd November 2001 and came into force in 2004. Purpose: It governs… Continue reading

How Heat led to Protocells formation on Earth?

Why in the News? A new Nature Physics study suggests that warm volcanic rock surfaces may have concentrated organic molecules in watery cracks, triggering life-like chemistry—offering a clue to how protocells formed without membranes before life began. What are Protocells? Overview: Protocells are primitive, cell-like bubbles believed to be early precursors of real biological cells.… Continue reading

India is 4th most Equal Society: World Bank

Why in the News? As of 2025, India ranks as the world’s fourth most equal country in terms of income distribution, according to the World Bank’s Spring 2025 Poverty and Equity Brief. About the World Bank’s Spring 2025 Poverty and Equity Brief: What It Is: The Poverty and Equity Brief is a biannual publication by… Continue reading

In news: Seine River

Why in the News? French authorities have opened up the Seine River to public swimming for the very first time since 1923. About the Seine River: Overview: it is a major waterway in northern France, flowing through some of the country’s most important cultural and economic regions. Length and Rank: It is approximately 777 km(483… Continue reading

‘3 by 35’ Initiative by WHO

Why in the News? The World Health Organisation (WHO) has launched the “3 by 35” initiative, urging countries to raise taxes on tobacco, alcohol, and sugary drinks by at least 50% by 2035 to fight rising chronic diseases. About the ‘3 by 35’ Initiative: Launch and Objective: The ‘3 by 35’ initiative was launched by… Continue reading

[5th July 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Two Democracies and the Echoes of Tyranny

PYQ Relevance: [UPSC 2024] What changes has the Union Government recently introduced in the domain of Centre-State relations? Suggest measures to be adopted to build the trust between the Centre and the States and for strengthening federalism. Linkage: The articles discusses how India’s democratic backsliding occurred partly due to the exploitation of constitutional weaknesses and… Continue reading

Waste Not, Think More: Is India Trapped in the Recycling Loop ?

UPSC rarely asks direct questions on solid waste. It prefers layered, value-added questions that test the aspirant’s understanding of ground realities, structural gaps, and long-term solutions, just like the 2018 question on impediments in solid waste disposal and toxic waste. This article is crafted to prepare students for exactly that. It blends data (such as… Continue reading

Cease the cess Low GST collections speak to the need for structural reforms

Why in the News? On July 1, 2025, India marked eight years since the launch of the Goods and Services Tax (GST), but the occasion came with worrying signs for the economy. GST collections in June dropped to ₹1.85 lakh crore, the lowest in four months, and grew by just 6.2% year-on-year, the slowest growth… Continue reading

Conflict in Middle East: As world watches oil, why India must watch its fertiliser supply

Why in the News? The Iran-Israel conflict has drawn global attention for its impact on oil prices, but a less visible and equally serious issue is emerging in fertiliser supply, which poses a significant risk to farming and food security in India. What are the fertiliser security risks for India amid geopolitical conflicts? Disruption of… Continue reading

WTO Agreement on Safeguards (AoS)

Why in the News? Invoking the Agreement on Safeguards (AoS), India has notified the WTO of its plan to impose $724 million in retaliatory tariffs on the U.S. for breaching trade commitments through unilateral auto import duties. What is the Agreement on Safeguards (AoS)? Overview: It is a World Trade Organization (WTO) treaty that allows… Continue reading

CJI assures ‘complete transparency’ in Collegium System

Why in the News? Recently, CJI B.R. Gavai affirmed that the collegium system will ensure merit, transparency, and inclusive representation, and will not be swayed by external pressures. What is the Collegium System? About: The Collegium System is the process by which judges are appointed and transferred in the Supreme Court and High Courts of… Continue reading

Oil Exploration in the Andaman Basin

Why in the News? The Union Minister for Petroleum has revealed that India is on the brink of a Guyana-like oil discovery in the Andaman Sea Do you know? Guyana, now a major oil-producing nation, has seen 47% average real GDP growth since 2022, driven by offshore oil. About the Oil Exploration in Andaman… Continue reading

[pib] SAKSHAM-3000

Why in the News? The Ministry of Communications has launched SAKSHAM-3000, a 25.6 Tbps indigenous switch-cum-router, to boost India’s data, cloud, and telecom infrastructure, marking a major leap in advanced networking technology. What is SAKSHAM-3000? Overview: It is a high-speed switch-cum-router developed by the Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) to strengthen India’s digital infrastructure.… Continue reading

Who are the Girmitiyas?

Why in the News? PM Narendra Modi, while speaking in Trinidad and Tobago, paid tribute to the Girmitiyas—19th-century indentured Indian labourers who helped shape Indo-Caribbean culture. About Girmitiyas: Overview: The word “Girmitiya” comes from “agreement,” which was pronounced as “girmit” by Indian labourers who signed contracts to work abroad. Origin of the Labourers: Most Girmitiyas… Continue reading

National Sports Policy, 2025

Why in the News? The Union Cabinet recently approved the National Sports Policy, 2025. About the National Sports Policy, 2025: It is a comprehensive policy approved by the Union Cabinet to transform India into a leading sporting nation. It replaces the earlier 2001 policy and aligns with the vision of Viksit Bharat @2047 and the… Continue reading

[4th July 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Socialism, Secularism are the spirit of the Constitution

PYQ Relevance: [UPSC 2024] Discuss India as a secular state and compare with the secular principles of the US Constitution. Linkage: This question directly addresses India’s secular character. The article explicitly defines Indian secularism not as “mere religious neutrality but the positive assurance that the state will treat all religions equally, protect the rights of… Continue reading

Careful curation: On Bihar’s Special Intensive Revision of electoral rolls

Why in the News? The Election Commission of India (ECI) is currently carrying out a Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of the voter list in Bihar. This has caused political and social concerns because the ECI is focusing only on verifying “ordinary residents” and has given a very short deadline ending on July 31 for this… Continue reading

Is U.S. imperialism a threat to the world?

Why in the News? The U.S. recently carried out unprovoked attacks on three Iranian nuclear sites during a 12-day war with Iran. These actions, especially under a renewed Trump administration, have restarted discussions about U.S. imperialism and how it affects the global balance of power. Note: Imperialism is a policy or ideology by which a… Continue reading

170th Anniversary of Santhal Revolt

Why in the News? Jharkhand on observed ‘Hul’ Diwas to commemorate the rebellion’s 170th anniversary of Santhal Revolt which was held on June 30, 1855. About the Santhal Revolt: Overview: The Santhal Hul (Revolt) began on June 30, 1855, in present-day Jharkhand, and is observed annually as Hul Diwas. The ‘Hul’: It means revolution, symbolising… Continue reading

Child Adoption in India

Why in the News? In a major step toward digital adoption reform, Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) has confirmed that digitally certified adoption orders sent by e-mail are now legally valid under current rules. Child Adoption in India: Legal Framework and Process Adoption in India is governed by multiple laws, depending on the religion and… Continue reading

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