Indian scientists have achieved a breakthrough in hypersonic missile technology, developing a modern-day ‘Brahmastra’ with an astonishing speed of 12,144 km per hour (Mach 10).
AboutBrahmastra (Long Range Anti-Ship Missile – LRAShM):
Brahmastra is a state-of-the-art hypersonic glide missile developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).
It is designed to neutralize enemy warships and strategic naval targets with extreme speed and precision.
With a speed of Mach 10 (12,144 km/h) and a range of 1,500 km, Brahmastra is one of the fastest and most lethal weapons in India’s defense arsenal.
The missile’s hypersonic glide vehicle technology allows it to evade enemy radar and missile defense systems, ensuring high-precision strikes on naval targets.
Features of Brahmastra:
It can be launched from both land and naval platforms, enhancing India’s maritime strike capabilities.
Due to its hypersonic speed, Brahmastra can destroy an enemy warship within 7 to 8 minutes of launch.
The missile is built with advanced heat-resistant materials, preventing it from disintegrating under extreme temperatures during flight.
Unlike conventional missiles, Brahmastra retains its structural integrity even at hypersonic speeds, ensuring precise impact.
It uses scramjet propulsion and glide vehicle technology for sustained hypersonic flight.
It can adjust its trajectory mid-flight, making it highly maneuverable and difficult to intercept.
Its stealth and radar-evading capabilities ensure low detection probability, reducing the risk of interception.
PYQ:
[2014] Which reference to Agni-IV Missile, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. It is a surface-to-surface missile.
2. It is fuelled by liquid propellant only.
3. It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Anchar Lake, a vital water body in Kashmir, is renowned for producing Nadru (lotus stem), an aquatic delicacy that holds cultural, culinary, and economic significance in the region.
About Anchar Lake
Anchar Lake is situated in Soura, Srinagar near Ganderbal.
It is connected to Dal Lake via Amir Khan Nallah, which passes through Gilsar and Khushal Sar Lakes.
The lake is a part of the Sindh River Delta and plays a crucial role in supporting local aquatic ecosystems.
It is an integral part of the Shallabugh Wetland, which covers 1,675 hectares and serves as a designated bird sanctuary.
Its features:
It provides an essential habitat formigratory birds and various native aquatic species.
It functions as a flood-control reservoir, receiving excess water from Dal Lake during heavy rainfall.
It is home to the Hanji community, whose livelihood traditionally depended on fishing and other lake-based activities.
PYQ:
[2018] Which one of the following is an artificial lake?
China weaponizes supply chains to exert geopolitical pressure and economic dominance. UPSC may explore questions on trade policies, WTO reforms, and global supply chain vulnerabilities in this respect. It may test conceptual clarity and real-world application. You may struggle linking static knowledge of International Relations since there is no single source for it. This article directly addresses these gaps. It explains China’s supply chain control, trade weaponization tactics, and impact on India with crisp examples. The response measures give a clear roadmap for India’s strategy. The special feature? It connects trade policies with national security, making it a must-read for a multi-dimensional perspective.
PYQs Anchoring:
GS2 : What are the Key areas of reform if the WTO has to survive in the present context of “Trade War” especially keeping in mind the interest of India? 2018
Microthemes: WTO, Regional or global groupings
Recent restrictions on the export of critical manufacturing equipment and the recall of Chinese engineers and technicians from Indian facilities have highlighted China’s strategic weaponization of supply chains. This raises significant concerns as China leverages its dominance in electronic supply chains to exert geopolitical influence.
China’s Presence across Supply Chains
Area
China’s Role
Key Insights
Semiconductor & Chip Manufacturing
China is a key player with companies like SMIC producing chips for consumer electronics, AI, and military use.
While the U.S. and Taiwan lead in high-end chips, China is investing heavily in self-sufficiency to counter Western sanctions.
Rare Earth Minerals & Components
China controls over 60% of global rare earth processing, essential for tech industries like EVs, smartphones, and defense.
China has restricted rare earth exports before, showing its ability to use them as a geopolitical tool.
Electronics Manufacturing Hub
Global giants like Foxconn rely on China’s labor and infrastructure for production.
China’s well-integrated supply chain makes shifting manufacturing to other countries difficult.
5G & Telecom Infrastructure
Huawei and ZTE dominate global 5G equipment supply.
Many nations, including the U.S. and India, have restricted Chinese telecom firms over security concerns.
