💥UPSC 2027,2028 Mentorship (April Batch) + Access XFactor Notes & Microthemes PDF

Search results for: “”

  • Moonlight Programme

    Why in the News?

    The European Space Agency (ESA) launched its Moonlight Lunar Communications and Navigation Services (LCNS) Programme.

    About Moonlight Programme

    Details
    Agency European Space Agency (ESA)
    Purpose To establish a communications and navigation infrastructure around the Moon to support future lunar missions by space agencies and private companies.
    Planned Missions Supports over 400 moon missions planned over the next 20 years.
    Satellite Constellation Deployment of 5 lunar satellites to provide communication and navigation services.
    Data Transfer Range Enables data transfer between Earth and the Moon over a distance of 400,000 km.
    First Satellite Lunar Pathfinder, a communications relay satellite built by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd, is set to launch in 2026.
    Operational Timeline Initial services expected to begin by 2028, with full operational capability by 2030.
    Primary Focus Area Coverage around the Moon’s South Pole, an area of high interest due to favorable lighting conditions and potential water ice presence in permanently shadowed craters.
    Global Collaboration Collaboration with NASA and JAXA (Japanese Space Agency) as part of LunaNet for standardizing lunar mission communications and navigation.
    Significance – Enables over 400 lunar missions
    – Supports NASA’s Artemis programme
    – Provides continuous all-weather connectivity for lunar missions
    – Focuses on the South Pole for ice deposits
    – Reduces costs by sharing infrastructure
    – Technological advancements for Mars missions (MARCONI)
    Strategic Advantage Enhances ESA’s role in global lunar exploration and contributes to the future of commercial lunar activities.
  • Z-Morh Tunnel Project

    Why in the News?

    Some militants attacked workers building the Z-Morh tunnel on the Srinagar-Sonamarg highway, killing seven people.

    What is the Z-Morh Tunnel?

    • The Z-Morh tunnel is a 6.4-kilometer tunnel located near Gagangir village, connecting the Sonamarg health resort to Kangan town in the Ganderbal district of central Kashmir.
      • It is part of the larger Zojila tunnel project, which aims to provide year-round road connectivity between Srinagar and Ladakh.
    • It is part of the Srinagar-Sonamarg-Leh highway.
    • It is being constructed at an altitude of over 8,500 feet.
    • It derives its name from the Z-shaped road stretch where it is being built.
    • The project was originally conceived by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) in 2012.
    • A soft opening of the tunnel was held in February 2024, although the full inauguration has been delayed.

    Significance of the Z-Morh Tunnel

    • The tunnel provides all-weather road connectivity to the Sonamarg health resort, ensuring that the popular tourist destination remains accessible year-round.
    • It is essential for maintaining all-weather connectivity to Ladakh, a region of strategic importance for India, particularly due to the military presence along the border with Pakistan and China.
    • The tunnel is strategically important for the Indian Army, as it provides quick and safe access to forward areas in Ladakh, reducing the dependence on air transport for the movement of troops and supplies.
    • It will also reduce expenditure on air maintenance of forward locations, thereby increasing the lifespan of Indian Air Force aircraft.
    • The tunnel will boost economic growth by improving accessibility to Sonamarg, thereby supporting tourism in the region.

    PYQ:

    [2016] Border management is a complex task due to difficult terrain and hostile relations with some countries. Elucidate the challenges and strategies for effective border management.

  • New ‘Lady Justice’ Statue

    justice

    Why in the News?

    • The Chief Justice of India unveiled a new ‘lady justice’ statue at the Supreme Court.
      • This new statue replaces the previous version and is clothed in a saree, holds scales in one hand, and the Indian Constitution in the other, with its eyes uncovered—symbolizing that justice sees all equally.

    About the Lady Justice Statue:

    Details
    History
    • Introduced during colonial rule, becoming a common feature in Indian courthouses.
    • Depicted in the Calcutta High Court (1872) and the Bombay High Court, with variations in blindfold status.
    Modern Depiction In 2024, a new 6-foot statue was unveiled by the Supreme Court of India, created by Vinod Goswami.
    Symbolism Absence of the blindfold signifies that “law is not blind,” promoting the idea of equality in justice.
    Origins Traces back to Greek mythology with Themis and Roman mythology with Justitia, traditionally depicted with a blindfold, scales, and a sword.
    Notable Changes
    • Symbolizes that “the law is not blind,” emphasizing equality in justice.
    • Adorned in a Saree, reflecting Indian heritage and tradition.
    • Holds a copy of the Indian Constitution instead of a sword, representing rights and fairness.
    • Continues to hold scales, emphasizing the need for balance in weighing evidence and arguments.
    • Breaks free from colonial influences, aligning with contemporary Indian values.
    • Signifies a justice system that is aware, inclusive, and rooted in constitutional principles.
    • Positioned in the Judges’ Library of the Supreme Court, highlighting its significance in Indian jurisprudence.
  • Minority Institutions

    Why in the News?

    • The Supreme Court stated that laws regulating institutions run by religious or linguistic minorities do not inherently violate the principle of secularism.
      • The CJI made this observation while hearing a challenge to the Allahabad High Court’s decision to strike down the Uttar Pradesh Board of Madrasa Education Act, 2004.

    Why do we need to discuss this?

    • The 2004 Act regulated madrasas in Uttar Pradesh, and the High Court concluded that it violated secular principles.
    • It had ordered the transfer of madrasa students to regular schools, which affected nearly 17 lakh students across 16,000 madrasas in the state.
      • Petitioners pointed out that the High Court believed that madrasas violated Article 28 of the Constitution, which prohibits religious instruction in institutions fully funded by the State.

    Key Observations made by the SC:

    • A law regulating a minority institution does not, by itself, violate secularism.
    • The CJI referred to the Hindu Religious Endowments and Charitable Institutions Act, which regulates the administration of religious institutions in many states, from Maharashtra to Tamil Nadu.
    • The CJI emphasized that the State has the right to legislate to improve the quality of education in government-aided minority-run institutions.
    • He noted that children attending madrasas need a broad-based education to learn essential subjects required to lead a proper life and become worthy citizens.

    About Minority Educational Institutions in India:

    Details
    Constitutional Provision Article 30(1) of the Constitution of India grants linguistic and religious minorities the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
    Legislative Framework National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions Act, 2004 safeguards the educational rights of minorities as per Article 30(1).
    Definition A “Minority Educational Institution” is defined as a college or institution established or maintained by a person or group from amongst the minorities (Section 2(g) of the Act).
    Judicial Precedent In T.M.A. Pai Foundation vs. State of Karnataka (2002), the Supreme Court ruled that minority status is determined by state demographics, not national population.
    Rights of Minority Institutions Article 29 protects the interests of minorities by allowing them to conserve their distinct language, script, or culture.

