Due to global conflicts, India faces critical challenges in securing its fertilizer supply, bringing the fertilizer sector back into focus. PYQs have highlighted various agricultural supply chain issues, including irrigation and crop diversification. But this war hits global supply chains in more ways than one. As an aspirant, you can include fertilizer and agri problems in a globalization/ supply chain-related question. The Back2basics section gives you 5 perennial challenges in the Indian Fertilizer sector that are not available in standard recourses. Make notes!
Microthemes and PYQs:
What is the present challenges before crop diversification? How do emerging technologies provide an opportunity for crop diversification? (2021)
What are the major challenges faced by Indian irrigation system in recent times? State the measures taken by the government for efficient irrigation management. (2024)
Microthemes: GS Paper 3: Tech in Agri Production and Marketing; Cropping pattern
India’s Current Fertilizer Scenario
Dependency on Imports:
India’s domestic fertilizer production does not meet demand, leading to high import dependency.
Urea: 20% imported
Diammonium Phosphate (DAP): 50-60% imported
Muriate of Potash (MOP): 100% imported
2023 Standing Committee Recommendation: Increase domestic production to reduce import dependence
Production vs. Consumption:
In 2021-22, India produced 435.95 LMT but consumed 579.67 LMT of chemical fertilizers
Impact of Global Crises:
Conflicts in Ukraine and Gaza lead to oil price hikes, affecting petroleum-based fertilizers. Supply disruptions from countries like Russia strain India’s import channels.
High Fertilizer Demand:
High demand for fertilizers during India’s rabi season, especially in states with wheat cultivation.
Some states, like Uttar Pradesh, report only 10 days’ worth of fertilizer stock, raising concerns about availability.
Impact of Global Conflicts on the Fertilizer Market
Worldwide impacts:
Market Instability: Conflicts in Ukraine and Gaza disrupt global fertilizer market stability, particularly impacting oil-based fertilizer prices
Supply Chain Disruptions: Ongoing conflicts hinder supply chains, notably affecting fertilizer imports from Russia, a key supplier for India
Price Volatility: Geopolitical tensions lead to higher oil prices, which in turn raise fertilizer costs as they are often by-products of petroleum
Its effects on India:
Rising Import Costs: Increased global fertilizer prices elevate India’s import costs, straining the subsidy budget.
Potential Supply Constraints: India’s reliance on imports from conflict-affected regions like Russia and West Asia (including the Middle East) poses risks of reduced fertilizer availability.
Budget Strain: India’s fertilizer subsidy allocation for 2023-24 was ₹1.79 lakh crore, with substantial amounts dedicated to both indigenous and imported fertilizers.
Need for Self-Reliance: The conflicts highlight the necessity for India to boost domestic production, promote alternatives like nano urea, and adopt sustainable practices such as natural farming
Steps Taken by India to Ensure Fertiliser Security
Category
Measure
Details
Domestic Measures
One Nation One Fertiliser Scheme
Unified branding under “Bharat” reduces competition and transportation costs.
India heavily depends on importing raw materials, making the country vulnerable to fluctuations in prices and supply.
India imports about 90% of its phosphatic and potassic fertilizers. During the 2022 Ukraine-Russia conflict, there were sharp price hikes due to supply disruptions.
Imbalanced Fertilizer Use
Excessive use of urea leads to soil health issues by depleting essential nutrients like phosphorus and potassium.
From 2010 to 2020, urea use rose by 24%. States like Punjab reported reduced soil fertility and crop yields due to overuse of urea.
Subsidy Burden
Fertilizer subsidies put a heavy strain on government finances and often do not reach the intended farmers effectively.
In 2022-23, fertilizer subsidies reached ₹2.25 lakh crore, with inefficiencies causing high leakage and wastage in distribution.
Environmental Impact
Overuse of fertilizers causes soil degradation, water pollution, and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.
Excess nitrogen from urea runoff pollutes rivers and groundwater. India is one of the largest emitters of nitrous oxide due to fertilizer overuse.
Slow Adoption of Alternatives
Bio-fertilizers and nano-fertilizers are underused due to low awareness and limited incentives for farmers to switch.
Despite government support, bio-fertilizers account for only about 2% of total fertilizer use. The adoption of nano-urea has been slow due to limited awareness and distribution.
Q) What do understand by the concept “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do the films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2014)
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on “freedom of speech and expression” (2014), and A man is but the product of his thoughts. What he thinks he becomes.” — M.K. Gandhi (2019).
A Bench of Justices Surya Kant and N. Kotiswar Singh imposed strict conditions, barring Allahbadia and his team from posting on social media until further notice and ordering him to surrender his passport to the police. These conditions go against previous Supreme Court rulings that warn against imposing excessive restrictions that limit personal freedom while granting temporary relief.