China’s use of E-Supply Chains as a Strategic Tool:
China has systematically built its dominance in global supply chains, allowing it to exert strategic leverage over rival economies. Through its monopoly over key manufacturing technologies and raw materials, China has created an ecosystem where nations remain dependent on its industrial network.
1. Monopoly Over Critical Manufacturing Equipment
China controls production of high-tech machinery required for semiconductor and electronics manufacturing.
By restricting exports, it can slow down rival industries and hinder technological self-sufficiency.
Example: In 2024, China restricted exports of specialized machinery to Foxconn India, delaying iPhone production.
2. Control Over Key Raw Materials
China dominates global supply of rare earth elements (REEs), crucial for electronics, EV batteries, and defense technology.
Export bans disrupt industries worldwide, limiting production capabilities in competing nations.
Example: In 2023, China restricted gallium and germanium exports, affecting semiconductor and military production in multiple countries.
3. Workforce & Knowledge Transfer Restrictions
China prevents skilled workers from working in foreign factories to limit knowledge transfer.
This weakens competitors by maintaining China’s technical superiority.
Example: Chinese engineers at Foxconn India were recalled, creating a skills gap that impacted Apple’s production.
4. Supply Chain Disruptions as Geopolitical Leverage
China manipulates trade policies and export restrictions to pressure dependent nations.
This gives China an advantage in diplomatic negotiations by leveraging economic dependencies.
Example: During the U.S.-China trade war, China blocked exports of key components to Huawei and Apple, showcasing its influence in electronics manufacturing.
5. Deep Integration in Global Manufacturing
Through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and foreign industrial investments, China ensures foreign companies remain tied to its supply chains.
Even with sanctions, global giants like Tesla and Apple continue major operations in China due to its efficient supply network.
6. Technology Dependence & Market Domination
China’s tight control over supply chains makes it difficult for emerging economies like India to build self-reliant industries.
Dependency on China for raw materials and technology slows down India’s progress in becoming a global manufacturing hub.
Example: China’s recall of engineers from Indian Foxconn plants disrupted Apple’s India production goals.
Impact of China’s E-Supply Chain Control on India
China’s dominance in e-supply chains creates multiple risks and vulnerabilities for India. This dependency impacts India’s technological advancements, economic security, and geopolitical standing.
1. Disruptions to Critical Industries
India depends on China for over 75% of its electronic components.
Any disruption in China’s exports slows down key industries like telecom, automobiles, and defense.
Example: The 2020 global chip shortage, worsened by China’s export controls, severely affected India’s smartphone and automobile sectors.
2. Geopolitical & Economic Coercion
China can delay exports or impose restrictions to exert political pressure.
Trade weaponization creates instability in India’s economic policies.
Example: After the Galwan clash (2020), customs clearance delays on Chinese imports disrupted multiple Indian industries.
3. Security Risks in Strategic Sectors
Dependence on Chinese telecom and defense tech raises cybersecurity and espionage concerns.
India has responded by banning Chinese telecom firms like Huawei and ZTE from participating in 5G trials.
4. Price Manipulation & Market Volatility
China controls prices of critical materials like rare earths, semiconductors, and batteries.
This affects India’s plans to reduce import reliance and boost local manufacturing.
Example: The 2023 gallium and germanium export restrictions caused major price spikes in India’s semiconductor industry.
5. Hindrance to India’s Manufacturing Growth
India’s ambition to become a global manufacturing hub faces resistance from China’s strategic restrictions.
China’s ability to limit access to critical machinery, raw materials, and skilled labor slows India’s industrial growth.
Example: China’s withdrawal of engineers from Foxconn India affected Apple’s efforts to expand its Indian production base.
6. India’s Strategic Response
To counter China’s dominance, India is actively:
Strengthening domestic supply chains through Production-Linked Incentives (PLI).
Partnering with nations like the U.S., Japan, and Australia to reduce Chinese dependency.
Encouraging domestic semiconductor and rare-earth production to improve economic resilience.
Response Measures undertaken
Global Measures
Response Area
Key Actions Taken
Objective
Diversifying Semiconductor Supply Chain
The U.S., Japan, and India are investing in domestic chip production through initiatives like the CHIPS Act (USA) and India’s PLI scheme.
Reduce reliance on China and Taiwan for semiconductors.
Banning High-Risk Chinese Tech Firms
India has banned 300+ Chinese apps since 2020; the U.S. has sanctioned Huawei and ZTE, restricting their access to key technologies.
Address security threats and prevent foreign influence in critical sectors.
Strengthening Cybersecurity Frameworks
Nations are enforcing strict data protection laws, such as the EU’s GDPR and India’s Digital Personal Data Protection Act.
