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  • Iran–Israel Escalation After Killing of Khamenei

    Why in the News

    Iran launched missile and drone strikes across Israel and parts of the Gulf after the reported killing of Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei in U.S. and Israeli bombardment, triggering a widening regional conflict.

    What Happened

    • U.S. and Israeli strikes hit targets in Tehran.
    • Iran retaliated with missiles targeting Israel and Gulf states hosting U.S. forces.
    • Israel vowed “non-stop” strikes on Iranian leadership and military sites.
    • Casualties reported in Israel, Iran, and among U.S. personnel.

    Leadership Transition in Iran

    • President Masoud Pezeshkian announced an interim leadership council.
    • Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi said a new Supreme Leader would be chosen soon.
    • Ayatollah Alireza Arafi named to interim council.
    • Permanent leader to be elected by the Assembly of Experts.

    Wider Regional Impact

    • Explosions heard in Tel Aviv; strike reported in Beit Shemesh.
    • Shrapnel and debris incidents reported in Abu Dhabi.
    • Attacks extended to Oman.
    • U.S. President Donald Trump warned of severe retaliation if Iran escalates further.

    Strategic Significance

    • Raises risk of full-scale regional war in West Asia.
    • Direct involvement of U.S. forces increases geopolitical stakes.
    • Implications for global oil supply and maritime security in the Gulf.
    • Potential impact on India’s energy security and diaspora in the region.
    [2023] Consider the following statements: 

    Statement-I: Israel has established diplomatic relations with some Arab States. 

    Statement-II: The ‘Arab Peace Initiative’ mediated by Saudi Arabia was signed by Israel and Arab League. 

    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? 

    (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I 

    (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I 

    (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect 

    (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

  • [28th February 2026] The Hindu OpED: International law is not dead, its rules stay resilient

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2025] The reform process in the United Nations remains unaccomplished because of the delicate imbalance of East and West and entanglement of the USA vs. Russo-Chinese alliance.” Examine and critically evaluate the East-West policy confrontations in this regard.

    Linkage: This question directly examines power politics within the UN system, linking to debates on institutional reform, legitimacy, and the resilience of international law. It connects themes of multilateralism, UNSC reform, and geopolitical contestation shaping global governance.

    Mentor’s Comment

    Debates over the resilience of international law reflect deeper tensions within the contemporary global order. While powerful states increasingly test legal limits, the institutional architecture of treaties, courts, and multilateral frameworks continues to regulate global conduct. The issue is not the disappearance of international law, but the contestation of its authority in an era of geopolitical realignment.

    Why in the News?

    Recent conflicts, including Russia-Ukraine war (2022), Israel’s military actions in Gaza, tensions in West Asia, and renewed U.S.-Iran hostility, have intensified debates over the effectiveness of international law. Repeated breaches of the UN Charter’s prohibition on the use of force have raised concerns about the credibility of the post-1945 rules-based global order.

    What is Article 2(4) of the UN Charter?

    It prohibits UN Member States from threatening or using force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any manner inconsistent with UN purposes. This cornerstone of international law aims to prevent war, uphold sovereign equality, and promote peaceful dispute resolution. 

    Key Aspects of the Prohibition

    1. Scope: It prohibits the threat or use of armed force in international relations.
    2. Protected Interests: Actions against a state’s territorial integrity (invasion, occupation) or political independence are strictly forbidden.
    3. Forms of Force: Prohibited actions include direct military action, invasion, blockade, and indirect use of force through armed groups.
    4. Cyber Operations: Cyber attacks that cause physical damage, injury, or death are considered violations of this article.
    5. Exceptions: The prohibition is not absolute; lawful exceptions include authorization by the UN Security Council (Chapter VII) and inherent self-defense against an armed attack (Article 51).

    Has the Prohibition on Use of Force Under Article 2(4) Lost Its Normative Authority?

    1. Article 2(4) of UN Charter: Prohibits threat or use of force in international relations; remains binding on all UN member states.
    2. Cold War Context: Despite proxy wars, the U.S. and USSR rarely abandoned legal justification frameworks.
    3. Post-1990 Expansion of Self-Defence: U.S. expanded interpretation of anticipatory self-defence (1990s-2000s) in Afghanistan (2001) and Iraq (2003).
    4. Contemporary Violations: Russia-Ukraine conflict (2022) and West Asian conflicts challenge Charter principles.
    5. Continuity of Norms: Even powerful states frame actions within legal narratives, indicating normative pull of law.