Today’s editorial discusses temporary protection from arrest and the factors the Supreme Court considers when granting interim relief to an accused. This information is valuable for GS Paper 2 and 4 in the UPSC Mains examination.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
On February 18, the Supreme Court granted temporary protection from arrest to podcaster and influencer Ranveer Allahbadia.
What stringent conditions did the Supreme Court impose on podcaster and influencer Ranveer Allahbadia?
Prohibition on Social Media Activity: The Court barred Allahbadia and his associates from posting any content on YouTube or other audio/video platforms until further orders. Example: Similar restrictions were rejected in Mohammed Zubair’s case (2021), where the Court held that preventing social media activity violates free speech rights.
Surrender of Passport: He was directed to surrender his passport to the police to prevent him from leaving the country. Example: In Satender Kumar Antil v. CBI (2022), the Court ruled that conditions like passport surrender must not be disproportionate or impossible to comply with.
Gag Order on Professional Work: The Court imposed a gag order restricting him from airing new content until further notice. Example: In Rehana Fathima’s case (2021), the Supreme Court overturned a similar order that restricted the activist from expressing her views online.
Monitoring of Public Statements: Allahbadia’s public statements and activities on digital platforms are subject to strict oversight to prevent further controversies. Example: In Frank Vitus v. NCB (2024), the Court struck down a bail condition requiring the accused to share their Google Maps location PIN, calling it an invasion of privacy.
Single Investigation for Multiple FIRs: The Court may consolidate the multiple FIRs against him under a single investigation to prevent harassment. Example: In Parteek Bansal v. State of Rajasthan (2022), the Supreme Court denounced the filing of multiple FIRs for the same offense as a form of state harassment.
What factors does the top court consider when granting interim relief to an accused?
Tampering with Evidence (Interfering with Investigation): The Court considers whether interim relief might allow the accused to destroy, fabricate, or conceal evidence. Example: In Satender Kumar Antil v. CBI (2022), the Court cautioned against imposing impossible bail conditions while ensuring the investigation remains uncompromised.
Nature and Gravity of the Offense: The seriousness of the alleged crime and its potential social impact are weighed when deciding on interim relief. Example: In Arnab Goswami v. State of Maharashtra (2020), interim bail was granted, with the Court emphasizing the need to prevent misuse of the law for political harassment.
Protection of Fundamental Rights: The Court considers the accused’s fundamental rights, particularly personal liberty under Article 21 of the Constitution. Example: In Frank Vitus v. NCB (2024), the Court struck down a bail condition requiring the accused to share their Google Maps location PIN, calling it a violation of privacy rights.
Flight Risk (Likelihood of Absconding): The Court evaluates whether the accused is likely to flee the country or jurisdiction to evade legal proceedings. Example: In Chidambaram v. Directorate of Enforcement (2019), anticipatory bail was denied due to concerns about flight risk and the accused’s ability to influence the investigation.
Intimidation of Witnesses (Influencing or Threatening Witnesses): The possibility of the accused threatening, influencing, or coercing witnesses is assessed to ensure a fair trial. Example: In State of Gujarat v. Amit Shah (2010), bail was granted after the Court found no direct evidence suggesting that the accused would intimidate witnesses.
What has the Court previously stated about gag orders?
Gag Orders Violate Freedom of Speech: The Court has consistently held that gag orders restricting speech violate Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution, which guarantees freedom of speech and expression. Example: In Mohammed Zubair v. State of Uttar Pradesh (2021), the Court refused to restrict Zubair from tweeting while on bail, stating it would create a chilling effect on free speech.
Prior Restraint is Constitutionally Disfavored: The Court has cautioned that prior restraint—preventing speech before it occurs—is unconstitutional except in exceptional circumstances like public order or national security. Example: In R. Rajagopal v. State of Tamil Nadu (1994), the Court ruled that prior censorship is permissible only when there is compelling public interest.
Gag Orders Must Be Proportional: Any restriction on speech must be narrowly tailored and proportionate to the harm being prevented. Broad, vague restrictions are unconstitutional. Example: In Rehana Fathima v. State of Kerala (2021), the Court struck down a bail condition prohibiting Fathima from expressing her views on social media, calling it disproportionate.
Right to Practice a Profession: Gag orders must not prevent individuals from pursuing their profession, especially when their work depends on public communication. Example: In Vinod Dua v. Union of India (2021), the Court quashed FIRs against journalist Vinod Dua, stating that his journalistic work was protected under Article 19(1)(a).
Interference with Judicial Process is an Exception: The Court has upheld gag orders only when speech could obstruct the judicial process or prejudice a fair trial. Example: In Sahara India Real Estate Corp. v. SEBI (2012), the Court allowed temporary restrictions to prevent media trials from affecting the outcome of legal proceedings.