    • Minority institutions do not have an absolute right to appoint staff;
    • This was upheld in the context of the West Bengal Madrasah Service Commission Act, 2008.
    Recognized Minority Communities Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Buddhists, Jains, and Zoroastrians (Parsis) are recognized as minority communities under the National Commission for Minorities Act of 1992.
    Significance Minority educational institutions play a crucial role in preserving the cultural and linguistic heritage of minority communities while providing access to education.

     

    PYQ:

    [2011] In India, if a religious sect/community is given the status of a national minority, what special advantages it is entitled to?

    1. It can establish and administer exclusive educational institutions.

    2. The President of India automatically nominates a representative of the community to Lok Sabha.

    3. It can derive benefits from the Prime Minister’s 15-Point Programme.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • [23rd October 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Working toward a meaningful ‘victims’ register’ in Bastar

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Naxalism is a social, economic and developmental issue manifesting as a violent internal security threat. In this context, discuss the emerging issues and suggest a multilayered strategy to tackle the menace of Naxalism. (UPSC CSE 2022)

    Q) What are the determinants of left-wing extremism in Eastern part of India? What strategy should the Government of India, civil administration and security forces adopt to counter the threat in the affected areas? (UPSC CSE 2020)

    Q) Effective utilization of public funds is crucial to meet development goals. Critically examine the reasons for under-utilization and mis-utilization of public funds and their implications. (UPSC CSE 2019)

    Q) Left Wing Extremism (LWE) is showing a downward trend, but still affects many parts of the country. Briefly explain the Government of India’s approach to counter the challenges posed by LWE. (UPSC CSE 2018)

    Mentor’s Comment: Data indicates a decline in Naxal-related violence over the past decade, with a reported 76% decrease in incidents by 2022 compared to 2010. Yet, the ‘Naxalite’ issue in India represents a significant challenge to internal security, rooted in socio-economic disparities and historical grievances.

    Bastar (Chattisgarh) has been a focal point of conflict due to ongoing violence between Security forces and Maoist insurgents. This conflict has led to numerous civilian casualties and widespread trauma among the local population. Without proper victims’ data/registry, many individuals suffer in silence, lacking access to necessary support and recognition.

    Today’s editorial addresses the pressing need for a comprehensive victims’ register in the Bastar region, an area that is significantly affected by left-wing extremism (LWE). Today, we will study the significance of recognizing and documenting the experiences of victims to facilitate justice and rehabilitation.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Union Home Minister has set a deadline of March 31, 2026, for the complete eradication of Naxalism in India, emphasizing the four districts of the Bastar region.

    • He also announced plans for a welfare scheme to support those affected by Naxal violence, aiming to assist in jobs and healthcare.

    What is the purpose of the victims’ register in Bastar?

    The purpose of the victims’ register in Bastar is to document and recognize individuals affected by violence, particularly those impacted by Maoist activities and state responses. This initiative aims to:

    • To provide formal recognition of the experiences of victims.
    • To enable victims and their families to receive reparations and government support inclusively ensuring no one is overlooked.
    • Serve as a foundation for dialogue and peace-building efforts in the region. (E.g., in Colombia).

    How does the initiative draw from international examples, particularly Colombia?

    • The Colombian model has successfully aided in providing reparations and integrating victims (over 9 million) back into society.
      • The Bastar initiative seeks to establish similar mechanisms for compensating victims through financial aid, land, jobs, and healthcare support.
    • Mirroring Colombia’s inclusive approach that does not differentiate between types of victimization, register aims to include diverse narratives from various groups
    • The process in Bastar involves community participation, allowing victims to share their testimonies in local languages, akin to Colombia’s efforts to ensure that victims’ voices are heard and validated.
    • Colombia’s experience has been successful where such measures contributed to National unity post-conflict.

    How can the government support the ‘New Peace Process’ initiative in Bastar?

    • Facilitating Dialogue: The government needs to actively engage in negotiations with both tribal leaders and Maoist representatives to foster an environment conducive to peace talks. For example, ‘Bastar Dialogues’ to bridge gaps between conflicting parties.
      • Collaborate with local organizations and community groups like the ‘Sarva Adiwasi Samaj’ to amplify grassroots efforts for peace.
    • Implement the Victims’ Register: Establish and maintain a comprehensive victims’ register that aligns with successful models from other countries, such as Colombia.
    • Enhance Rehabilitation Programs: Develop robust rehabilitation policies for both victims and surrendered like job training, education, and healthcare services tailored to their needs, ensuring they can reintegrate into society effectively.
    • By Monitoring the Progress: Establish mechanisms to monitor the progress of peace initiatives and community sentiments regarding the peace process, allowing for adjustments based on feedback from affected populations.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/working-toward-a-meaningful-victims-register-in-bastar/article68784116.ece

  • Best Current Affairs Books for UPSC

    Current affairs carries huge weightage in the civil services exam. The biggest challenge for UPSC aspirants is to find the perfect book that serves all their needs of the subject when preparing for UPSC Civils. Selecting the right ensures you have access to up-to-date, verified and accurate information. The cost of relying on the wrong book is high. 

    So, what is the best current affairs book for UPSC? You must check syllabus coverage, and expert suggestions, take guidance from toppers, reputation, accessibility, cost, etc. We have compiled the list of best current affairs books for UPSC in this article. Check out the list. 

    Top Current Affairs Book for UPSC

    Book TitleLanguagesPriceAvailable at
    Manorama YearbookEnglish₹341 (Print)₹999/Year (Digital)https://www.manoramayearbook.in/
    Mathrubhumi YearbookEnglishNAhttps://yearbook.mathrubhumi.com/en/
    Current Affairs for IAS (PRE) (S. A. Majid)EnglishNAAmazon
    Concise General Knowledge Manual (Barry O’Brien)EnglishNAAmazon
    India Yearbook (Publication Division (GOI))English₹255Amazon
    Economic Survey (Digital Only)EnglishFreehttps://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/
    Concise General Knowledge Manual (J. K. Chopra)English₹428Amazon
    Current Affairs & News in Focus Objective Questions (Vol.1) (Kiran Prakashan)EnglishNAAmazon
    GK and Current Affairs (India) in English (CD) (Practice Guru)EnglishNAAmazon

