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  • LIVE UNHERD WEBINAR|| FROM REPEATED FAILURES TO AIR 377: PRABHAT’S STORY OF RESILIENCE|| LAST DAY TO REGISTER

    LIVE UNHERD WEBINAR|| FROM REPEATED FAILURES TO AIR 377: PRABHAT’S STORY OF RESILIENCE|| LAST DAY TO REGISTER

    There has never been a success story without a Failure and lessons along the way. Each one of us is fascinated by the glitters of success, without caring much about the pains and struggles behind it.

    Click HERE TO REGISTER FOR WEBINAR


    Today we bring to you one such story. The story of Prabhat Singh who secured AIR 377 in Civil Services Examination 2019.


    Prabhat started his preparation for UPSC in 2012 after finishing his graduation. In his first 2 attempts, he was not able to clear Prelims. After facing back-to-back failures, Prabhat decided to take a break and focus on his PLAN B. He pursued law from Delhi University for the next 2 years. Despite pursuing law, his UPSC dream calling never faded and after 2 years he decided to attempt again. But as fate had it, again in the 3rd and 4th attempt, Prabhat could not clear Prelims.
    At this stage, he had 2 options – Leave the preparation or complete change of strategy(because obviously, something was not working). Looking back now, Prabhat thank his lucky stars that he chose the latter.


    So, WHAT WAS THIS STRATEGY CHANGE? HOW DID HE KEEP HIMSELF MOTIVATED DESPITE FAILURES?

    Get these answers from PRABHAT SINGH himself this Sunday.
    CivilsDaily presents Unherd Webinar edition with Prabhat Singh, AIR 377.

    Click HERE TO REGISTER FOR WEBINAR

    Join Prabhat in a live webinar where he will share his lesson learned and take your queries.
    DAY: 6th JUNE 2021, Sunday
    TIME: 11 am to 1 pm

    In this webinar, you can expect:

    • Prabhat own success story and guidance tips
    • An interactive Q&A session with Prabhat Singh
    • Important Civilsdaily softcopies takeaway for exam preparation.
    • Civilsdaily Joining Bonus ( Only for Sunday registrations )

    How to join?

    • Register in the form given below.
    • The links for zoom meet will be emailed to you.
    Click HERE TO REGISTER FOR WEBINAR

    So, guys mark your calendar for this Unherd webinar on Sunday.

    See ya all!

  • Cropping Patterns in India

    04th June 2021

    Cropping Pattern in India

    What is Cropping Pattern?

    Cropping Pattern mean the proportion of area under different crops at a point of time, changes in this distribution overtime and factors determining these changes.

    Cropping pattern in India is determined mainly by rainfall, climate, temperature and soil type.

    Technology also plays a pivotal role in determining crop pattern. Example, the adoption of High Yield Varieties Seeds along with fertilisers in the mid 1960’s in the regions of Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh increased wheat production significantly.

    The multiplicity of cropping systems has been one of the main features of Indian agriculture. This may be attributed to following two major factors:

    1. Rainfed agriculture still accounts for over 92.8 million hectares or 65 percent of the cropped area. A large diversity of cropping systems exists under rainfed and dryland areas with an overriding practice of intercropping, due to greater risks involved in cultivating larger area under a particular crop.
    2. Due to prevailing socio-economic situations (such as; dependency of large population on agriculture, small land-holding size, very high population pressure on land resource etc.), improving household food security has been an issue of supreme importance to many million farmers of India, who constitute 56.15 million marginal (<1.0 hectare), 17.92 million small (1.0-2.0 hectare) and 13.25 million semi-medium (2.0-4.0 hectare) farm holdings, making together 90 percent of 97.15 million operational holdings.
    3. An important consequence of this has been that crop production in India remained to be considered, by and large, a subsistence rather than commercial activity.

    What are the types of cropping Pattern?

    Different types of cropping systems are adopted on farms depending on the resources and technology available. The different & basic types of cropping System is explained below:

    Mono-cropping

    If only one crop is grown in the land season after season, it is referred to as Monocropping. Example: Wheat will be planted year after year in the same field. 