Way forward:
Balance Fundamental Rights with Fair Trial: Ensure that any restrictions on speech, including gag orders, are narrow, proportionate, and imposed only when necessary to protect the integrity of judicial proceedings while safeguarding freedom of expression under Article 19(1)(a).
Establish Clear Guidelines for Interim Relief: Formulate uniform guidelines to regulate conditions like passport surrender, social media bans, and public statement monitoring, ensuring they are consistent with constitutional protections and do not impose disproportionate burdens on the accused.
Indian industry leaders are hurting their future by depending too much on cheap labour for growth.
What are the issues related to cheap labour in India?
Long Working Hours: Migrant industrial workers often work 11-12 hours a day without breaks during peak demand, compromising their physical and mental well-being.
Informal Employment: As per the 2023-24 Periodic Labour Force Survey, only 21.7% of workers hold regular jobs with salaries. Even within this group, nearly half face informal conditions (no contracts, paid leave, or social security).
Exploitation via Contract Work: 56% of workers joining the factory sector since 2011-12 are contract workers, lacking legal protection and receiving lower wages.
Migrant Worker Vulnerability: Migrant workers face multiple disadvantages due to social position, lack of assets, and inadequate access to social security.
Profit Maximization: Industries prioritize profit over worker welfare, with profit shares rising from 31.6% in 2019-20 to 46.4% in 2021-22 in the factory sector.
What is the current situation of the garment industry in India?
Stagnant Share in Global Exports: India’s share in global garment exports has remained stagnant at 3.1% over the past two decades. Example: In contrast, Bangladesh (7.9%) and Vietnam (6.4%) have increased their market share by investing in modern technologies and efficient supply chains (Economic and Political Weekly, August 2024).
Over-Reliance on Cheap Labour: The industry depends heavily on low-cost, unorganized labour rather than technology and automation, limiting productivity. Example: Over 70% of the workforce in garment manufacturing operates in small, unregistered enterprises with poor working conditions and low wages (PLFS 2023-24).
Declining Competitiveness: Rising competition from China, Vietnam, and Bangladesh has reduced India’s competitiveness in both mass-market and premium garment segments. Example: India’s textile and garment exports dropped by 13.3% to $32 billion in 2023-24, while Vietnam’s exports rose to $44 billion (Ministry of Commerce data, 2024).
Lack of Innovation and Modernization: Indian firms lag in adopting advanced production technologies, affecting product diversity and design innovation. Example: While countries like Vietnam invest in smart textiles and sustainable practices, Indian firms focus primarily on basic, low-margin garments.
Impact of Policy and Infrastructure Gaps: Inadequate government support, high logistics costs, and delayed payments to small firms hinder sectoral growth. Example: The Textile PLI Scheme launched in 2021 aimed to boost manufacturing but has had limited uptake, particularly among smaller manufacturers due to complex compliance issues.
How can India benefit from its cheap labour?
Investing in Skill Development and Training: Enhancing workers’ skills can increase productivity while maintaining cost advantages. Example: The Skill India Mission has trained over 50 million workers since its launch in 2015, improving output quality in sectors like textiles, automotive, and electronics.
Promoting Labour-Intensive Industries: Expanding labour-intensive sectors (e.g., textiles, leather, and electronics assembly) can maximize employment and exports. Example: The Apparel Park Scheme in Tamil Nadu supports garment clusters, increasing job opportunities while improving global competitiveness.
Strengthening MSMEs and Local Supply Chains: Supporting Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) through policy incentives and better access to credit can utilize cheap labour efficiently. Example: The Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE) scheme has provided ₹3.7 lakh crore in credit to over 65 lakh MSMEs (as of 2024).
Encouraging Export-Oriented Production: Facilitating exports through simplified regulations and logistical improvements can enhance global market access. Example: The Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP) scheme helps Indian exporters by reimbursing embedded taxes, making Indian goods more competitive.
Adopting a Hybrid Model of Labour and Technology: Combining low-cost manual labour with affordable automation can balance efficiency with cost advantages. Example:Maruti Suzuki uses a man-machine hybrid system for auto production, reducing costs while maintaining high output, making it India’s largest car exporter.
Why are industries falling behind in innovation?
Low Investment in Research and Development (R&D): India’s gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) is 0.65% of GDP (2022), significantly lower than countries like China (2.4%) and South Korea (4.8%). Example: In the pharmaceutical sector, while India is a major producer of generic medicines, it lags in developing innovative drugs due to limited R&D spending.
Dominance of Low-Cost, Labor-Intensive Models: Indian industries prioritize cheap labour over adopting advanced technologies, limiting productivity gains and innovation. Example: In the textile industry, India’s share in global garment exports is 3.1%, while Bangladesh (7.9%) and Vietnam (6.4%) have overtaken India by modernizing production systems.