Safeguard digital sovereignty and regulate foreign tech firms.
Developing Alternative Rare Earth Supply Chains
The U.S. and Australia are investing in rare earth mining to counter China’s dominance.
Reduce dependency on China for critical raw materials.
Strengthening Trade Alliances
QUAD (India, U.S., Japan, Australia) and IPEF focus on secure supply chains and tech collaborations.
Build resilient trade networks independent of China.
India-Specific Measures
Focus Area
India’s Actions
Goal
Digital Decoupling & Policy Bans
India has banned 300+ Chinese apps and tightened FDI rules to prevent Chinese control over tech firms.
Reduce China’s digital influence and secure India’s tech ecosystem.
Strengthening Domestic Manufacturing
The PLI scheme promotes local production of electronics, semiconductors, and telecom gear.
Boost domestic manufacturing and reduce reliance on Chinese imports.
Semiconductor Manufacturing Push
India has introduced $4-5 billion incentives to establish chip fabrication plants.
Enhance self-sufficiency and achieve $500 billion electronics manufacturing by 2030.
Diversifying Supply Chains
The Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative encourages local production of critical electronics and batteries.
Strengthen India’s industrial base and reduce foreign dependence.
Cybersecurity & Data Protection
India enforces data localization and strengthens cybersecurity via organizations like CERT-In.
Prevent foreign access to sensitive Indian data and defend against cyber threats.
Telecom & 5G Security
India is developing indigenous 5G and AI technologies while considering anti-dumping duties on Chinese products.
Ensure digital sovereignty and counter China’s ‘Made in China 2025’ strategy.
Conclusion
China’s control over e-supply chains presents significant challenges for India’s economic and technological independence. To mitigate these risks, India must diversify its supply sources, develop domestic capabilities, and strengthen global partnerships. As India advances toward self-reliance, reducing dependence on Chinese supply chains will be critical for its long-term economic security and global standing.
Back to Basics: Understanding Trade Weaponization
Trade Weaponization:
Trade weaponization refers to the practice of using trade policies—such as sanctions, tariffs, export restrictions, and trade barriers—to exert political and economic pressure on rival nations. This approach can be used to gain strategic advantages, weaken competitors, or force policy changes.
Utility of Trade as a Strategic Weapon
Trade is no longer just an economic activity; it has become a tool for geopolitical influence. Powerful economies use weaponized trade tactics—such as sanctions, tariffs, and export restrictions—to pressure rival nations. India, as a major emerging economy, must carefully navigate these challenges to maintain strategic autonomy while ensuring economic stability.
1. Externally Oriented Pressure
Powerful countries leverage trade restrictions to influence India’s foreign policy.
India must balance its global strategic partnerships while managing economic dependencies.
Example: India’s oil imports from Iran sharply declined due to U.S. sanctions, demonstrating how trade weaponization impacts strategic autonomy.
2. Formal and Informal Measures
Nations may indirectly pressure private companies to limit investments in India, impacting sectors like technology, telecom, and energy.
This reduces India’s ability to attract foreign investment in high-growth industries.
Example: U.S.-China trade tensions affected global tech investment, forcing India to take defensive measures, such as banning Chinese apps and scrutinizing Chinese telecom firms.
3. Legal and Political Grey Zone
Some trade measures bypass international norms, limiting India’s legal recourse in global trade bodies.
This creates legal ambiguity and economic risks for India.
Example: Disputes with China at the WTO over steel tariffs highlight India’s challenges in using international platforms to counter trade weaponization.
4. Rising Protectionism
In response to global protectionist trends, India has implemented defensive trade measures.
These policies protect Indian industries from predatory pricing and ensure competitiveness.
Example: Over 30 anti-dumping measures in 2024 on Chinese products showcase India’s efforts to shield domestic businesses from unfair trade practices.
5. Impact on Global Supply Chains
India faces the challenge of securing critical sectors from foreign influence, especially from China.
Reducing dependency on high-risk nations is crucial for fostering long-term economic growth.
Example: India’s participation in frameworks like the Quad highlights its efforts to secure supply chains and strengthen regional partnerships.
6. Foreign Relations and Trade Strategy
India’s foreign policy is increasingly shaped by economic security concerns.
Trade disputes, particularly with China, have led India to re-evaluate its global partnerships.
Example: The Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) highlights India’s pivot toward economically secure, like-minded partners.
Key Tactics of Trade Weaponization:
Sanctions: Banning trade with specific nations to cripple their economy (e.g., U.S. sanctions on Iran reducing its oil exports).