    Best Current Affairs Magazine for UPSC

    MagazineFocus AreaLanguageSubscription Costs
    Yojana (Monthly)Socio-economic issues, govt. programsEnglish, Hindi, RegionalAvailable at yojana.gov.in
    Kurukshetra (Monthly)Rural development, agriculture, tribal issuesEnglish, HindiAvailable at yojana.gov.in
    EPW (Weekly)Economic and political issues, researchEnglish₹5,500/Year, ₹ 7,760/Year for Digital+Print
    Down to Earth (Fortnightly)Environmental issues, livelihood, healthEnglish₹4,780 (Print+Digital), ₹2,880 (Print), ₹1,500 (Digital)
    Pratiyogita Darpan (Monthly)Current affairs, employment news, solved papersEnglish, Hindi₹150/edition
    Civil Services Times (Monthly)National & international affairs, economyEnglish₹2,600 (Annual), ₹3,500 (Practice Papers)
    Geography and You (Bi-Monthly)Environment, geography, scienceEnglish, Hindi₹199 (Silver), ₹499 (Gold), ₹899 (Platinum)
    Competition Success Review (CSR) (Monthly)Current affairs, success storiesEnglish₹70/month, ₹1,260/3 years, eMag: ₹70/month, ₹540/2 years
    World Focus (Monthly)Foreign affairs, international relationsEnglish₹1,300/year (Print), ₹800/year (Digital)

    Points to Remember When Selecting Current Affairs Book for UPSC

    • Ensure that the best current affairs book covers topics relevant to the UPSC syllabus, including polity, economy, environment, and social issues.
    • Choose a book that provides current and timely information, reflecting recent national and international affairs developments.
    • Look for books that cover a wide range of topics, including government schemes, socio-economic issues, and significant events.
    • Check the credibility of the author or publisher. Reputable authors or organisations often ensure accurate and reliable content.
    • Select a book that presents information clearly and concisely, making it easier to grasp complex topics.
    • The best current affairs book presents facts, analysis, and context, helping you understand the implications of current events.
    • Ensure the book includes practice questions or previous years’ papers, allowing you to apply your knowledge.
    • Consider books that come with supplementary online resources or PDFs for additional reading and revision.
    • Check the readability and formatting of information for easy consumption, when selecting the best current affairs book.
    • Focus on one or two well-reviewed books at a time to avoid confusion and to allow for deeper understanding rather than trying to cover too many sources at once.
    • Check reviews or seek recommendations from successful UPSC candidates to find the best current affairs books that have proven helpful.

    In the End

    While selecting the best current affairs book for UPSC is important, it’s equally imperative to stay consistent with daily updates from reliable newspapers like The Hindu or Indian Express. You can also read economic newspapers like The Economic Times, The Financial Express, etc., to gain up-to-date knowledge on the Indian economy. 

    These resources provide real-time information, which can complement the books you choose. Aspirants should also revise frequently and make concise notes for quick reference during revision. Staying organised with your sources ensures you’re always well-prepared for the dynamic nature of UPSC exams.

    FAQs

    How can I select the best current affairs book for UPSC?

    To select the best current affairs book for UPSC, focus on books that cover the UPSC syllabus, provide recent and reliable information, and offer analysis of key events. Check author credibility, and reviews, and include practice questions for exam preparation.

    Which book is best for current affairs UPSC?

    For current affairs in UPSC, top books include Manorama Yearbook, India Yearbook, S.A. Majid’s Current Affairs for IAS, and Barry O’Brien’s Concise General Knowledge Manual. Kiran Prakashan’s Current Affairs Objective Questions and Economic Survey are also essential for all-round coverage of economic and political updates.

    How to study current affairs for the best results?

    For the best results in studying current affairs, focus on daily reading from trusted sources. Revise regularly, link current events with the UPSC syllabus, and practice answering questions. Use monthly magazines, newspapers, and reliable online platforms for updates.

    Is current affairs for UPSC difficult?

    Current affairs for UPSC can seem difficult due to its vast scope and constant updates. However, with consistent reading, focused revision, and connecting events to the syllabus, aspirants can simplify it and improve their understanding over time.

  • Understanding Negative Marking in UPSC

    UPSC (Union Public Service Commission) is considered one of the toughest exams in India. If you’re going to write the UPSC exam in 2025, you must learn that there is a negative marking in the UPSC prelims. There is a negative marking in UPSC Prelims, which penalises wrong answers. The general rule is ⅓ of the marks assigned to a question are deducted. 

    Even if you have answered many questions correctly, wrong answers can potentially decrease your score, which you should not afford to do. What are the rules for negative scoring in UPSC? How to calculate negative marking in the UPSC? Let’s look at all the details related to UPSC Negative marking in this short guide. 

    What is a Negative Marking

    Negative marking in exams refers to the practice of deducting marks for incorrect answers. In the UPSC Prelims, for example, a penalty of one-third (0.33) of the marks assigned to a question is deducted for each wrong answer. Negative marking in UPSC discourages random guessing, as incorrect responses can lower the overall score. 

    However, no negative marks are applied to unanswered questions. So candidates can only attempt questions they are reasonably confident about. Understanding the scheme of negative marking in UPSC helps candidates devise an effective strategy to balance risk and accuracy.

    UPSC Exam Pattern 2025

    Exam PatternPrelimsMains
    Exam Duration2 papers (2 hours each)9 papers (3 hours each)
    Type of PaperObjective (MCQs)Descriptive
    Total Number of QuestionsGS: 100 questionsCSAT: 80 questionsUsually, 20 questions per paper
    Total Marks4001750
    Marking Scheme+2 for correct answer, 300 Marks for the first two papers and 250 marks for the rest 7 papers.
    Negative MarkingNegative marking of 1/3 of 2 marksNo negative marking

    Negative Marking in UPSC Prelims

    There is a negative marking on both papers of the UPSC Prelims. While the general rule for negative marking in the UPSC Prelims is “deduction of ⅓ of marks assigned to a question”, the question types differ in the two papers. Questions in the General Studies Paper carry 2 marks, which means you will lose 0.66 marks for every wrong answer.

    Questions in the CSAT paper carry 2.5 marks each. You will lose 0.83 marks for each wrong answer marked. So, CSAT negative marking is way higher than that of GS, when overall performance is compared. Every aspirant must keep in mind the negative marking scheme in the UPSC prelims to obtain a maximum score. Worst, not to attract penalty for wrong answers. 

    UPSC Prelims Negative Marking Calculator

    PaperTotal QuestionsMarks per Correct AnswerMarks Deducted for Incorrect AnswerMultiple Options Selected (Penalty)
    GS Paper I10020.66 (1/3rd of 2 marks)0.66
    CSAT Paper802.50.83 (1/3rd of 2.5 marks)0.83

    How to Calculate Negative Marking in UPSC

    Aspirants need to know how total marks are evaluated, given the negative marking in the UPSC Prelims. Let’s imagine an imaginary candidate Rahul with the following performance.