Limited Collaboration between Industry and Academia: Weak ties between academic research institutions and industries hinder the commercialization of innovative ideas. Example: In 2021, only 36 patents were filed jointly by Indian universities and private firms compared to 5,000+ in China under their “Industry-Academia Collaboration” model.
Lack of Policy Incentives for Innovation: Insufficient government policies and weak implementation of initiatives like Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) reduce incentives for private-sector innovation. Example: While China’s “Made in China 2025” policy incentivizes innovation-led manufacturing, India’s PLI (Production-Linked Incentive) scheme primarily focuses on output rather than R&D-driven innovation.
Financial Constraints on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): SMEs, which form 70% of the manufacturing workforce, face difficulties accessing credit for innovation and upgrading technology. Example: Despite initiatives like CGTMSE, only 15% of MSMEs in India receive formal credit, limiting their ability to invest in new technologies.
Way forward:
Enhance Technology Adoption and Innovation: Encourage investment in advanced manufacturing technologies and R&D through better policy incentives and stronger industry-academia collaboration to improve productivity and global competitiveness.
Support Labour Welfare and Formalization: Implement policies to improve working conditions, ensure social security for informal workers, and promote skill development programs to balance cost efficiency with worker well-being.
Mains PYQ:
Q Can the strategy of regional-resource based manufacturing help in promoting employment in India? (UPSC IAS/2019)
The demand for skilled workers will soon be higher than the supply, and India must act quickly to meet the needs of important regions.
What are the Geographic regions and their demands?
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) – High Demand for Construction and Manufacturing: The GCC nations (e.g., UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar) require skilled construction and manufacturing workers to support infrastructure projects like NEOM (Saudi Arabia’s smart city project) and the Dubai Urban Plan 2040.
Europe (including the UK) – Service Sector Growth & Healthcare Needs: Europe, being the oldest post-industrial society, has a rising demand for healthcare professionals, IT experts, and service-sector workers due to ageing populations. Example: Germany’s “Skilled Immigration Act” aims to attract foreign talent in healthcare and technology.
Australia – Skilled Migration in Healthcare & Construction: Australia is open to skilled migration, especially in healthcare, IT, and construction due to labour shortages. Example: Australia’s Priority Migration Skilled Occupation List (PMSOL) focuses on attracting doctors, engineers, and tech professionals.
Global Demand in Emerging Sectors – AI, Big Data, and Automation: Countries worldwide, including the US, Canada, and Singapore, require expertise in Artificial Intelligence (AI),the Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, and big data analytics. Example: Singapore’s Tech. Pass visa encourages AI and IT experts to work in its digital economy.
Health and Social Care – Universal Demand: Aging populations in developed countries are driving high demand for nurses, caregivers, and medical professionals across the GCC, Europe, and Australia. Example: The UK’s Health and Care Worker visa prioritizes foreign healthcare workers to fill staffing gaps in the NHS.
Why is the demand for skilled workers expected to exceed the supply in the near future?
Rapid Technological Advancements: Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and cybersecurity are evolving swiftly, creating a need for specialized skills that the current workforce lacks. Example: The global AI market is projected to reach $266 billion by 2027, growing at a compound annual rate of 33.2%.
Industry-Specific Skill Gaps: Certain industries are experiencing rapid growth, leading to specialized skill shortages that the existing workforce cannot meet. Example: The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) estimates that by 2030, the renewable energy sector could provide up to 30 million new jobs worldwide.
Aging Workforce and Retirements: A significant portion of the skilled workforce is approaching retirement age, leading to a loss of expertise and creating vacancies that are difficult to fill. Example: In the United States, the manufacturing sector faces a potential shortage of 2.1 million workers by 2030 due to retirements and a lack of new entrants with the necessary skills.
Mismatch Between Education and Industry Needs: Educational institutions often do not align curricula with the evolving demands of industries, resulting in graduates lacking the practical skills required by employers. Example: In India, a study by the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) revealed a demand for 103 million skilled workers, while the current supply is only 74 million.
What are the existing barriers?
Complex Visa Processes: Lengthy visa approval times and restrictive work permit policies hinder skilled worker migration. According to the Global Talent Competitiveness Index (2023), India ranks 92nd in the ability to enable and attract global talent, reflecting challenges in cross-border workforce movement.
Exploitation of Migrant Workers: Illegal recruitment agencies engage in wage theft and exploitative practices. As per the International Labour Organization (ILO), approximately 25 million people worldwide are victims of forced labour, with South Asia being a major source of trafficked labour.