Tariffs: Imposing high taxes on imports to protect domestic industries or retaliate against foreign trade practices (e.g., U.S.-China tariff war).
Export Restrictions: Blocking the sale of critical resources or technologies to rival nations (e.g., China restricting rare earth exports to Japan and the U.S.).
Economic Coercion: Using trade dependencies to manipulate other nations’ foreign policies (e.g., China slowing customs clearances for Australian imports after political disputes).
Supply Chain Disruptions: Controlling key manufacturing hubs to create bottlenecks in global production (e.g., China’s dominance in semiconductor and rare earth production).
Significance of Trade Weaponization:
Influences Global Politics: Countries use trade to pressure rivals without direct military conflict.
Affects Economic Stability: Disruptions in trade can lead to supply shortages and price spikes.
Impacts National Security: Dependence on foreign nations for critical goods can pose risks during conflicts.
Shifts Trade Alliances: Countries may seek alternative trade partners to reduce dependency on weaponized trade tactics.
Q) Appropriate local community level healthcare intervention is a prerequisite to achieve ‘Health for All’ in India. Explain. (UPSC CSE 2018)
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on the ‘Health for All’ (2018) and primary health structure is a necessary precondition (2021).
No students enrolled in postgraduate (PG) medical pre-clinical courses like anatomy, biochemistry, physiology, forensic medicine, microbiology, and pharmacology at Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre (VIMS), Bengaluru, until the second round of PG-NEET counselling.
Today’s editorial discusses the issues related to postgraduate medical seats. This content would help in GS Paper 2 and 3 in the mains paper.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Many postgraduate medical seats are vacant this year because students are choosing pre-clinical courses.
Why are postgraduate medical students reluctant to choose pre-clinical courses in Karnataka?
Lack of Job Opportunities: Pre-clinical graduates cannot practice as doctors and are limited to working in laboratories, diagnostic centers, or as faculty. Example: Despite reducing tuition fees and offering job guarantees, private institutions like the Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences struggle to fill pre-clinical seats due to limited employment avenues.
Lower Salary Compared to Clinical Courses: Pre-clinical roles offer significantly lower remuneration than clinical practice, making them financially unattractive. Example: A clinical doctor can earn a higher salary working in hospitals or private practice, while pre-clinical graduates face salary stagnation in academic or lab-based roles.
Limited Career Progression and Mobility: Clinical course graduates have the flexibility to work globally and in various healthcare sectors, while pre-clinical graduates are restricted to teaching or research roles. Example: An MD in General Medicine can practice as a physician anywhere, whereas an MD in Anatomy primarily qualifies for academic positions.
High Capital Requirement for Self-Employment: Establishing independent diagnostic centers requires significant investment, which deters pre-clinical graduates from entrepreneurial ventures. Example: Diagnostic centers with advanced technology demand substantial startup costs, making it challenging for pre-clinical graduates to become self-employed.
Persistent Seat Vacancies Reflect Low Demand: Consistent under-enrollment over the years signals a long-term disinterest in these courses. Example: In 2024-25, only 6 out of 104 MD Anatomy seats were filled in Karnataka, despite five rounds of counselling and reduced cut-off percentages.
What is the trend of student enrollment in PG medical courses at the all-India level?
Substantial Increase in PG Medical Seats: The number of PG medical seats has risen from 31,185 before 2014 to 70,645 by the 2023-24 academic year, marking a 127% increase.
Growth in Medical Colleges: The total number of medical colleges has expanded by 82%, from 387 before 2014 to 704 in 2023. This expansion has contributed to the increased availability of both undergraduate (UG) and PG medical seats.
Rising Demand for Medical Education: The number of candidates aspiring to study MBBS grew from 16 lakh in 2019 to 24 lakh in 2024, reflecting a heightened interest in medical education.
Improved UG to PG Seat Ratio: The ratio of UG to PG medical seats improved from 2.1:1 in 2018-19 to 1.9:1 in 2022-23, indicating better alignment between the number of medical graduates and available PG training opportunities.
Emerging Challenges: Despite the increase in seats, challenges such as geographic disparities in seat distribution and concerns about the quality of education persist.
For example, Karnataka has the highest number of PG medical seats, totaling 5,984, with a significant contribution from private institutions, but States like Arunachal Pradesh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Mizoram, and Nagaland currently do not offer PG medical seats.
What is the significance of pre-clinical courses?