    GS Paper I

    • Correct Answers: 65
    • Incorrect Answers: 30

    Marks Calculation:

    • Correct: 65×2 = 130 marks
    • Negative: 30×0.66 = 19.8 marks deducted

    Total Marks (GS I): 130−19.8 = 110.2 marks

    CSAT

    • Correct Answers: 55
    • Incorrect Answers: 20

    Marks Calculation:

    • Correct: 55×2.5 = 137.5 marks
    • Negative: 20×0.83 = 16.6 marks deducted

    Total Marks (CSAT): 137.5−16.6 = 120.9 marks

    Final Score

    110.2+120.9 = 231.1 Marks

    So, Rahul has scored 231.1 marks in the UPSC Prelims exam. 

    Negative Marking in UPSC Mains

    There is no negative marking in UPSC mains as it is a descriptive exam. The exam pattern of UPSC mains significantly differs from that of Prelims, which is an objective type test. UPSC Mains contains a total of 9 papers: 2 language papers, 1 Essay Paper, 4 GS papers, and 2 Optional papers. Candidates can attempt all questions without fear of negative marking in UPSC Mains. 

    Negative Marking in UPSC Interview

    There is no negative marking in the UPSC interview, so candidates aren’t penalised for providing incorrect answers. It is because this part of the exam evaluates more than just factual knowledge. However, success in the interview is important to pass the UPSC exam.

    The interview panel seeks individuals with qualities suited for civil service roles. They focus on candidates’ ability to think critically, communicate effectively, and stay informed on current issues. Success in the interview is about presenting well-reasoned responses, even if one doesn’t have all the answers. Thoughtful, intelligent preparation on current affairs and clear articulation of ideas are key to making a strong impression, ultimately leading to success in the UPSC.

    Practical Tips to Avoid Negative Marking in UPSC Prelims

    • Gain a solid understanding of the UPSC syllabus and exam pattern to focus on key topics. Strong knowledge is always the first step to stay clear of negative marking in the UPSC.
    • Calculate your “safe score”, during the preparation. Know how many questions you must get right to clear the cutoff, considering negative marking. 
    • Study standard UPSC materials, textbooks, and current affairs thoroughly.
    • Answer only those questions you’re confident about; avoid guessing if unsure to overcome negative marking in the UPSC.
    • Apply elimination techniques to rule out incorrect options and boost accuracy. It saves time also. 
    • Learn about filling the OMR sheet used in UPSC prelims. Improper marking can attract negative marking in the UPSC.
    • Practice regularly with past papers and mock tests to improve analysis and decision-making skills. 
    • Avoid marking multiple answers for any question to prevent negative marking in the UPSC.
    • Skip questions where you need more knowledge to avoid negative marks.
    • Pay attention to keywords in questions to identify the correct answer.
    • Manage your time wisely; move on if a question seems too difficult.
    • Don’t rely on wild guesses; only answer with reasonable confidence to avoid attracting negative marking in the UPSC.
    • However, you have to master “intelligent guessing” as well. For example, look for contextual clues, extreme options, and typical wrong answer patterns. USE it only when it can yield the right answer. 

    Conclusion

    In addition to avoiding negative marking in the UPSC, you must have a strong hold on the information and good memory. You should also develop strong conceptual clarity. UPSC doesn’t just test factual recall but also how well you understand and apply concepts. Make sure to revise regularly. Engage in active learning through discussions and analysis of current events. This will help you tackle more complex and analytical questions effectively, boosting your overall performance. Preparing smartly, not just thoroughly, is key to success.

    FAQs

    Is there a negative marking in the UPSC exam 2025?

    Yes, there is a negative marking in the UPSC exam. But it is confined to UPSC Prelims which is an objective type exam. There is no negative marking in the UPSC Mains.

    What does 1/3 negative marking mean in UPSC?

    In UPSC, 1/3 negative marking means that for every incorrect answer, one-third of the marks assigned to that question are deducted from your total score, discouraging random guessing.

    What is the exam pattern of IAS Prelims vs Mains?

    IAS Prelims is completely an objective type exam, containing multiple choice questions (MCQs). Consequently, candidates have to mark answers in an OMR sheet. Whereas IAS Mains is a descriptive or written exam, where candidates have to write answers in a given booklet. 

    When was negative marking in UPSC Prelims introduced?

    Negative markings in the UPSC Prelims came up in 2007, before which, there was no penalty for wrong answers in Prelims. This step is aimed at discouraging candidates from doing guesswork.

    Is there a negative marking in UPSC Mains?

    There is no negative marking in the UPSC mains. 

    What should I do when I want to answer unclear questions in UPSC Prelims?

    When facing unclear questions in the UPSC Prelims, avoid guessing. Instead, analyse the options using the process of elimination, focus on keywords, and recall related concepts. Only answer if you’re reasonably confident; otherwise, skip to avoid negative marks.

  • भारत में हरित क्रांति

    परिचय 

    1940 में रिचर्ड ब्राडली ने भारत को “भिखारी का कटोरा” कहा क्योंकि यह भारी मात्रा में खाद्यान्न आयात के लिए अमेरिका पर निर्भर था।  

    हरित क्रांति 1960 के दशक में नॉर्मन बोरलॉग द्वारा शुरू की गई एक पहल थी। उन्हें विश्व में ‘हरित क्रांति के जनक’ के रूप में जाना जाता है।  

    इस प्रयास के कारण उन्हें 1970 में नोबेल शांति पुरस्कार से सम्मानित किया गया, क्योंकि उन्होंने गेहूं की उच्च उपज वाली किस्में (HYVs) विकसित की थीं।  

    हरित क्रांति का तात्पर्य तीसरी दुनिया के देशों में आधुनिक इनपुट्स, प्रौद्योगिकियों, HYVs, कृषि मशीनीकरण और सिंचाई सुविधाओं के उपयोग पर आधारित फसल उत्पादन में कई गुना वृद्धि से है।

    भारत में हरित क्रांति  

    भारत में हरित क्रांति का नेतृत्व मुख्य रूप से एम.एस. स्वामीनाथन ने किया।  

    1961 में, एम.एस. स्वामीनाथन ने नॉर्मन बोरलॉग को भारत आमंत्रित किया, जिन्होंने मेक्सिको, जापान आदि में हुई क्रांति जैसी भारतीय कृषि में बदलाव की सलाह दी।  

    हरित क्रांति की शुरुआत इंटेंसिव एग्रीकल्चर डिस्ट्रिक्ट प्रोग्राम (IADP) के साथ प्रयोगात्मक रूप से भारत के 7 जिलों में की गई।  

    1965-66 में उच्च उपज वाली किस्मों (HYV) का कार्यक्रम शुरू किया गया, जिसे भारत में हरित क्रांति की शुरुआत माना जाता है।  