Non-Recognition of Qualifications: Many Indian professional degrees are not accepted in key global markets. A FICCI-KPMG study reports that 53% of Indian professionals face underemployment abroad due to non-recognition of their qualifications, particularly in medicine and engineering.
Limited Language Proficiency: Inability to communicate effectively impacts job performance and integration. The European Commission (2022) found that 40% of non-EU migrants face employment challenges due to language barriers, particularly in sectors like healthcare and customer service.
Mismatch Between Skills and Market Needs: Rapid technological advancements outpace current training programs. According to the World Economic Forum (WEF) Future of Jobs Report (2023), 44% of core skills required across industries will change by 2027, leaving a global shortfall of 85.2 million skilled workers by 2030.
What are the existing strategies?
Migration and Mobility Partnerships: India has established agreements with countries like Germany and Italy to facilitate the movement of students, professionals, and skilled workers. These partnerships aim to streamline visa processes and recognize professional qualifications, thereby promoting bilateral exchanges.
Digital Platforms for Emigrant Support: The Indian government has upgraded the eMigrate portal to version 2.0, integrating features like 24/7 multilingual helpline support and faster feedback mechanisms. This platform ensures transparency in recruitment and safeguards the welfare of Indian workers abroad.
Skill Development Initiatives: Through programs like the National Skill Development Mission and the Skill India program, India focuses on training its workforce in emerging technologies and sectors. These initiatives aim to align domestic skills with global market demands, enhancing employability abroad.
International Collaboration on Education and Training: Workshops and collaborative projects with entities like the European Union have been conducted to strengthen student mobility and the use of educational consultants. These efforts aim to facilitate the international movement of students and young professionals.
Bilateral Trade Agreements Enhancing Labor Mobility: India is actively pursuing free trade agreements, such as the one with the United Kingdom, which include provisions for labour mobility. These agreements aim to reduce barriers for Indian professionals seeking opportunities abroad.
What is India’s advantage?
Large and Growing Workforce: India has one of the world’s largest working-age populations, providing a steady supply of skilled workers. Example: By 2030, India’s working-age population is expected to reach 1.04 billion, accounting for 23% of the global workforce (UN Population Report, 2022).
Cost-Effective Skilled Labour: Indian workers offer high skill levels at competitive costs, making them attractive to global markets. Example: Indian IT professionals earn 60-70% less than their Western counterparts, enabling global firms to save on operational costs (NASSCOM, 2023).
Strong Diaspora and Global Networks: India has the second-largest diaspora globally, facilitating knowledge transfer and job opportunities. Example: Over 4.2 million Indian-origin people live in the United States, contributing significantly to sectors like technology and healthcare (US Census Bureau, 2022).
Government-Led Skill and Mobility Initiatives: India has established programs to train and mobilize workers for global opportunities. Example: The Skill India Mission has trained over 40 million workers since 2015, aligning their skills with global market demands (Ministry of Skill Development, 2023).
Favourable Global Perception: Indian workers are perceived as hardworking and adaptable, maintaining demand despite anti-immigration trends. Example:25% of doctors in the UK’s NHS are of Indian origin, reflecting their sustained demand and acceptance (UK General Medical Council, 2023).
Way forward:
Strengthen Skill Recognition and Mutual Agreements: Expand bilateral agreements for mutual recognition of qualifications to reduce skill mismatch and underemployment, especially in high-demand sectors like healthcare and technology.
Enhance Digital and Legal Safeguards for Migrant Workers: Improve digital platforms like eMigrate for transparent recruitment, and enforce stricter regulations against exploitative practices to protect Indian workers abroad.
Mains PYQ:
Q Examine the role of ‘Gig Economy’ in the process of empowerment of women in India. (UPSC IAS/2021)
Prime Minister witnessed the largest-ever Jhumur dance performance in Guwahati, to commemorate the 200th anniversary of Assam’s tea industry.
What are Tea Tribes/Tea Garden Communities of Assam?
The Tea Tribes or Tea Garden Communities of Assam are descendants of laborers brought by the British in the 19th century to work in tea plantations.
These workers were mainly from Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, and Andhra Pradesh.
Many were brought through forced migration, and even voluntary migration occurred under exploitative conditions.
They were subjected to poor wages, inhumane working conditions, and restricted mobility.
The community is concentrated in Upper Assam districts like Tinsukia, Dibrugarh, Golaghat, Sonitpur, and Sivasagar, and in the Barak Valley.
They currently have Other Backward Classes (OBC) Status but demand Scheduled Tribe (ST) status, as many of their sub-groups, like Munda, Santhal, and Oraon, hold ST status in their original states.
Despite adversity, the Tea Garden Communities preserved their cultural identity, with distinct festivals, music, and dance forms.
Their major festivals include Tushu Puja and Karam Puja, celebrated with the traditional Jhumur dance.