    Crop Rotation

    In this method, the type of crops grown in the field is changed each season or each year. farmers also change from crops to fallow. Example: Maize will be planted in the first year and beans in the second year. This Crop rotation system is a key principle of agriculture conservation as it improves the soil structure and fertility. It also helps to control weeds, pests, and diseases.

    Sequential Cropping

    This system involves growing two crops in the same field, one after the other in the same year. Example: Planting maize during long rains, then beans during the short rains. 

    Inter-cropping

    Growing two or more crops in the same field at the same time is called Intercropping. Examples: Planting alternating rows of maize and beans, or growing a cover crop in between the rows. 

    Mixed Intercropping

    In this method, seeds of two crops are distributed or dibbling the seeds without any row arrangement. This method is called mixed intercropping. This method is easy to sow but makes weeding, fertilization, and harvesting difficult. 

    Multiple-Cropping

    In this cropping system, farmers grow two or more crops on farmland in one year with intensive input management practices. It includes inter-cropping, mixed-cropping, and sequence cropping.

    Row Intercropping

    In this method, both the main crop and the intercrop in rows are planted. The row intercropping makes weeding and harvesting easier than with mixed intercropping.

    Stir Cropping

    This type of cropping involves planting broad strips of several crops in the field. Each strip will be 3–9 m wide. On slopes, the strips are laid out along the contour to prevent erosion. The farmer can rotate crops by planting each strip with a different crop in the next year. Example: Alternating strips of maize, soybean, and finger millet are planted. 

    Relay Cropping

    In this method, one crop is planted and another crop, usually a cover crop, is planted in the same field before harvesting the first. It avoids competition between the main crop and the intercrop. Relay cropping uses the field for a long time since the cover crop usually continues to grow after the main crop is harvested.

    In Indian agriculture, three types of Cropping System is used. They are:

    • Mono-Cropping

    • Inter-cropping

    • Multiple-Cropping

    Factors Determining Cropping Pattern in India

    Types of Crops in India

    30 most important cropping patterns in India

    Specific Issues Related to the Cropping Pattern

    Crop Pattern Region/State Issues Related to Crop Pattern
    Rice-Wheat UP, Punjab, Haryana, Bihar, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh. Over the years there is stagnation in the production and productivity loses.

    The main reasons for stagnation are:

    Over Mining of Nutrients from the soil.

    Declining Ground Water Table.

    Increase Pest Attacks and Diseases.

    Shortages of Labour.

    Inappropriate use of Fertilizers.
    Rice-Rice Irrigated and Humid coastal system of Orrisa, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Kerala. The major issues in sustaining the productivity of rice-rice system are:

    Deterioration in soil physical conditions.

    Micronutrient deficiency.

    Poor efficiency of nitrogen use. Imbalance in use of nutrients. Non-availability of appropriate trans planter to mitigate labour shortage during the critical period of transplanting.
    Rice- Groundnut Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Orrisa and Maharashtra. The major issues in the pattern are:

    Excessive Rainfall and Water Logging.

    Non-availability of quality seeds.

    Limited expansion of Rabi Groundnut in Rice grown areas.
    Rice-Pulses Chhattisgarh, Orrisa and Bihar. Factors limiting Productivity are:

    Droughts and Erratic Rainfall distribution.

    Lack of Irrigation.

    Low coverage under HYV Seeds.

    Weed Attacks.

    Little attention to pest attacks and diseases.

    Marginalisation of land and Removal of Tribal from their own land.
    Maize-Wheat UP, Rajasthan, MP and Bihar The Reason for Poor Yields are:

    Sowing Timing.

    Poor Weed Management.

    Poor Plant Varieties.

    Poor use of organic and inorganic fertilizers.

    Large area under Rain Fed Agriculture.
    Sugarcane-Wheat UP, Punjab and Haryana accounts for 68% of the area under sugarcane.

    The other states which cover the crops are; Karnataka and MP.

    		 Problems in Sugarcane-Wheat system are:

    Late Planting.

    Imbalance and inadequate use of nutrients.

    Poor nitrogen use efficiency in sugarcane.

    Build-up of Trianthema partu lacastrum and Cyprus rotundus in sugarcane.