    Does Legalisation of International Relations Constrain Powerful States?

    1. Legalisation Process: Institutional frameworks compel states to justify conduct within international law.
    2. Domestic Anchoring: International norms resonate through domestic constitutional systems.
    3. Agency of Weaker States: Legal frameworks enable smaller states to question powerful states in multilateral forums.
    4. Judicialisation: Growth of international courts institutionalises dispute resolution.
    5. Example: International Criminal Court prosecutions; African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights regional accountability mechanisms.

    Is Contemporary Populist-Authoritarianism a Structural Threat to International Law?

    1. Normative Rejection: Populist regimes openly question liberal constitutional order.
    2. U.S. Withdrawal Trends: Exit from international agreements during the Trump presidency (e.g., Paris Agreement, WHO).
    3. Geopolitical Assertion: Russia and others reject Western-led normative frameworks.
    4. Shift from Justification to Defiance: Reduction in effort to legally justify actions.
    5. Risk: Weakening compliance culture in multilateral institutions.

    Beyond the UN Charter, How Extensive is International Law’s Regulatory Reach?

    1. Trade Governance: Free Trade Agreements; India-EU negotiations ongoing.
    2. Maritime Governance: High Seas Treaty (2023) strengthens marine biodiversity protection.
    3. Global Health: Pandemic Agreement negotiations aim to enhance preparedness.
    4. Climate Governance: Paris Agreement institutionalises nationally determined contributions (NDCs).
    5. Arms Control: Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions regulate prohibited weapons.
    6. Outer Space Law: Governs peaceful use and liability norms.

    Do International Courts Demonstrate Institutional Resilience?

    1. International Criminal Court (ICC): Prosecutes genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity.
    2. Regional Courts: African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights strengthens regional human rights enforcement.
    3. Dispute Settlement: WTO dispute mechanism institutionalises trade compliance (though Appellate Body crisis persists).
    4. Peaceful Resolution: Courts reduce reliance on armed conflict.
    5. Continuity: Judicial processes operate independent of media attention.

    Does International Law Operate Quietly Despite Political Breaches?

    1. Silent Functioning: Enables cross-border trade, aviation, communication networks.
    2. Everyday Governance: Facilitates migration, shipping, investment flows.
    3. Systemic Integration: Supports global supply chains.
    4. Structural Embeddedness: Law operates beyond headline conflicts.
    5. Institutional Persistence: Law-making processes continue despite geopolitical tensions.

    Conclusion

    International law faces visible strains due to geopolitical rivalries and selective compliance. However, its treaties, courts, and institutional frameworks continue to regulate trade, climate action, maritime governance, and human rights. The current phase reflects contestation and power politics, not the collapse of the rules-based international order.

  • Taliban & terror: How Pakistan came to declare ‘open war’ on Afghanistan

    Why in the News?

    Pakistan launched cross-border airstrikes in Afghanistan’s Khost and Paktika provinces after a surge in Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) attacks that killed nearly 274 people in recent months. The Afghan Taliban retaliated, marking one of the most direct military confrontations between the two since 2021 and signaling a breakdown of post-Taliban counter-terror coordination.

    What explains the recent escalation between Pakistan and the Afghan Taliban?

    1. TTP Resurgence: Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan intensified attacks inside Pakistan; 274 fatalities reported in recent months.
    2. Safe Haven Allegations: Pakistan alleges TTP operates from Afghan soil under Taliban protection.
    3. Retaliatory Airstrikes: Pakistan conducted strikes in Khost and Paktika targeting alleged militant camps.
    4. Taliban Response: Afghan forces retaliated with mortar shelling across the border.
    5. Civilian Casualties: Reports indicate non-combatant deaths, escalating humanitarian concerns.

    How does the Durand Line dispute complicate the conflict?

    1. Colonial Legacy: The 2,640-km Durand Line was drawn in 1893 between British India and Afghanistan.
    2. Non-Recognition: Successive Afghan regimes have questioned the legitimacy of the border.
    3. Border Clashes: Frequent skirmishes occur along contested stretches.
    4. Unregulated Movement: Porous terrain facilitates militant infiltration and smuggling networks.