Foundation for Advanced Medical Practice: Pre-clinical courses (Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry) provide the scientific basis for understanding human biology and disease mechanisms. Example: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of biochemistry in vaccine development and understanding viral behavior.
Essential for Medical Education and Training: These courses are crucial for training future doctors, ensuring they understand the human body before clinical practice. Example: Medical schools worldwide adopted virtual anatomy labs during the pandemic, enhancing remote learning and maintaining education continuity.
Innovation in Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques: Pre-clinical research drives advancements in diagnostic tools and medical treatments. Example: Advances in physiology have contributed to wearable health devices like continuous glucose monitors for diabetic patients.
How has the National Medical Commission (NMC) addressed the issue of unfilled PG medical seats in Karnataka?
Reduction of NEET-PG Cut-off Scores: In an unprecedented move, the NEET-PG 2023 cut-off was reduced to zero, making all candidates who appeared for the exam eligible for PG medical programs. This decision aimed to expand the pool of eligible candidates and fill vacant seats across various specialties.
Guidelines for Interstate Posting Under District Residency Programme: The NMC issued directives emphasizing strict adherence to the Post-Graduate Medical Education Regulations, 2023.
These guidelines facilitate the interstate posting of PG medical students under the District Residency Programme, ensuring a more even distribution of medical professionals and addressing regional disparities in seat occupancy.
Monitoring and Rectifying Seat Allocation Discrepancies: The NMC has been proactive in addressing discrepancies between its records and those of state authorities. For instance, admissions to 23 PG medical seats in Bengaluru were put on hold due to mismatches between NMC and Directorate of Medical Education (DME) lists. Such actions ensure that seat allocations are transparent and accurate.
Annual Increase of PG Seats: The NMC has facilitated the process for medical institutions to apply for an increase in PG seats for the academic year 2025-26. By inviting applications and setting clear guidelines, the commission aims to enhance the availability of PG medical seats, thereby reducing the likelihood of vacancies.
Way forward:
Enhance Pre-Clinical Career Prospects: Introduce incentives like research grants, industry collaborations, and fellowship programs to improve career progression and salary prospects for pre-clinical graduates.
Targeted Seat Distribution and Quality Monitoring: Implement region-specific seat allocation policies and strengthen regulatory oversight to ensure quality education and equitable access across underserved states.
Earlier this week, the Indian Army and Indo-Tibetan Border Police rescued 23 workers trapped under snow and ice after an avalanche in Mana village, Uttarakhand.
What were the key challenges faced by the rescue teams during the avalanche operation in Mana Village?
Harsh Weather Conditions: The rescue teams operated under heavy snowfall and extreme cold at an elevation of 10,500 feet above mean sea level.
Blocked Access Routes: Snow-blocked roads required the use of helicopters for evacuation, complicating logistics and delaying rescue efforts.
Physical Exhaustion: Rescuers worked in near-continuous 60-hour shifts, demanding immense physical and mental stamina.
Buried Structures: Containers housing workers were buried under several feet of snow, ice, and rock, making detection and extraction challenging.
Limited Visibility and Navigation: Poor weather conditions hindered visibility, requiring the use of advanced technology like drone-based detection systems.
Why is Mana village particularly vulnerable to avalanches and other natural disasters?
High-Altitude Location: Situated at 10,500 feet above sea level in the upper Himalayas, the village experiences heavy snowfall and extreme weather, increasing the risk of avalanches. Example: The recent avalanche buried containers under several feet of snow, making rescue operations challenging.
Geological Instability: The Himalayan region is tectonically active, making the terrain prone to landslides, avalanches, and other natural hazards. Example: Frequent landslides during the monsoon season disrupt roads and infrastructure in Uttarakhand.
Seasonal Climate Extremes: Harsh winters with severe snow accumulation create unstable snowpacks that can trigger avalanches. Example: Villagers traditionally migrate to lower areas like Gopeshwar during winter to avoid extreme weather risks.
Construction and Human Activity: Ongoing infrastructure projects, such as road-building by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO), disturb the fragile environment and increase disaster risks. Example: Workers were caught in an avalanche while working on a BRO construction site.
Proximity to Glacial Zones: Close to glacial areas where melting ice and shifting snowpacks heighten the probability of snow slides. Example: Melting glaciers in the region have previously triggered flash floods, like the 2021 Chamoli disaster.
What lessons can be learned from other hazardous environments?
Enhanced Shelter Design for Safety: Use reinforced, insulated shelters designed to withstand extreme weather and heavy snow loads, similar to Antarctic research stations. Example: Antarctic research bases like the Amundsen-Scott Station use elevated, modular designs to prevent snow burial and provide long-term safety.