    The stubble of sugarcane pose tillage problem for succeeding crops and need to be managed properly.
    Cotton-Wheat Punjab, Haryana, West UP, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu. Problems in Cotton-Wheat system are:

    Delay Planting.

    Stubbles of cotton create the problem of tillage operations and poor tilth for wheat.

    Cotton Pest like Boll Worm and White Fly.

    Poor nitrogen use efficiency in cotton.
    Soya bean-Wheat Maharashtra, MP and Rajasthan Constraints limiting the soybean production and productivity are:

    A relatively recent introduction of soybean as a crop.

    Limited genetic diversity.

    Short growing period available in Indian latitudes.

    Hindered agronomy/availability of inputs at the farm level.

    Rainfed nature of crop and water scarcity at critical stage of plant growth.

    Insect pests and diseases, Quality improvement problems.

    Inadequate mechanization and partial adoption of technology by farmers have been identified.
    Legume Based Cropping Systems (Pulses-Oilseeds) MP, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. The major issues in Legume based system are:

    Lack of technological advancement.

    Loses due to erratic weather and waterlogging.

    Diseases and Pests.

    Low harvest index, flower drop, indeterminate growth habit and very poor response to fertilizers and water in most of the grain legumes.

    Nutrient needs of the system have to be worked out considering N-fixation capacity of legume crops.

    Horticulture Crops in India

    India has made a good place for itself on the Horticulture Map of the World with a total annual production of horticultural crops touching over 1490 million tones during 1999-00.

    The horticultural crops cover about 9 percent of the total area contributing about 24.5 percent of the gross agricultural output in the country. However, the productivity of fruits and vegetables grown in the country is low as compared to developed countries.

    Vegetable Crops in India

    Vegetable crops in India are grown from the sea level to the snowline. The entire country can broadly be divided into six vegetable growing zones:

    Low productivity is the main feature of vegetable cultivation in India as farm yields of most of the vegetables in India are much lower than the average yield of the world and developed countries.

    The productivity gap is more conspicuous in tomato, cabbage, onion, chilli and peas. The preponderance of hybrid varieties and protected cultivation are mainly responsible for high productivity in the developed countries.

    Constraints in vegetable production:

    1. Lack of planning in Production

    2. Non-availability of seeds of improved varieties.

    3. High cost of basic production elements

    4. Inadequate plant protection measures and non-availability of resistant varieties.

    5. Weak marketing facilities

    6. Transportation limits

    7. Post-harvest losses

    8. Abiotic stresses.

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    FAQs

    What is the cropping pattern in India?
    Cropping patterns in India refer to the arrangement and distribution of various crops grown in a specific area during a given time. They play a crucial role in agricultural productivity.

    Where can I find notes on cropping patterns in India for UPSC?
    You can find comprehensive notes on cropping patterns in India on educational websites like UPSC Preparation forums, online courses, or platforms like Civilsdaily.

    What is multiple cropping?
    Multiple cropping is the practice of growing two or more crops on the same land during a single growing season, enhancing productivity and income for farmers.

  • Government Securities Acquisition Programme (GSAP 2.0)

    In a bid to infuse more liquidity in the market, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has announced undertake Government Securities Acquisition Program (G-SAP) 2.0 during the second quarter of FY22 and conduct secondary market purchase operations of Rs 1.20 lakh crore.

    Answer this PYQ in the comment box:

    Q.Consider the following statements:

    1. The Reserve Bank of India manages and services the Government of India Securities but not any State Government Securities.
    2. Treasury bills are issued by the Government of India and there are no treasury bills issued by the State Governments.
    3. Treasury bills offer are issued at a discount from the par value.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 3 Only

    (c) 2 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

    What are Government Securities?

    • These are debt instruments issued by the government to borrow money.
    • The two key categories are:
    1. Treasury bills (T-Bills) – short-term instruments which mature in 91 days, 182 days, or 364 days, and
    2. Dated securities – long-term instruments, which mature anywhere between 5 years and 40 years

    Note: T-Bills are issued only by the central government, and the interest on them is determined by market forces.

    Why G-Secs?