    Durand Line

    Historical Background

    1. Establishment (1893): The line was drawn by Sir Mortimer Durand, a British diplomat, and Afghan Emir Abdur Rahman Khan
    2. Purpose: It was intended to fix the limits of their respective control and serve as a buffer zone against Russian expansionism toward British India
    3. Inheritance (1947): Following the partition of British India, Pakistan inherited the line as its western border. While Pakistan and most of the international community recognise it, Afghanistan has consistently refused to do so

    The Dispute & Conflict

    1. Ethnic Division: The line cuts through the Pashtun and Baloch tribal heartlands, dividing families and communities across two nations.
    2. Afghan Position: Successive Afghan governments, including the current Taliban administration, reject the border as a “colonial relic” imposed under duress. They claim territories extending as far as the Indus River.
    3. Pakistani Position: Pakistan maintains the line is a legally binding international boundary and has fenced approximately 98% of it since 2017 to curb militancy and smuggling

    Has Pakistan’s ‘Strategic Depth’ doctrine backfired?

    1. Strategic Depth Concept: Pakistan historically viewed Afghanistan as a buffer against India.
    2. Taliban Support: Islamabad extended diplomatic and logistical backing to Taliban factions.
    3. Blowback Effect: TTP, ideologically aligned with Afghan Taliban, now targets Pakistan.
    4. Policy Contradiction: Friendly regime in Kabul has not curbed anti-Pakistan militants.

    Pakistan’s “Strategic Depth” doctrine:

    1. It is a long-standing, largely failed, security policy designed to counter India by:
      1. controlling Afghanistan
      2. providing a fallback area during conflict
      3. preventing a two-front threat. 
    2. Developed in the 1980s by Gen. Mirza Aslam Beg, sought to use the Taliban as proxies to create a pro-Pakistan, anti-India regime in Kabul.

    Key aspects of this doctrine included:

    1. Military Fallback: Creating a rear area beyond the Durand Line to regroup if India invaded.
    2. Control over Kabul: Installing a friendly government in Afghanistan to prevent Indian influence and negate the “encirclement” of Pakistan.
    3. Proxy Warfare: Nurturing the Taliban and Haqqani network to manage the Pashtun border region and use Afghan soil to project power against India. 

    Failure and Consequences

    1. By 2026, the doctrine is seen as a strategic liability rather than a benefit. 
    2. The Taliban’s return to power in 2021 did not result in a subservient state, and Pakistan faces severe cross-border militant blowback from the Taliban. 
    3. The policy has led to increased domestic insecurity, with Afghanistan serving as a “strategic trap” for Pakistan instead of a “strategic depth.

    How does this episode reflect challenges in counter-terror strategy?

    1. Non-State Actor Challenge: TTP operates across borders, complicating traditional military responses.
    2. Intelligence Gaps: Weak coordination limits actionable counter-terror outcomes.
    3. Unilateral Force Doctrine: Cross-border strikes risk escalation without durable resolution.
    4. Humanitarian Risk: Civilian harm undermines legitimacy of counter-terror operations.

    What are the implications for India and the South Asian region?

    1. Militant Spillover: Escalation risks strengthening transnational jihadist networks.
    2. Regional Instability: Prolonged conflict weakens South Asian security architecture and undermines SAARC-level cooperation.
    3. Refugee Pressure: Conflict may trigger cross-border displacement.
    4. Terror Ecosystem Risk: Fragmented militant networks may redirect focus toward India or other neighboring states.
    5. Central Asian Connectivity Risk: Instability threatens regional trade corridors.
    6. Diplomatic Leverage: India may recalibrate engagement with regional partners amid shifting Afghanistan dynamics.

    Conclusion

    The Pakistan-Afghanistan escalation reflects the limits of proxy-based security doctrines and the persistence of cross-border militant ecosystems in South Asia. Tactical airstrikes may offer short-term signalling but fail to address structural drivers such as porous borders, ideological linkages, and weak counter-terror coordination. Durable stability requires institutionalized border management, credible action against non-state actors, and regional security dialogue to prevent further destabilization of the South Asian strategic landscape.

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2024] India has a long and troubled border with China and Pakistan fraught with contentious issues. Examine the conflicting issues and security challenges along the border. Also give out the development being undertaken in these areas under the Border Area Development Programme (BADP) and Border Infrastructure and Management (BIM) Scheme.