    1967-68 से 1977-78 तक फैली हरित क्रांति ने भारत को खाद्यान्न की कमी वाले देश से दुनिया के प्रमुख कृषि राष्ट्रों में बदल दिया।  

    हरित क्रांति के परिणामस्वरूप, विकासशील देशों में नई, उच्च उपज वाली किस्मों के बीजों की शुरुआत के कारण खाद्यान्न (विशेष रूप से गेहूं और चावल) के उत्पादन में भारी वृद्धि हुई, जिसकी शुरुआत 20वीं सदी के मध्य से हुई थी।

    भारत में हरित क्रांति का इतिहास 

    हरित क्रांति का इतिहास 1940 के दशक से जुड़ा है, जब अमेरिका ने मैक्सिको में कृषि प्रौद्योगिकी के विकास में मदद के लिए एक वैज्ञानिक अभियान शुरू किया। उच्च उपज वाली किस्में (HYVs) इस नई तकनीक का मुख्य केंद्र थीं।  

    नॉर्वे में जन्मे और अमेरिका में कार्यरत कृषि वैज्ञानिक डॉ. नॉर्मन बोरलॉग ने बौनी किस्मों के गेहूं के ‘चमत्कारी बीज’ (HYV) का नवाचार किया।  

    1943 में, भारत ने दुनिया के सबसे भयानक खाद्यान्न संकट का सामना किया; बंगाल अकाल, जिसमें लगभग 40 लाख लोग भूख के कारण पूर्वी भारत में मारे गए।  

    1947 में स्वतंत्रता प्राप्ति के बाद भी 1967 तक सरकार मुख्य रूप से खेती के क्षेत्रों के विस्तार पर ध्यान केंद्रित करती रही। लेकिन जनसंख्या वृद्धि खाद्यान्न उत्पादन की तुलना में कहीं अधिक तेज गति से हो रही थी।  

    इसने उपज में वृद्धि के लिए तत्काल और कठोर कार्रवाई की आवश्यकता पैदा की। यह कार्रवाई हरित क्रांति के रूप में सामने आई।  

    भारत में हरित क्रांति की शुरुआत 1960 के दशक के अंत में हुई। हरित क्रांति 1967 से 1978 की अवधि के दौरान मुख्य रूप से पंजाब और हरियाणा के कुछ हिस्सों में कार्यान्वित हुई।  

    इस चरण में हरित क्रांति केवल गेहूं और चावल पर केंद्रित थी। भारत के डॉ. एम.एस. स्वामीनाथन ने हरित क्रांति का नेतृत्व किया।  

    इसके विपरीत, 1980 के दशक में कृषि वृद्धि (हरित क्रांति की दूसरी लहर) में लगभग सभी फसलों को शामिल किया गया, जिसमें चावल भी था, और यह पूरे देश में फैल गई।

    हरित क्रांति के उद्देश्य  

    लघु अवधि: 

    हरित क्रांति का मुख्य उद्देश्य भारत की भूख की समस्या को हल करना था, विशेषकर दूसरे पंचवर्षीय योजना के दौरान।

    दीर्घकालिक:  

    इसका दीर्घकालिक उद्देश्य समग्र कृषि का आधुनिकीकरण था, जो ग्रामीण विकास, औद्योगिक विकास, बुनियादी ढांचे और कच्चे माल पर आधारित था।

    रोज़गार:  

    कृषि और औद्योगिक क्षेत्र दोनों में श्रमिकों को रोजगार प्रदान करना।

    वैज्ञानिक अध्ययन:  

    ऐसे मजबूत पौधों का उत्पादन करना जो अत्यधिक जलवायु और बीमारियों का सामना कर सकें।

    कृषि जगत का वैश्वीकरण: 

    प्रौद्योगिकी को गैर-औद्योगिक देशों में फैलाना और प्रमुख कृषि क्षेत्रों में कई कंपनियों की स्थापना करना।

    हरित क्रांति की मुख्य विशेषताएं 

    उच्च उपज वाली किस्में (HYVs):  

    ये आनुवंशिक रूप से संशोधित बीज होते हैं, जो सामान्य फसलों की तुलना में 2 से 3 गुना अधिक उपज दे सकते हैं।  

    यह बौनी किस्म होती है, जिसका घना छत्र होता है और इसे अधिक पानी, रासायनिक उर्वरक, कीट और खरपतवार से सुरक्षा की आवश्यकता होती है क्योंकि यह बहुत नाजुक होती है।  

    यह फसल की मिट्टी की तैयारी जैसे गतिविधियों की भी मांग करती है। इसकी छोटी उत्पादन अवधि होती है, जिससे कम समय में अधिक उत्पादन संभव हो पाता है।

    सिंचाई सुविधाएं:  

    1960 में कुल सिंचित क्षेत्र केवल 30 मिलियन हेक्टेयर था, और पूरे भारत में सिंचाई का विस्तार करना एक कठिन कार्य था।  

    ऋण आवश्यकताएं: 

    हरित क्रांति के लिए किसानों की जरूरतों को पूरा करने के लिए ग्रामीण ऋण और सूक्ष्म वित्त का एक मजबूत नेटवर्क आवश्यक था।  

    कृषि का व्यवसायीकरण:  

    फसलों के लिए न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्य (MSP) की शुरुआत ने किसानों को अधिक फसल उगाने का प्रोत्साहन दिया।  

    कृषि मशीनीकरण:

    फसल उत्पादन बढ़ाने के लिए कृषि मशीनीकरण की आवश्यकता थी।  

    कमान क्षेत्र विकास कार्यक्रम (CADP):  

    CADP की शुरुआत 1974 में हुई, जिसमें दो विधियाँ शामिल थीं:  

    – फार्म में विकास गतिविधियाँ: इसमें कृषि नहरों का निर्माण, जुताई, समतलीकरण, कली तैयार करना आदि शामिल हैं।  

    – फार्म के बाहर विकास गतिविधियाँ: इसमें सड़कों का निर्माण, ग्रामीण संपर्क, विपणन, परिवहन, संचार आदि शामिल हैं।  

    रासायनिक उर्वरकों का उपयोग: 

    भारतीय मिट्टी में नाइट्रोजन की कमी होती है, इसलिए 4:2:1 के मानक अनुपात में NPK उर्वरक का उपयोग किया गया, लेकिन वास्तविक अनुपात 3:8:1 था।  

    कीटनाशक, रोगनाशक और खरपतवारनाशक का उपयोग: 

    कीट, बीमारियों और खरपतवारों से फसलों की सुरक्षा के लिए कीटनाशकों और रोगनाशकों का उपयोग किया गया।  

    ग्रामीण विद्युतीकरण: 