    • Like bank fixed deposits, g-secs are not tax-free.
    • They are generally considered the safest form of investment because they are backed by the government. So, the risk of default is almost nil.
    • However, they are not completely risk-free, since they are subject to fluctuations in interest rates.
    • Bank fixed deposits, on the other hand, are guaranteed only to the extent of Rs 5 lakh by the Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC).

  • Anti-hail guns to mitigate hailstorms crop damage

    To help out horticulturists who face crop damage due to hailstorms, the Himachal Pradesh government will be testing the use of indigenously developed ‘anti-hail guns’.

    What are anti-hail guns?

    • An anti-hail gun is a machine that generates shock waves to disrupt the growth of hailstones in clouds, according to its makers.
    • It comprises a tall, fixed structure somewhat resembling an inverted tower, several metres high, with a long and narrow cone opening towards the sky.
    • The gun is “fired” by feeding an explosive mixture of acetylene gas and air into its lower chamber, which releases a shock wave (waves that travel faster than the speed of sound, such as those produced by supersonic aircraft).
    • These shock waves supposedly stop water droplets in clouds from turning into hailstones, so that they fall simply as raindrops.

    Answer this PYQ in the comment box:

    Q.During a thunderstorm, the thunder in the skies is produced by the

    1. meeting of cumulonimbus clouds in the sky
    2. lightning that separates the nimbus clouds
    3. violent upward movement of air and water particles

    Select the correct option using the codes given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) None of the above

    How do they ‘prevent’ a hailstorm?

    • It is this hail formation process that the shock waves from anti-hail guns try to disrupt in a radius of 500 meters, so that the water droplets fall down before they can be lifted by the updrafts.
    • The machine is repeatedly fired every few seconds during an approaching thunderstorm.
    • However, the effectiveness of anti-hail guns has remained a contentious issue.

    How do Hailstorms occur?

    • Hail is produced by cumulonimbus clouds, which are generally large and dark and may cause thunder and lightning.
    • In such clouds, winds can blow up the water droplets to heights where they freeze into ice.
    • The frozen droplets begin to fall but are soon pushed back up by the winds and more droplets freeze onto them, resulting in multiple layers of ice on the hailstones.
    • This fall and rise is repeated several times, till the hailstones become too heavy and fall down.

  • How blind people can navigate better using Echolocation

    A technique used by animals such as dolphins, whales, and bats to navigate their surroundings can also be used by blind people to get around better and have greater independence and well-being, researchers at Durham University in the UK have shown.

    What is Echolocation?

    • Echolocation, also called biosonar, is a biological sonar used by several animal species.
    • Echolocating animals emit calls out to the environment and listen to the echoes of those calls that return from various objects near them.
    • They use these echoes to locate and identify the objects.

    What has the new study found?

    • The same technique can help blind people locate still objects by producing clicking sounds from their mouth and hands.
    • The researchers organized a 10-week training programme, in which 12 blind and 14 sighted volunteers aged between 21 and 79 were taught click-based echolocation.
    • The volunteers were trained in distinguishing between the size of objects, orientation perception and virtual navigation.
    • At the end of the training, the participants had been able to improve their ability to navigate using clicking noises either from one’s mouth, walking cane taps or footsteps.

  • CIBER-2 Mission to count the stars in the Universe

    A NASA-funded rocket’s launch window will open at the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico, USA. The aim of this mission is to count the number of stars that exist in the Universe.

    Answer this PYQ from CSP 2020 in the comment box:

    Q.“The experiment will employ a trio of spacecraft flying in formation in the shape of an equilateral triangle that has sides one million kilometers long, with lasers shining between the craft.” The experiment in question refers to

    (a) Voyager-2

    (b) New horizons

    (c) Lisa Pathfinder

    (d) Evolved LISA

    What is CIBER-2?

    • In order to roughly estimate the number of stars in the Universe, scientists have estimated that on average each galaxy consists of about 100 million stars, but this figure is not exact.
    • The figure of 100 million could easily be an underestimation, probably by a factor of 10 or more.
    • To put this into perspective, an average of 100 million stars in each galaxy (there an estimated 2 trillion of them as per NASA), would give a total figure of one hundred quintillion stars or 1 with 21 zeroes after it.
    • NASA notes that if this figure is accurate, it would mean that for every grain of sand on Earth, there are more than ten stars.
    • But this calculation assumes that all stars are inside galaxies, which might not be true and this is what the CIBER-2 instrument will try to find out.