    Linkage: The Pakistan-Afghanistan conflict shows problems of cross-border terrorism and porous borders. This question helps compare India’s border security system with instability along the Durand Line.

  • As more Indians move to cities, 16th Finance Commission gives a boost to urban governance

    Why in the News?

    The 16th Finance Commission has increased the urban local bodies’ share of grants to 45% for 2026-31 and recommended ₹3.56 lakh crore, more than double the 15th FC allocation. This marks the highest-ever urban share since structured third-tier devolution began, reflecting rising urbanisation and fiscal stress in cities.

    How has the 16th Finance Commission altered the pattern of local body devolution?

    1. Urban Share Expansion: Increases allocation to 45% for 2026-31 compared to 36% (15th FC) and 26% (13th FC).
    2. Absolute Allocation Growth: Recommends ₹3.56 lakh crore, compared to ₹1.55 lakh crore under the 15th FC.
    3. Historical Contrast: Urban share was 19% under the 10th FC (1995-2000).
    4. Rural-Urban Rebalancing: Adjusts distribution in favour of urban bodies as urban population rises.
    5. Trend Continuity: Shows gradual rise: 10th (19%), 11th (20%), 12th (20%), 13th (26%), 14th (30%), 15th (36%), 16th (45%).

    What do demographic trends indicate about India’s urban transition?

    1. Population Projection: Urban population projected at 41% by 2031.
    2. Census Baseline: Census 2011 recorded 31% urban population.
    3. Global Comparison: China (45%), Indonesia (54%), Brazil (87%) exceed India’s 2011 urban share.
    4. Cluster Measurement Gap: 2015 World Bank report estimated 54% urban population plus 24% in urban clusters (total 78%).
    5. Migration Dynamics: Rapid annual migration not fully captured in official statistics.

    What challenges arise from inadequate urban data?

    1. Outdated Census: Fiscal allocation relies on 2011 population figures.
    2. Urban Definition Variability: Distinction between statutory towns and census towns affects allocation.
    3. Planning Uncertainty: Inaccurate data limits infrastructure forecasting.
    4. Resource Targeting Gaps: Underestimation of urban clusters leads to fiscal under-provisioning.
    5. Policy Lag: Urban expansion outpaces fiscal recalibration cycles.

    How do municipal finances constrain urban governance?

    1. Weak Own-Source Revenue: Municipal revenues remain below 1% of GDP.
    2. Grant Dependence: ULBs rely heavily on intergovernmental transfers.
    3. Property Tax Inefficiency: Low collection efficiency reduces fiscal autonomy.
    4. Limited Capital Market Access: Municipal bond penetration remains limited.
    5. Capacity Constraints: Administrative shortages limit absorption of funds.
    6. Long-Term Urban Strategy: Signals transition toward structured urban fiscal planning.

    What broader implications does this shift hold for India’s growth model?

    1. Urban-Led Growth Recognition: Aligns fiscal policy with cities as economic engines.
    2. Infrastructure Financing Support: Enhances capacity for water, sanitation, and mobility investment.
    3. Decentralisation Reinforcement: Strengthens third-tier role under constitutional design.
    4. Future Census Sensitivity: Post-2027 adjustments may further alter allocation formulas.

    Conclusion

    The 16th Finance Commission’s enhanced allocation to Urban Local Bodies marks a structural recalibration of fiscal federalism in response to India’s accelerating urban transition. By increasing the urban share to 45%, it aligns financial devolution with demographic and economic realities. However, sustainable urban governance will depend not only on higher transfers but also on strengthening municipal capacity, improving data reliability, and deepening fiscal autonomy.

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2023] “The states in India seem reluctant to empower urban local bodies both functionally as well as financially.” Comment.

    Linkage: This question directly examines financial and functional devolution to Urban Local Bodies. This is core to the 16th Finance Commission’s enhanced urban allocation and the broader debate on decentralisation and fiscal empowerment.

  • President Undertakes Sortie in LCH Prachand

    Why in the News

    President Droupadi Murmu undertook a sortie in the indigenous Light Combat Helicopter Prachand at Air Force Station Jaisalmer on February 27, 2026.