About Jhumur Dance
Jhumur (also spelled Jhumoir or Jhumair) is a folk dance of the Sadan ethnolinguistic group, mainly practised by Assam’s Tea Garden Communities.
It originated in Chotanagpur Plateau (Jharkhand, Odisha, Bengal, and Chhattisgarh) and was brought to Assam during the British colonial era.
Over time, it blended with Assamese culture, incorporating Assamese musical and linguistic influences.
Performance and Style:
Women are the primary dancers, standing shoulder-to-shoulder in synchronized formations.
Men accompany them with traditional instruments like madal, dhol, dhak (drums), cymbals, flutes, and shehnai.
Attire: Women wear red and white sarees, while men wear kurta-dhoti with gamocha (traditional Assamese cloth).
Jhumur songs depict both celebration and hardship, narrating:
Love and Nature – Seasonal changes, harvest, and romance.
Hardships of Tea Workers – Struggles, migration, and exploitation.
Festivals and Community Life – Unity, faith, and social cohesion.
It serves as a cultural bridge, helping retain their traditions and forge a unique identity in Assam.
PYQ:
[2021] With reference to India, the terms ‘Halbi, Ho and Kui’ pertain to:
On February 23, 2025, farmers protesting at the Punjab and Haryana borders are observing Pagri Sambhal Diwas in honor of Ajit Singh, a freedom fighter, revolutionary, and Bhagat Singh’s paternal uncle.
About the Pagri Sambhal Jatta Movement (1907)
The Pagri Sambhal Jatta movement was a peasant uprising in Punjab against the oppressive British land laws that exploited farmers.
The movement was led by Ajit Singh, Kishan Singh (Bhagat Singh’s father), and Lala Lajpat Rai, who mobilized farmers to resist these unfair policies.
Farmers protested against three major British laws:
Punjab Land Alienation Act, 1900 – Restricted farmers from selling or mortgaging their land, favoring landlords and moneylenders.
Punjab Land Colonisation Act, 1906 – Allowed the British to take control of farmers’ land after their death instead of passing it to their heirs.
Doab Bari Act, 1907 – Deprived farmers of ownership rights and reduced them to contract workers.
The British also raised taxes on agricultural land and irrigation, making it harder for farmers to sustain themselves.
The slogan “Pagri Sambhal Jatta“, meaning “Take care of your turban, O farmer,” was coined by Banke Dayal, a nationalist poet, and became a symbol of self-respect and protest.
The movement resulted in mass protests and acts of civil disobedience, forcing the British to roll back some clauses of these laws.
Ajit Singh and Lala Lajpat Rai were arrested in May 1907 and exiled to Burma. Due to public pressure, they were released in November 1907.
Fearing further persecution, Ajit Singh fled to Persia and later lived in Turkey, Brazil, Germany, and Italy, where he worked with other revolutionaries against British rule.
The movement became a landmark in India’s freedom struggle, inspiring future farmers’ agitations, the Ghadar Movement, and Bhagat Singh’s revolutionary activities.
Who was Ajit Singh?
Ajit Singh was a freedom fighter, revolutionary, and nationalist leader who played a crucial role in India’s independence movement.
He was born on February 23, 1881, in Khatkar Kalan, Punjab, which is now part of Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district.
He was the elder brother of Kishan Singh, the father of Bhagat Singh, and played a key role in shaping Bhagat Singh’s revolutionary ideals.
Ajit Singh co-founded the Bharat Mata Society, an organization that aimed to unite farmers and revolutionaries against British exploitation.
Due to his active role in the Pagri Sambhal Jatta movement, he became a prime target of British authorities and was forced into exile for 38 years (1909-1947).
He lived in Persia, Turkey, Brazil, Germany, and Italy, where he continued his revolutionary activities and worked with Lala Hardayal and Madame Cama.
In March 1947, Ajit Singh returned to India, just a few months before India gained independence.
However, due to prolonged illness, he passed away on August 15, 1947, the very day India became independent.
Since 2021, February 23 has been observed as Pagri Sambhal Diwas, honoring Ajit Singh’s contributions to India’s independence and farmers’ rights.
PYQ:
[2010] What was the immediate cause for the launch of the Swadeshi movement?
(a) The partition of Bengal done by Lord Curzon.
(b) A sentence of 18 months rigorous imprisonment imposed on Lokmanya Tilak.
(c) The arrest and deportation of Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh; and passing of the Punjab Colonization Bill.
(d) Death sentence pronounced on the Chapekar brothers.
Union Home Minister chaired the 27th meeting of the Western Zonal Council in Pune.
AboutZonal Councils in India:
Details
Origin & Purpose
Proposed by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1956 to promote cooperation among states after reorganization.
Established under the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, with the goal of resolving inter-state disputes and ensuring balanced socio-economic development.