    कृषि मशीनीकरण बढ़ाने के लिए ग्रामीण विद्युतीकरण एक पूर्व शर्त थी।  

    भूमि धारण और भूमि सुधार:

    भूमि धारण का मतलब भूमि का एकीकरण है, और भूमि सुधारों में बिचौलियों और जमींदारी व्यवस्था का उन्मूलन, किरायेदारी सुधार आदि शामिल हैं।  

    हरित क्रांति में महत्वपूर्ण फसलें:  

    मुख्य फसलें गेहूं, चावल, ज्वार, बाजरा और मक्का थीं।  

    नई रणनीति में खाद्यान्नों के अलावा अन्य फसलों को शामिल नहीं किया गया।  

    गेहूं कई वर्षों तक हरित क्रांति की मुख्य धुरी बना रहा।

    भारत में हरित क्रांति के चरण 

    (1) हरित क्रांति का पहला चरण (1965-66 से 1980)  

    भारत को तत्काल खाद्य आपूर्ति और खाद्यान्न उत्पादन में आत्मनिर्भरता की सख्त आवश्यकता थी। गेहूं क्रांति मेक्सिको, मिस्र जैसे विभिन्न तीसरी दुनिया के देशों में सफल रही थी।  

    हरित क्रांति का पहला चरण न केवल फसल विशेष था बल्कि क्षेत्र विशेष भी था, क्योंकि:  

    – पंजाब में कृषि अवसंरचना अच्छी तरह से विकसित थी, जबकि हरियाणा और पश्चिमी उत्तर प्रदेश ने अपनी निकटता का लाभ उठाया, जहां सिंचाई सुविधाएं आसानी से विस्तारित की जा सकती थीं।  

    – यह क्षेत्र प्राकृतिक आपदाओं से मुक्त था।  

    यह चरण IADP और IAAP कार्यक्रमों के साथ प्रयोगात्मक रूप से शुरू हुआ, लेकिन मुख्य पहल 1965-66 की वार्षिक योजना के दौरान HYV कार्यक्रम था।  

    1974 में कमांड एरिया डेवलपमेंट प्रोग्राम के साथ हरित क्रांति को फिर से महत्व दिया गया।  

    1950-51 में खाद्यान्न उत्पादन केवल 25 मिलियन टन था और 1965-66 में यह 33 मिलियन टन था। 1980 में यह 100 मिलियन टन तक पहुंच गया, जो 10 वर्षों में तीन गुना वृद्धि थी।  

    यह चरण मुख्य रूप से गेहूं उत्पादन पर केंद्रित था, जो 5 वर्षों में 2.5 गुना बढ़ा। इसे हरित क्रांति कहा गया।  

    इसने भारत को खाद्यान्न उत्पादन में आत्मनिर्भरता प्रदान की, और कुपोषण, अकाल, गरीबी और भुखमरी की घटनाओं को कम किया। भारत “भिखारी का कटोरा” की छवि से सफलतापूर्वक बाहर आ गया।

    (2) हरित क्रांति का दूसरा चरण (1980-1991)  

    छठी और सातवीं पंचवर्षीय योजना के दौरान, गीली कृषि (मुख्य रूप से चावल) पर ध्यान केंद्रित किया गया।  

    पहले चरण में चावल उत्पादन केवल 1.5 गुना बढ़ा था। ऐसे क्षेत्र जिनमें 100 सेमी से अधिक वर्षा होती थी, जैसे पश्चिम बंगाल, बिहार, पूर्वी उत्तर प्रदेश, असम, तटीय मैदानों को लक्षित किया गया।  

    इस चरण में आंशिक सफलता मिली, और कृष्णा-गोदावरी डेल्टा और कावेरी बेसिन ने अपेक्षित परिणाम दिए। पश्चिम बंगाल और बिहार ने भी उत्पादन में वृद्धि दिखाई।  

    हालांकि, चावल की उत्पादकता की पूरी क्षमता को संस्थागत कारकों जैसे भूमि सुधार, किरायेदारी आदि के कारण महसूस नहीं किया जा सका।  

    किसानों की पारंपरिक सोच भी हरित क्रांति के दूसरे चरण की सफलता में एक प्रमुख बाधक थी।

    (3) हरित क्रांति का तीसरा चरण (1991-2003) 

    आठवीं और नौवीं पंचवर्षीय योजना के दौरान, शुष्क भूमि कृषि पर ध्यान केंद्रित किया गया, और कपास, तिलहन, दालें, बाजरा आदि में उच्च उपज वाली किस्में (HYV) पेश की गईं। इस चरण को आंशिक सफलता मिली।  

    उप-आर्द्र और अर्ध-शुष्क क्षेत्रों की स्थिति में सुधार के लिए एकीकृत जलग्रहण प्रबंधन कार्यक्रम (IWMP) शुरू किया गया।  

    हालांकि, यह केवल नर्मदा-तापी दोआब, तुंगभद्रा बेसिन और भीमा-कृष्णा बेसिन में ही कुछ हद तक सफल रहा।  

    नौवीं योजना के अंत के बाद, सरकारी नीतियों के दृष्टिकोण में एक मौलिक बदलाव आया।  

    हरित क्रांति वाले क्षेत्रों में पारिस्थितिकीय प्रभावों के कारण, कृषि पारिस्थितिकी, संरक्षण विधियों और सतत विकास पर आधारित संतुलित कृषि वृद्धि की नई अवधारणा (10वीं योजना) सामने आई।  

    पूरे कृषि क्षेत्र को लक्षित किया गया, और इसे ‘इंद्रधनुष क्रांति’ के रूप में जाना जाता है।  

    इंद्रधनुष क्रांति की प्रक्रिया 1980 के दशक में पीली क्रांति (तिलहन), नीली क्रांति (मत्स्यपालन), श्वेत क्रांति (दूध, 1970 के दशक में), ब्राउन क्रांति (उर्वरक) और सिल्वर क्रांति (कुक्कुट पालन) के साथ संबद्ध थी।  

    11वीं योजना में, इस विचार को संतुलित वृद्धि के साथ सतत कृषि तक बढ़ाया गया, जिसे समावेशी वृद्धि कहा जाता है।

    भारत में हरित क्रांति का प्रभाव  

    फसल उत्पादन में भारी वृद्धि: 

    1978-79 में 131 मिलियन टन अनाज उत्पादन हुआ, जिससे भारत दुनिया के सबसे बड़े कृषि उत्पादक देशों में से एक बन गया।  

    खाद्यान्न आयात में कमी: 

    भारत खाद्यान्न में आत्मनिर्भर हो गया और केंद्रीय भंडार में पर्याप्त स्टॉक था। समय-समय पर भारत खाद्यान्न निर्यात करने की स्थिति में भी था। प्रति व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न की शुद्ध उपलब्धता भी बढ़ी।  