    About LCH Prachand

    • India’s indigenously developed Light Combat Helicopter.
    • Designed for high altitude warfare and desert operations.
    • Equipped with:
      • Air to ground missiles
      • Rocket systems
      • 20 mm turret gun
    • Developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited

    Significance

    • Highlights indigenous defence capability.
    • Demonstrates operational readiness of the Indian Air Force.
    • Symbolic boost to Aatmanirbhar Bharat in defence manufacturing.

    Prelims Pointers

    • LCH Prachand inducted into Indian Air Force in 2022.
    • Designed for operations at high altitude including Himalayan region.
    • Air Force Station Jaisalmer is a key western sector air base.
    • President is Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces under Article 53.
    [2025] With reference to India’s defence, consider the following pairs: Aircraft type : Description 

    I. Dornier-228 : Maritime patrol aircraft 

    II. IL-76 : Supersonic combat aircraft 

    III. C-17 Globemaster : Military transport aircraft 

    How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched? 

    (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All the three (d) None

  • India–Bhutan Cooperation on Trans-Boundary Rivers and Hydropower

    Why in the News

    India and Bhutan reviewed cooperation on trans-boundary rivers and hydropower projects during a visit by the Secretary, Department of Water Resources, Ministry of Jal Shakti, to Bhutan (February 24–27, 2026).

    Key Areas of Cooperation

    • Hydropower Projects Reviewed

      • Punatsangchhu-I Hydro Electric Project under construction
      • Punatsangchhu-II Hydroelectric Project recently commissioned
      • These projects are being implemented in partnership with India.

    • Flood Forecasting & Data Sharing

      • Strengthening hydro-meteorological observation networks
      • Improving real-time data sharing on trans-border rivers
      • Enhancing flood forecasting mechanisms

    • Climate & Disaster Resilience

      • Focus on:
      • Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs)
      • Extreme weather events
      • Climate change related risks

    • Institutional Engagement

      • Meetings with Bhutan’s National Center for Hydrology and Meteorology
      • Review of flood monitoring stations
      • Capacity building and technical exchanges

    Significance

    • Reinforces India–Bhutan strategic partnership in water and energy security
    • Enhances downstream flood management in Assam and West Bengal
    • Supports clean energy cooperation
    • Strengthens climate resilience in Himalayan river basins

    Prelims Pointers

    • Trans-boundary rivers between India and Bhutan are part of the Brahmaputra basin.
    • Hydropower is a key pillar of India–Bhutan relations.
    • GLOFs are sudden releases of water from glacial lakes.
    • Ministry of Jal Shakti oversees water resource cooperation.
    [2016] Which of the following is/are tributary/tributaries of Brahmaputra? 

    1. Dibang 
    2. Kameng 
    3. Lohit 

    Select the correct answer using the code given below. 

    (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • Vayu Shakti 2026 Exercise

    Why in the News

    The President of India Droupadi Murmu witnessed the Vayu Shakti 2026 exercise at Pokhran Firing Range, Jaisalmer.

    About Vayu Shakti

    • Conducted by the Indian Air Force
    • Venue: Pokhran Firing Range, Rajasthan
    • Simulated integrated combat theatre
    • Objective: Demonstrate precision strike capability and operational readiness

    Prelims Pointers

    • Pokhran Firing Range located in Rajasthan
    • Vayu Shakti is a firepower demonstration by the Indian Air Force
    • Rafale inducted into IAF in 2020
    • Tejas is India’s indigenous Light Combat Aircraft
    • Apache and Chinook are US origin helicopters inducted into IAF
    [2024] Consider the following aircraft: 1. Rafael 

    2. MiG-29 

    3. Tejas MK-1 

    How many of the above are considered fifth generation fighter aircraft? 

    (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None

  • 16th Finance Commission Boosts Urban Local Bodies

    Why in the News

    The Finance Commission of India (16th FC) has significantly increased grants for Urban Local Bodies in recognition of rising urbanisation.

    Key Highlights

    • Higher Share for Urban Bodies

      • 16th FC: 45% of local body grants to urban areas
      • 15th FC: 36%
      • 13th FC: 26%

    • Sharp Rise in Funds

      • ₹3.56 lakh crore recommended for urban local bodies
      • More than double the 15th FC allocation
      • Nearly 15 times the 13th FC allocation

    Why the Shift?