Composition & Structure
Five Zonal Councils + North-Eastern Council (NEC).
The MoHFW has released the India TB Report 2024. You should know the basics of TB. From the Mains perspective, 3 key points in this article are the issue of drug resistance (we have had PYQs in 2014), the challenges in eliminating TB (PYQs on Covid challenges in 2020), and our target to eradicate it by 2025 (this makes it an important theme for UPSC).
The treatment course for TB mentioned in Back2Basics will help you prepare for any difficult questions that may come out of the woods!
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UPSC Microthemes & Mains PYQ:
Q1.) GS3 Can overuse and free availability of antibiotics without Doctor’s prescription, be contributors to the emergence of drug-resistant diseases in India? What are the available mechanisms for monitoring and control? Critically discuss the various issues involved. (2014)
Q2.) GS3: COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented devastation worldwide. However, technological advancements are being availed readily to win over the crisis. Give an account of how technology was sought to aid management to the pandemic. (2020)
Microthemes: Medical and Health Technologies; Achievements of Indians in S&T
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Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health issue for India, which accounts for 26% of the world’s TB cases. The 2024 India TB Report by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare highlights significant achievements, challenges, and areas of concern as the country strives toward its ambitious target of TB elimination by 2025. Here’s a concise look at the findings, challenges, and government initiatives to tackle TB.
Key Highlights: India TB Report 2024
Year
Total TB Cases (lakh)
Mortality Rate (per lakh)
Private Sector TB Cases (lakh)
2015
19.1
28
1.9
2023
25.5
23
8.4
Decline in Mortality Rate: TB mortality dropped from 28 per lakh in 2015 to 23 in 2022.
Increase in Private Sector Involvement: Private sector notifications rose from 1.9 lakh in 2015 to 8.4 lakh in 2023, showing improved engagement in TB detection.
Case and Mortality Trends: While estimated TB incidence slightly increased to 27.8 lakh in 2023, TB mortality held steady at 3.2 lakh.
Challenges to Eliminate TB by 2025
Challenge
Explanation
High burden of TB cases
India accounts for 28% of all global TB cases (Global TB Report 2022). This makes it difficult to identify and treat cases on time.
Drug-resistant TB
Drug-resistant TB is widespread in India, making treatment more expensive and complicated. This is due to improper antibiotic use and poor adherence to treatment.
Limited access to healthcare
Many people, especially in rural areas, lack access to quality healthcare, leading to delayed diagnosis, treatment, and increased TB spread.
Stigma and discrimination
The stigma surrounding TB prevents people from seeking treatment or disclosing their illness due to fear of discrimination or isolation.
Poor living conditions
Overcrowded homes, poor sanitation, and lack of clean water increase the risk of TB transmission.
Limited awareness
Many people don’t know the symptoms of TB or the importance of completing treatment, leading to delays and further spread.
Insufficient funding
Despite the severity of TB in India, it receives inadequate funding and attention from policymakers and healthcare providers.
Government Initiatives Against TB
Initiative
Description
Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyan
Community-based program offering nutritional support through Ni-kshay Mitras
National Strategic Plan (NSP)
Aims to eliminate TB by 2025, targeting no more than 44 new TB cases per lakh
Digital Tracking (Nikshay Portal)
Digital platform for monitoring patient progress and ensuring treatment adherence
Free Treatment and Drug Access
Free supply of essential drugs like Bedaquiline and Delamanid
Expanded Testing Access
Increased use of molecular diagnostics (CB-NAAT, TureNat) across districts
Innovative Approaches Adopted by States:
Chhattisgarh: By involving Village Health Committees in TPT efforts, Chhattisgarh improved grassroots-level awareness, screening, and treatment adherence for TB prevention, leveraging local networks effectively.
Tamil Nadu: Tamil Nadu adopted local procurement of the 3HP TPT regimen, ensuring a shorter, accessible TB prevention therapy, which enhanced patient compliance and streamlined medication availability.
Maharashtra and Rajasthan: These states introduced TPT in high-risk groups like prison inmates, integrating preventive therapy into Active Case-Finding (ACF) efforts, reducing TB prevalence in vulnerable populations.
WHO Recommendations for TB Control
Molecular Diagnostics: Faster, more accurate diagnostics similar to COVID-19 testing.
MDR-TB Management: Better prescription practices, drug quality, and treatment completion.
Patient-Centered Care: Improved support for managing treatment side effects, enhancing treatment completion.
Moving Forward: Key Recommendations
Strengthen Multi-Sectoral Collaboration: Engage healthcare, social services, and education to address TB’s root causes.
Enhance Rural Access: Boost local healthcare infrastructure, deploy mobile health units, and train community health workers.