Advanced Early Warning Systems: Implement real-time monitoring using satellite imaging, drones, and weather forecasting to detect potential avalanches and other hazards. Example: Switzerland’s avalanche warning system uses advanced sensors and weather models to alert communities and workers in mountainous areas.
Comprehensive Safety Protocols and Training: Provide specialized safety training, emergency drills, and evacuation plans to workers in high-risk zones. Example: Oil platforms in the Arctic conduct regular safety drills and have rapid-response systems for extreme weather emergencies.
How could better infrastructure and safety measures reduce the risks faced by workers in high-altitude, disaster-prone areas? (Way forward)
Improved Worker Shelters and Living Conditions: Construct insulated, avalanche-resistant shelters with emergency exits and heating systems to protect workers from harsh weather. Example: The Siachen Glacier military base uses reinforced prefabricated shelters designed to withstand extreme snow and sub-zero temperatures.
Deployment of Real-Time Monitoring and Early Warning Systems: Use geospatial technology, drones, and automated weather stations to track snow accumulation and predict avalanches. Example: Japan’s snow monitoring system uses remote sensors to provide early warnings, reducing avalanche risks in mountainous areas.
Enhanced Emergency Response Infrastructure: Establish permanent rescue facilities with specialized equipment (e.g., thermal detectors and rapid evacuation routes) for quicker disaster response. Example: The Alps region in Europe maintains well-equipped avalanche rescue stations, ensuring faster response times and reducing casualties.
Mains PYQ:
Q Differentiate the causes of landslides in the Himalayan region and Western Ghats. (UPSC IAS/2021)
The rise in the services Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) to 59 in February has brought relief to investors and policymakers.
What is the Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI)?
The Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) is an economic indicator that measures the business activity in manufacturing and services sectors, indicating expansion if above 50 and contraction if below 50.
What is the significance of the sharp rise in the services Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI)?
Indicator of Economic Expansion: A PMI reading above 50 signifies sectoral growth. The rise to 59 in February reflects a strong rebound in the services sector. Example: Increased demand for financial services and hospitality indicates higher consumer spending and business confidence.
Boost to Investor Confidence: A higher PMI suggests a positive business environment, encouraging domestic and foreign investments. Example: Global investors may increase FDI in India’s technology and telecommunication sectors due to sustained growth signals.
Job Creation and Income Growth: Growth in the services sector leads to higher employment opportunities and better wages. Example: The rise in IT services and healthcare sectors can create new jobs in software development and medical support.
Balancing Manufacturing Weakness: A strong services PMI can offset slowdowns in manufacturing, ensuring overall economic stability. Example: Despite the manufacturing PMI falling to a 14-month low, growth in financial services has maintained economic resilience.
Improved Fiscal Outlook: Higher activity in services increases tax revenues, improving the government’s ability to fund infrastructure and social programs. Example: Growth in e-commerce and logistics boosts GST collections, strengthening public finances.
Which major challenges to India’s services and manufacturing sectors?
As per the industry leaders and NASSCOM’s 2025 Strategic Review report, the major challenges are :
Technological Disruption from Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI-driven solutions are transforming traditional business models, reducing revenue from new contracts, and reshaping hiring and training practices. Example: Automation in IT services is reducing the need for entry-level jobs, impacting employment growth.
Global Protectionism and Rising Tariffs: Increasing reciprocal tariffs and trade barriers, particularly from major economies like the United States, pose a threat to export-oriented industries. Example: U.S. tariffs on Indian textiles and pharmaceuticals may reduce market competitiveness and profit margins.
Slowdown in IT Sector Growth: India’s IT sector growth is expected to be 5.1% in FY25, a decline from its historical 16% CAGR, due to reduced demand and shifting client priorities. Example: Major IT firms report fewer large-scale outsourcing contracts as clients adopt in-house AI solutions.
Geopolitical Uncertainty: Geopolitical tensions and supply chain disruptions increase business risks and operational costs. Example: Disruptions in the Red Sea trade route affect electronics and automotive supply chains.
Potential U.S. Recession Risk: A U.S. economic slowdown could reduce export demand, significantly impacting both manufacturing and services, as the U.S. is India’s largest trading partner. Example: A U.S. recession may lead to fewer orders for Indian IT services, pharmaceuticals, and automotive components.
How could the reciprocal tariffs announced by the U.S. impact India’s manufacturing sector?