    How will CIBER-2 count stars?

    • NASA notes that the instrument will not actually count individual stars but it will instead detect the extragalactic background light
    • It is all of the light that has been emitted throughout the history of the Universe.
    • From all of this extragalactic background light, the CIBER-2 will focus on a portion of this called cosmic infrared background, which is emitted by some of the most common stars.
    • Essentially, this approach is aiming to look at how bright this light is to give scientists an estimate of how many of these stars are out there.
    • The ESA infrared space observatory Herschel also counted the number of galaxies in infrared and measured their luminosity previously.

  • [pib] SAGE (Senior-care Ageing Growth Engine) Initiative

    The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has launched the SAGE (Seniorcare Aging Growth Engine) initiative and SAGE portal for elderly persons.

    SAGE Initiative

    • The SAGE will be a “one-stop access” of elderly care products and services by credible start-ups.
    • The start-ups will be selected on the basis of innovative products and services.
    • Their products should be able to provide across sectors such as health, housing, care centers, apart from technological access linked to finances, food and wealth management, and legal guidance.
    • The start-ups who have applied will be selected by an independent screening committee of experts.
    • A fund of upto Rs.1 crore as one-time equity will be granted to each selected start-up.

    Why need such initiative?

    • India’s elderly population is on the rise as per surveys.
    • The share of elders, as a percentage of the total population in the country, is expected to increase from around 7.5% in 2001 to almost 12.5% by 2026, and surpass 19.5% by 2050.
    • There is an urgent need to create a more robust eldercare ecosystem in India, especially in the post-COVID phase.

  • [pib] India’s First Indigenous Tumour Antigen SPAG9

    The National Institute of Immunology (NII) has received a trademark for India’s First Indigenous Tumor Antigen SPAG9.

    About SPAG9

    • India’s first indigenous tumor antigen SPAG9 was discovered by Dr Anil Suri in 1998 who is heading the Cancer Research Program at NII.
    • In a recent development, the SPAG9 antigen has received the trademark ASPAGNII-TM.
    • Currently, ASPAGNIITM is being used in dendritic cell (DC) based immunotherapy in cervical, ovarian cancer and will also be used in breast cancer.

    What is immunotherapy?

    • Immunotherapy is a new approach that exploits the body’s inner capability to put up a fight against cancer.
    • With this approach, either the immune system is given a boost, or the T cells are “trained’’ to identify recalcitrant cancer cells and kill them.
    • In this personalized intervention, those patients expressing SPAG9 protein can be treated with DC-based vaccine approach.
    • In DC-based vaccine, patient’s cells called monocytes from their blood are collected and modified into what are called dendritic cells.
    • These dendritic cells are primed with ASPAGNIITM and are injected back to the patient to help the ‘fighter’ cells, or T-cells, in the body to kill the cancer cells.

    Why need such therapy?

    • DC-based immunotherapy is safe, affordable and can promote antitumor immune responses and prolonged survival of cancer patients.
    • The ASPAGNIITM is a true example of translational cancer research and the Atmanirbhar Bharat spirit.
    • This will be a real morale boost in affordable, personalized, and indigenous products for cancer treatment.

    Answer this PYQ in the comment box:

    Q.‘RNA Interference (RNAi)’ technology has gained popularity in the last few years. why?

    1. It is used in developing gene silencing therapies
    2. It can be used in developing therapies for the treatment of cancer
    3. It can be used to developer hormone replacement therapies
    4. It can be used to produce crop plants that are resistant to viral pathogens

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    a) 1, 2 and 4

    b) 2 and 3

    c) 1 and 3

    d) 1 and 4 only

    The burden of cancer in India

    • Cancer kills 8.51 lakh people in India every year (International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2020).
    • As per World Health Organization (WHO), one in 10 Indians will develop cancer during their lifetime, and one in 15 will die of cancer.
  • LIVE UNHERD WEBINAR|| FROM REPEATED FAILURES TO AIR 377: PRABHAT’S STORY OF RESILIENCE|| LAST DAY TO REGISTER

    LIVE UNHERD WEBINAR|| FROM REPEATED FAILURES TO AIR 377: PRABHAT’S STORY OF RESILIENCE|| LAST DAY TO REGISTER

    There has never been a success story without a Failure and lessons along the way. Each one of us is fascinated by the glitters of success, without caring much about the pains and struggles behind it.