Stigma Reduction and Awareness: Implement public campaigns to reduce stigma and educate on TB prevention, symptoms, and treatment.
India’s path to TB elimination by 2025 requires a holistic, coordinated approach, addressing healthcare gaps and social determinants to ensure accessible and effective TB care. By fostering cross-sector collaboration, enhancing diagnostics, and addressing the social factors influencing TB, India can accelerate its progress toward a TB-free nation.
#BACK2BASICS
Understanding Tuberculosis
Parameter
Details
Cause
Bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Transmission
Airborne, particularly in dense, poorly ventilated areas
Common Symptoms
Cough, chest pain, weakness, weight loss, fever, night sweats
Global Impact
TB infects 10 million and causes 1.5 million deaths annually, affecting HIV patients
Treatment
Standard 6-month, four-drug course with supervised support
Drug-Resistant TB:
MDR-TB: Resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin, requiring second-line drugs like bedaquiline.
XDR-TB: Highly resistant, responding poorly to standard and even second-line treatments.
TREATMENT FOR TB
Standard 6-Month Treatment Course
Phase
Details
Intensive Phase (2 months)
For new TB cases, the intensive phase includes four drugs: Isoniazid (INH), Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol.
Continuous Phase (4 months)
After completing the intensive phase, the continuous phase follows for 4 months.
For Previously Treated Cases
The intensive phase lasts 12 weeks, with an injection of streptomycin given for 8 weeks along with four drugs.
Regimen Duration
A strictly followed 6-month drug regimen cures most people with TB.
BPaLM Regimen
Feature
Details
Drugs Used
Bedaquiline, Pretomanid, Linezolid, and Moxifloxacin.
Advantages
– Faster, safer, and more effective compared to traditional treatments.
– Cures MDR-TB in 6 months (compared to 20 months with traditional treatment).
– Higher success rate for drug-resistant TB treatment.
– Fewer and milder side effects.
– Shorter treatment duration and reduced side effects lead to lower overall costs.
Multidrug-Resistant TB (MDR-TB)
Feature
Details
Diagnosis
CBNAAT (Cartridge Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Test) is used for early diagnosis.
Resistance
MDR-TB is resistant to at least Isoniazid and Rifampicin, the two most powerful anti-TB drugs.
Treatment Challenges
Treatment options for MDR-TB are limited and expensive.
Causes of MDR-TB
Cause
Details
Mismanagement of Treatment
Inappropriate or incorrect drug use, ineffective drug formulations, or premature treatment interruption.
Transmission
Person-to-person transmission of the disease.
Extensively Drug-Resistant TB (XDR-TB)
Feature
Details
Resistance Profile
XDR-TB is a form of MDR-TB with additional resistance to fluoroquinolones and at least one second-line injectable drug (amikacin, kanamycin, capreomycin).
Treatment for Drug-Resistant TB
Treatment Type
Details
MDR-TB Treatment Success
Treatment success for MDR-TB is about 54%.
XDR-TB Treatment Success
Treatment success for XDR-TB is about 30%.
Treatment Duration
XDR-TB requires a combination of eight drugs for over a year.
Success Factors
Treatment success depends on the extent of resistance, disease severity, immune system strength, and adherence to treatment.
Side Effects
Drugs used for treating MDR-TB and XDR-TB can cause serious adverse effects, including deafness.
Astronomers are studying the first detailed geological map of the Moon’s South Pole, created by India’s Chandrayaan-3’s Vikram lander, which landed on August 23, 2023.
About the Geological Map of the Moon’s South Pole:
First High-Resolution Map:
This map is created by PRL Ahmedabad, Panjab University, and ISRO, using data from Chandrayaan-3’s Pragyan rover.
It offers new insights into the Moon’s formation and evolution.
Confirmation of a Magma Ocean:
Pragyan’s Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer detected molten rock beneath the surface.
This confirms a global magma ocean in the Moon’s early history.
Age and Crater Mapping:
Landing site estimated to be 3.7 billion years old, similar to Earth’s early evolution.
Schomberger Crater identified as the primary source of impact debris.
Importance for Lunar and Planetary Studies:
Preserved craters help understand the history of asteroid impacts.
Provides insights into the formation of the Earth-Moon system.
Why is the Moon’s South Pole a Key Focus for Space Missions?
Water Ice Reserves:
Permanently shadowed craters hold large water ice deposits, first confirmed by Chandrayaan-1 (2009).
Crucial for future lunar colonies and deep-space missions.
Harsh but Valuable Environment:
Extreme cold (as low as -250°C) preserves ancient materials.
Continuous sunlight in some areas makes it ideal for solar power.
Scientific and Strategic Importance:
Craters contain pristine material from the early Solar System.
NASA, China, and Russia plan permanent research bases in the region.