Reduced Export Competitiveness: Higher import duties on Indian goods will increase prices in the U.S. market, making Indian products less competitive against local and other global manufacturers. Example:Indian textile exports to the U.S. could decline as higher tariffs make them more expensive compared to those from Vietnam or Bangladesh.
Disruption of Supply Chains: Tariff barriers may affect cross-border supply chains, increasing production costs and causing delays in delivery. Example:Indian automotive components exported to U.S. manufacturers may face disruptions, affecting just-in-time production systems.
Reduced Investment and Market Access: Tariffs create uncertainty, discouraging foreign direct investment (FDI) and limiting India’s access to the lucrative U.S. market. Example:Electronics manufacturers considering India as a production hub may shift investments to low-tariff countries to maintain U.S. market access.
Way forward:
Diversify Export Markets: Strengthen trade ties with emerging economies (e.g., Africa, Southeast Asia) and regional blocs to reduce dependence on the U.S. market.
Enhance Domestic Manufacturing Competitiveness: Promote Make in India, invest in advanced technologies, and offer export incentives to reduce costs and improve global market access.
Mains PYQ:
Q Do you agree that the Indian economy has recently experienced V-shaped recovery? Give reasons in support of your answer. (UPSC IAS/2021)
Researchers have found that the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is slowing due to melting ice sheets. By 2050, it may weaken by 20%, affecting global climate, ocean circulation, and marine ecosystems.
What is the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC)?
The ACC is the strongest and largest ocean current on Earth.
It flows continuously from west to east around Antarctica, acting as a boundary between the Southern Ocean and the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.
It flows from west to east, driven by the westerly winds and the Coriolis effect, creating a loop that completely encircles Antarctica.
The ACC interacts with several regional currents, such as the Brazil Current, East Australian Current, and Agulhas Current.
It is influenced by both westerly winds and polar easterlies, which affect its strength and flow patterns.
Key features of the ACC:
It is five times stronger than the Gulf Stream and transports 130 million cubic meters of water per second.
It plays a crucial role in global heat and nutrient distribution, influencing climate patterns worldwide.
It prevents warmer northern waters from reaching Antarctica, helping to preserve the region’s ice sheets.
The ACC drives the global conveyor belt, regulating deep ocean currents and heat flow.
Its upwelling of nutrient-rich waters sustains Antarctic marine life, including krill, whales, and penguins.
Why does Antarctic Ice Melt affect ACC?
Freshwater Dilution: Melting ice lowers salinity, weakening ocean density gradients that drive the ACC.
Slower Heat Exchange: Reduced current strength disrupts global heat distribution, leading to stronger storms and rising sea levels.
Key Findings of the New Research
A study by the University of Melbourne and NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, published in Environmental Research Letters, reveals:
ACC could slow by 20% by 2050 due to melting ice sheets.
Disrupted global climate as a weaker ACC reduces heat distribution, carbon absorption, and weather stability.
Antarctic ecosystem at risk, with invasive species threatening penguins, krill, and whales.
Supercomputer simulations confirm that deep ocean circulation is slowing, worsening climate instability.
Reducing carbon emissions is crucial to prevent further ice melting and ACC weakening.
PYQ:
[2012] Consider the following factors:
1. Rotation of the Earth
2. Air pressure and wind
3. Density of ocean water
4. Revolution of the Earth
Which of the above factors influence the ocean currents?
The Supreme Court has acknowledged a serious issue regarding the lack of disabled-friendly infrastructure in prisons, following a petition citing the trauma and inhumane conditions faced by Professor G. Saibaba and Stan Swamy.
A bench comprising Justices Vikram Nath and Sandeep Mehta noted that even the Persons with Disabilities Act (2016) lacks a legal framework to safeguard the rights of disabled prisoners.
Challenges Faced by Disabled Prisoners:
Inaccessible Infrastructure: Most prisons lack ramps, handrails, wheelchair-accessible cells, and essential assistive devices.
Denial of Medical Care: Many disabled prisoners do not receive necessary medical treatment, physiotherapy, or even basic aids like hearing devices or walking supports.
Psychological Distress: Isolation, lack of facilities, and mistreatment lead to anxiety, depression, and deteriorating mental health among disabled prisoners.
Data Deficiency: No official records track the number or condition of disabled prisoners, making policy implementation difficult.
Rights of Persons with Disabilities (in Prisons)
Article 14 guarantees equality before the law, ensuring that prisoners are not discriminated against based on disability.
Article 21 upholds the right to life and dignity, including humane treatment for prisoners.
Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 mandates accessible public spaces, medical care, and assistive devices for persons with disabilities, but implementation in prisons remains inadequate.
Model Prison Manual, 2016 recommends disability-friendly infrastructure such as ramps and medical care provisions, yet many states have not adopted these reforms.
Supreme Court Judgments:
In Upendra Baxi vs. State of U.P. (1983), the Supreme Court reaffirmed that prisoners are entitled to humane treatment.
In Rama Murthy vs. State of Karnataka (1996), the Court highlighted the urgent need for prison reform, including facilities for disabled inmates.
The Stan Swamy Case (2021) brought attention to the denial of essential assistive tools such as straws and sippers for Parkinson’s patients.
Past Committees on Prison Reform:
Mulla Committee (1983):
Recommended improved prison infrastructure, special provisions for disabled inmates, and measures to reduce overcrowding.
Suggested protection against abuse and better training for prison staff.
Krishna Iyer Committee (1987): Focused on the welfare of women prisoners, recommending separate facilities, healthcare, and special provisions for pregnant inmates.
Justice A.N. Mulla Committee (1993): Emphasized the need for humane treatment and rehabilitation, along with stricter measures against custodial torture.
Justice Krishna Iyer Report (2000): Called for legal aid for undertrial prisoners and mandatory inspections to monitor prison conditions.
Model Prison Manual (2016):
Provided guidelines for standardized prison reforms, including healthcare, accessibility, and rehabilitation programs.
Despite being issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs, many states have failed to adopt its recommendations.
PYQ:
[2016] Does the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 ensure effective mechanism for empowerment and inclusion of the intended beneficiaries in the society? Discuss.
The Union Government has launched AI Kosha, a platform dedicated to non-personal datasets, marking a major step in India’s AI research and development efforts.
What is AI Kosha?
AI Kosha is a government-backed platform for non-personal datasets to support Artificial Intelligence (AI) R&D in India.
It serves as a centralized repository of structured datasets aimed at training AI models, particularly for Indian languages.
The platform is a key part of the IndiaAI Datasets Platform, one of the seven pillars of the ₹10,370 crore IndiaAI Mission, which aims to democratize AI access and innovation.
At launch, it hosts 316 datasets, with a significant portion focused on language translation tools for Indian languages.
The government has commissioned 14,000 GPUs for AI research, up from10,000 earlier this year.
More computing power will be added quarterly to support advanced AI research and training.
Key Features of AI Kosha:
AI Kosha aims to support India’s first foundational AI model, similar to China’s DeepSeek.
Works alongside the Open Governance Data Platform (data.gov.in), which already hosts 12,000 datasets from various government agencies.
Focuses on Indian languages, ensuring regional language AI development.
Includes health records, satellite imagery, Census 2011 data, meteorological and pollution data.
Supports AI development with access to high-performance computing (HPC) resources.
Equipped with secure API access, data encryption, and real-time filtering for data protection.
India’s indigenous cattle breed from Ongole is experiencing a sharp decline domestically, even as it has become one of the most prized and expensive cattle breeds in Brazil.
About Ongole Cows
Ongole cattle, also known as Ongolu Gitta, are a native Indian breed originating from Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh.
This Bos indicus breed is historically renowned for its strength, resilience, and disease resistance.
It has been widely used for draught power, milk production, and breeding programs.
The breed has gained global prominence, especially in Brazil, where it forms the foundation of several superior cattle breeds used for beef production.
Though declining in India, they thrive in Brazil, where they form 80% of the cattle population and are used extensively for beef production.
LAM Farm, Guntur, is using IVF and embryo transfer for preservation.
Heat & Disease Resistance: Naturally adapted to high temperatures and immune to foot-and-mouth and mad cow disease.
Strength & Draught Power: Historically used for ploughing, transport, and bull races.
A2 Milk Production: Produces high-quality A2 milk, fetching ₹150+ per litre in premium markets.
Global Demand & Genetic Superiority: Exported to Brazil, USA, Argentina, and Australia. Used to develop breeds like Brahmana (USA) and Santa Gertrudis (USA).
Efficient Feed Conversion: Survives on minimal fodder, ideal for drought-prone regions.
High Fertility & Longevity: Strong reproductive lifespan, producing robust calves.
Cultural & Historical Importance: Revered in Indian scriptures and associated with prosperity.
PYQ:
[2011] What is/are unique about ‘Kharai camel’, a breed found in India?
1. It is capable of swimming up to three kilometres in seawater.
2. It survives by grazing on mangroves.
3. It lives in the wild and cannot be domesticated.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