    • Projected urbanisation: 41% by 2031
    • 2011 Census urban population: 31%
    • Increasing migration and expansion of cities
    • Need for stronger grassroots urban governance

    Distribution Pattern

    • Grants distributed using population based formula
    • Significant variation among states
      • Kerala up over 400%
      • Maharashtra up over 300%
      • Odisha up 13%
      • Bihar down 8%

    Significance

    • Aligns fiscal transfers with demographic trends
    • Strengthens municipal capacity for infrastructure and service delivery
    • Prepares cities for higher urbanisation post Census 2027

    Prelims Pointers

    • Finance Commission constituted under Article 280 of the Constitution.
    • Reconstituted every five years.
    • Recommends tax devolution and grants to states and local bodies.
    • 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments institutionalised local governments.
    [2025] Which of the following statements with regard to recommendations of the 15th Finance Commission of India are correct? I. It has recommended grants of ₹4,800 crores from the year 2022–23 to 2025–26 for incentivizing States to enhance educational outcomes. 

    II. 45% of the net proceeds of Union taxes are to be shared with States. 

    III. ₹45,000 crores are to be kept as performance-based incentive for all States for carrying out agricultural reforms. 

    IV. It reintroduced tax effort criteria to reward fiscal performance. 

    Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

    (a) I, II and III (b) I, II and IV (c) I, III and IV (d) II, III and IV

  • Canada PM Mark Carney Begins India Visit

    Why in the News

    Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney began a four day official visit to India, aimed at normalising ties and expanding cooperation across trade, energy and emerging technologies.

    Key Highlights of the Visit

    • Major Uranium Deal

      • Likely signing of a 10 year, US$ 2 billion uranium supply agreement.
      • Supports India’s civil nuclear energy requirements.

    • Focus Areas of Cooperation

      • Talks expected on:
      • Oil and gas
      • Environment and climate
      • Artificial Intelligence
      • Quantum computing
      • Education and culture
      • Critical minerals

    • Bilateral Talks

      • Meeting with Prime Minister Narendra Modi at Hyderabad House.
      • Delegation level discussions to review Strategic Partnership.
      • India Canada CEOs Forum to be held.

    • Background Context

      • Visit comes after strained ties following allegations made under former PM Justin Trudeau.
      • Seen as a step toward diplomatic reset.

    Strategic Significance

    • Canada is a key supplier of uranium and critical minerals.
    • Large Indian diaspora in Canada strengthens people to people ties.
    • Cooperation in AI and quantum aligns with India’s tech ambitions.
    • Engagement signals mutual interest in restoring stability in relations.

    Prelims Pointers

    • India Canada relations upgraded to Strategic Partnership in 2015.
    • Canada is a major uranium exporter.
    • Hyderabad House is venue for high level diplomatic talks in New Delhi.
    • G7 summit held in Kananaskis in 2025 attended by India.
    [2024] The longest border between any two countries in the world is between: (a) Canada and the United States of America 

    (b) Chile and Argentina 

    (c) China and India 

    (d) Kazakhstan and Russian Federation

  • INS Anjadip Commissioned

    Why in the News

    The Indian Navy commissioned INS Anjadip, the fourth indigenously designed and built Anti Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft, at Chennai Port.

    About INS Anjadip

    • Type: Anti Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft
    • Length: 77 metres
    • Built by: Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers at Kattupalli
    • Named after: Anjadip Island off Karwar coast

    Key Capabilities

    • Designed for shallow and coastal waters
    • Detect, track and neutralise enemy submarines
    • Equipped with:
      • Shallow water sonars
      • Lightweight torpedoes
      • Anti submarine rockets
      • Combat management system

    Operational Roles

    • Anti submarine warfare in littoral zones
    • Coastal surveillance
    • Low intensity maritime operations
    • Search and rescue missions

    Significance

    • Enhances India’s anti submarine warfare capability
    • Strengthens coastal defence architecture
    • Reflects Aatmanirbhar Bharat in naval shipbuilding
    • Boosts indigenous defence manufacturing ecosystem
    [2016] Which one of the following is the best description of ‘INS Astradharini’, that was in the news recently? (a) Amphibious warfare ship 

    (b) Nuclear-powered submarine 

    (c) Torpedo launch and recovery vessel 

    (d) Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier

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