    किसानों को लाभ:  

    हरित क्रांति ने किसानों की आय के स्तर को बढ़ाने में मदद की। किसानों ने अपनी अधिशेष आय का उपयोग कृषि उत्पादकता में सुधार के लिए किया।  

    विशेष रूप से बड़े किसानों को इस क्रांति का लाभ मिला, जिन्होंने HYV बीज, उर्वरक, मशीनरी आदि जैसे विभिन्न इनपुट्स में भारी निवेश किया।  

    इसने पूंजीवादी कृषि को भी बढ़ावा दिया और कृषि में अधिशेष उत्पन्न किया, जिससे इसका व्यवसायीकरण हुआ।  

    औद्योगिक विकास:  

    हरित क्रांति से बड़े पैमाने पर कृषि मशीनीकरण हुआ, जिससे ट्रैक्टर, हार्वेस्टर, थ्रेशर, डीजल इंजन, इलेक्ट्रिक मोटर, पंप सेट आदि जैसी विभिन्न मशीनों की मांग बढ़ी।  

    रासायनिक उर्वरक, कीटनाशक, रोगनाशक, खरपतवारनाशक की मांग भी काफी बढ़ी।  

    कई कृषि उत्पादों का उपयोग कृषि आधारित उद्योगों में कच्चे माल के रूप में किया गया।  

    कृषि प्रसंस्करण उद्योगों और खाद्य प्रसंस्करण उद्योगों के विकास ने टियर- II/III शहरों का औद्योगिकीकरण किया और शहरीकरण की दर में वृद्धि हुई।  

    ग्रामीण रोजगार:  

    हरित क्रांति के कारण कई फसलों और उर्वरकों के उपयोग के कारण श्रम शक्ति की मांग में उल्लेखनीय वृद्धि हुई।  

    इसने न केवल कृषि श्रमिकों के लिए बल्कि औद्योगिक श्रमिकों के लिए भी रोजगार के कई अवसर पैदा किए, जैसे कि फैक्ट्रियों और जलविद्युत स्टेशनों की स्थापना।  

    हरित क्रांति ने भूख और अकाल को समाप्त करने में मदद की।  

    इसने ग्रामीण बुनियादी ढांचे के विकास को भी बढ़ावा दिया, जो हरित क्रांति की पूर्व शर्त थी।

    भारत में हरित क्रांति के नकारात्मक प्रभाव 

    सीमित खाद्यान्न पर ध्यान केंद्रित करना:  

    हालाँकि गेहूं, चावल, ज्वार, बाजरा और मक्का जैसी फसलों को हरित क्रांति से लाभ हुआ, लेकिन अन्य फसलें जैसे कि मोटे अनाज, दालें और तिलहन इसके दायरे में नहीं आईं।  

    व्यावसायिक फसलें जैसे कपास, जूट, चाय और गन्ना भी लगभग अनछुई रही।  

    HYVP का सीमित कवरेज: 

    उच्च उपज वाली किस्मों का कार्यक्रम (HYVP) केवल पांच फसलों तक सीमित था: गेहूं, चावल, ज्वार, बाजरा और मक्का।  

    आर्थिक प्रभाव: 

    – व्यक्तिगत अंतर: अलग-अलग स्थानों पर आय में अंतर के कारण व्यक्तियों के बीच भेदभाव बढ़ा।  

    – क्षेत्रीय अंतर: फसल उत्पादन में अंतर के कारण पश्चिमी उत्तर प्रदेश और पूर्वी उत्तर प्रदेश के बीच अंतर बढ़ा।  

    – राज्य स्तर पर अंतर: 1960 में पंजाब और बिहार दोनों राज्यों का फसल उत्पादन समान था, लेकिन हरित क्रांति के कारण 1990 तक इन दोनों राज्यों के बीच उत्पादन में बड़ा अंतर आ गया।  

    – ऋण जाल: अनौपचारिक ऋण सेवाओं की वृद्धि के कारण श्रमिकों और किसानों को ऋण के जाल में फंसने की समस्या उत्पन्न हुई।  

    रासायनिक उपयोग का अत्यधिक प्रयोग: 

    हरित क्रांति ने पेस्टिसाइड्स और सिंथेटिक नाइट्रोजन उर्वरकों के बड़े पैमाने पर उपयोग को बढ़ावा दिया।  

    हालाँकि, किसानों को इनकी उच्च जोखिम वाली उपयोगिता के बारे में कोई जानकारी नहीं दी गई, जिससे फसलों को नुकसान हुआ और पर्यावरण एवं मिट्टी प्रदूषण की समस्या बढ़ी।  

    जल का अत्यधिक उपयोग:  

    हरित क्रांति के दौरान उगाई गई फसलें जल की अधिक खपत करने वाली थीं।  

    मिट्टी और फसल उत्पादन पर प्रभाव:  

    बार-बार फसल चक्रीकरण के कारण मिट्टी के पोषक तत्व समाप्त हो गए।  

    नई किस्मों के बीजों की जरूरत को पूरा करने के लिए उर्वरकों का उपयोग बढ़ा, जिससे मिट्टी के pH स्तर में वृद्धि हुई।  

    रासायनिक उर्वरकों के कारण मिट्टी में फायदेमंद सूक्ष्मजीव नष्ट हो गये, जिससे उपज में गिरावट आई।  

    सामाजिक प्रभाव:

    – ग्रामीण भूमिहीनता में वृद्धि: छोटे और सीमांत किसान भूमि विहीन हो गए और कृषि श्रमिक बन गए, जिससे ग्रामीण गरीबी और स्वास्थ्य समस्याएं बढ़ीं।  

    – मशीनीकरण के कारण बेरोजगारी: कृषि मशीनीकरण के कारण रोजगार के अवसर घटे।  

    – पितृसत्तात्मक संरचना की मजबूती: महिलाओं के खिलाफ भेदभाव, भ्रूण हत्या, दहेज प्रथा में वृद्धि हुई।  

    स्वास्थ्य पर प्रभाव: 

    रासायनिक उर्वरकों और पेस्टिसाइड्स का बड़े पैमाने पर उपयोग (जैसे फॉस्फामिडोन, मेथोमिल, फोरेट, ट्रियाज़ोफोस, और मोनोक्रोटोफोस) ने कई गंभीर स्वास्थ्य समस्याओं को जन्म दिया, जिनमें कैंसर, गुर्दे की विफलता, मृत बच्चे और जन्म दोष शामिल हैं।