    Click HERE TO REGISTER FOR WEBINAR


    Today we bring to you one such story. The story of Prabhat Singh who secured AIR 377 in Civil Services Examination 2019.


    Prabhat started his preparation for UPSC in 2012 after finishing his graduation. In his first 2 attempts, he was not able to clear Prelims. After facing back-to-back failures, Prabhat decided to take a break and focus on his PLAN B. He pursued law from Delhi University for the next 2 years. Despite pursuing law, his UPSC dream calling never faded and after 2 years he decided to attempt again. But as fate had it, again in the 3rd and 4th attempt, Prabhat could not clear Prelims.
    At this stage, he had 2 options – Leave the preparation or complete change of strategy(because obviously, something was not working). Looking back now, Prabhat thank his lucky stars that he chose the latter.


    So, WHAT WAS THIS STRATEGY CHANGE? HOW DID HE KEEP HIMSELF MOTIVATED DESPITE FAILURES?

    Get these answers from PRABHAT SINGH himself this Sunday.
    CivilsDaily presents Unherd Webinar edition with Prabhat Singh, AIR 377.

    Click HERE TO REGISTER FOR WEBINAR

    Join Prabhat in a live webinar where he will share his lesson learned and take your queries.
    DAY: 6th JUNE 2021, Sunday
    TIME: 11 am to 1 pm

    In this webinar, you can expect:

    • Prabhat own success story and guidance tips
    • An interactive Q&A session with Prabhat Singh
    • Important Civilsdaily softcopies takeaway for exam preparation.
    • Civilsdaily Joining Bonus ( Only for Sunday registrations )

    How to join?

    • Register in the form given below.
    • The links for zoom meet will be emailed to you.
    Click HERE TO REGISTER FOR WEBINAR

    So, guys mark your calendar for this Unherd webinar on Sunday.

    See ya all!

  • A national consensus on removal of sedition law is called for

    Is the government entitled to the love and affection of the citizens? Answer to this question lies in the Kedar Nath judgment recently invoked by the Supreme Court in a case against a journalist. The article deals with this issue.

    About the Kedar Nath judgement

    • A two-judge bench of the Supreme Court observed that every journalist is entitled to the protection under the Kedar Nath judgment (1962) on the petition filed by journalist Vinod Dua.
    • The court entertained Dua’s writ petition under Article 32.
    • In the Kedar Nath judgement, the apex court had held that a citizen has the right to say or write whatever he likes about the government or its measures by way of criticism so long as he does not incite people to violence against the government or with the intention of creating public disorder.
    • Section 124A read along with explanations is not attracted without such an allusion to violence. 

    Increasing use of the sedition law

    • NCRB data shows that between 2016 to 2019, there has been a whopping 160 per cent increase in the filing of sedition charges with a conviction rate of just 3.3 per cent.
    • Of the 96 people charged in 2019, only two could be convicted.
    • A number of CAA (Citizenship Amendment Act) protesters are facing sedition charges.

    Background of Section 124-A

    • Section 124-A was not a part of the original Indian Penal Code drafted by Lord Macaulay and treason was confined just to levying war.
    • It was inserted in 1870 in response to the Wahabi movement that had asked Muslims to initiate jihad against the colonial regime.
    • It was argued that Wahabis are going from village to village and preaching that it was the sacred religious duty of Muslims to wage a war against British rule.

    Way forward

    • In 2018, the Law Commission had recommended that the sedition law should not be used to curb free speech.
    •  Let the criminal law revision committee working under the Ministry of Home Affairs make the bold recommendation of dropping the draconian law.
    • A political consensus needs to be forged on this issue.

    Conclusion

    No government, as Mahatma Gandhi told Judge R S Broomfield, has a right to love and affection and people in a free country committed to the liberty of thought and freedom of expression should not be criminally punished for expressing their opinion about the government.

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