    निष्कर्ष  

    भारत में हरित क्रांति का उद्देश्य देश में खाद्यान्न की आत्मनिर्भरता हासिल करना था, जिसे सफलतापूर्वक प्राप्त किया गया है। अब इसे एक सतत कृषि पद्धति में परिवर्तित करना आवश्यक है।  

    इसके अलावा, हरित क्रांति को कहीं अधिक व्यापक क्षेत्र में लागू किया जा सकता है और इसे हरित क्रांति से “सर्वकालिक क्रांति” (Evergreen Revolution) में बदलने की आवश्यकता है।  

    यह कृषि में वही वैज्ञानिक क्रांति थी जिसे औद्योगिक देशों ने पहले ही अपना लिया था, और भारत ने इसका सफल रूप से अनुकूलन और हस्तांतरण किया।  

    हालाँकि, खाद्य सुरक्षा सुनिश्चित करने के अलावा पर्यावरण, गरीब किसानों की स्थिति, और उनके लिए रासायनिक उपयोग के बारे में शिक्षा जैसे अन्य महत्वपूर्ण पहलुओं की उपेक्षा की गई।  

    आगे बढ़ने के लिए नीति निर्माताओं को गरीबों को अधिक सटीक रूप से लक्षित करना चाहिए ताकि वे नई तकनीकों से अधिक प्रत्यक्ष लाभ प्राप्त कर सकें, और ये तकनीकें पर्यावरणीय दृष्टिकोण से भी अधिक सतत होनी चाहिए।

  • SC upholds Section 6A of Citizenship Act as valid

    Why in the News?

    On October 17, 2024, political parties widely welcomed the Supreme Court’s decision upholding Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, addressing citizenship under the Assam Accord.

    What is Section 6A?

    • Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, added in 1985, grants citizenship to immigrants in Assam who entered between January 1, 1966, and March 25, 1971, under the Assam Accord provisions.

    What are the implications of upholding Section 6A for citizenship in Assam?

    • Legal Recognition of the Assam Accord: The verdict reinforces the Assam Accord’s legal status, acknowledging the cut-off date of March 25, 1971, for granting citizenship to immigrants. This solidifies the Accord’s role as a foundational legal document addressing the state’s citizenship issues.
    • Clarifying Citizenship Status: The ruling provides legal clarity on the citizenship status of individuals who entered Assam between January 1, 1966, and March 25, 1971. They are granted citizenship if they comply with specific conditions, while those arriving post-1971 are deemed illegal immigrants.
    • Impact on the NRC Process: The decision may influence the National Register of Citizens (NRC) process in Assam by determining who is eligible for inclusion. The cut-off date could guide the verification of citizenship claims, potentially affecting those at risk of being declared stateless.

    How does this ruling interact with existing immigration laws and policies?

    • Consistency with the Foreigners Act: The ruling aligns with existing immigration policies under the Foreigners Act, where illegal immigrants are identified and potentially deported.
    • Implications for Deportation and Detection: The verdict mandates continued efforts to detect and deport illegal immigrants who arrived post-March 25, 1971.
      • This may intensify identification and deportation processes, requiring robust legal and administrative mechanisms.
    • Role in NRC and Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) Debate: The ruling interacts with ongoing discussions about the CAA, which grants citizenship to non-Muslim migrants from neighboring countries who entered before December 31, 2014.

    What are the broader constitutional implications of this decision?

    • Federalism and Regional Autonomy: The judgment upholds Assam’s unique historical and cultural context, recognizing the state’s special legal provisions under the Assam Accord.
    • Right to Equality and Non-discrimination: By validating different cut-off dates for citizenship determination in Assam compared to the rest of India, the ruling raises questions about equal treatment and the uniformity of laws across the country.
    • Judicial Endorsement of Accord-based Legislation: The ruling sets a precedent for upholding legislation based on historical accords or regional agreements.

    Way forward: 

    • Full Implementation of the Assam Accord: Ensure the complete execution of all clauses of the Accord, including detecting, deleting, and deporting illegal immigrants, while providing support to those recognized as citizens to integrate smoothly into society.
    • Strengthen Legal and Administrative Frameworks: Enhance the infrastructure for the NRC process, deportation mechanisms, and border management to maintain consistency in immigration policies, while addressing humanitarian concerns for affected individuals.
  • Climate change impact harsher on poorer farmers in India: FAO report

    Why in the News?

    On October 16, 2024, the FAO said that poor households around the world lose 5% of their income each year due to heat stress and 4.4% due to floods.

    About FAO: 

    • The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is indeed a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN), established to lead international efforts aimed at combating hunger and improving food security and nutrition globally.
    • It founded on October 16, 1945, FAO operates from its headquarters in Rome, Italy, and comprises 195 members, including 194 countries and the European Union.

    Key Objectives of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO):

    • Eradicate Hunger and Malnutrition: The FAO aims to eliminate hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition worldwide by promoting sustainable agricultural practices and increasing food availability.
    • Promote Sustainable Agriculture: The organization encourages sustainable management of natural resources and resilient agricultural systems to combat climate change and preserve biodiversity.
    • Reduce Rural Poverty: FAO works to improve the livelihoods of rural populations through economic development, social protection measures, and improved access to markets.
    • Enhance Food Systems: It focuses on improving food production, distribution, and consumption to ensure the global population has access to nutritious, safe, and affordable food.
    • Respond to Crises: The FAO assists countries in addressing food-related emergencies and building resilience against future shocks, such as natural disasters and conflicts.

    Key Highlights of the Present Report by FAO:

    • Economic Losses from Climate Stress: The report highlighted that poor households globally lose 5% of their income due to heat stress and 4.4% due to floods annually, compared to better-off households.
    • Impact on Rural Poor in India: It found that rural poor households in India are affected by climate stress differently, with reduced off-farm employment opportunities during droughts, forcing them to allocate more resources to agriculture.
    • Structural Inequalities: The report noted that poor households’ vulnerability to climate stressors is rooted in structural inequalities, calling for policy measures such as expanding social security.
    • Recommendations for Livelihood Support: Suggested scaling up anticipatory social protection programs and improving off-farm employment opportunities to reduce reliance on negative coping strategies.
    • Gender and Employment Barriers: The report urged addressing gender disparities in non-farm employment through gender-transformative approaches to tackle discriminatory norms.

    What is NITI Aayog’s Response?

    • Efforts to Combat Climate Change: NITI Aayog highlighted India’s proactive measures, such as the National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) project, which supports farmers’ adaptation to severe climate conditions.
    • Social Safety Nets: Emphasized India’s implementation of a nationwide employment guarantee scheme and extensive food distribution efforts during the pandemic as evidence of social protection measures.
    • Women’s Workforce Participation: Cited data from the Periodic Labour Force Surveys showing increased female participation in the workforce, indicating progress in addressing gender issues.
    • Open to FAO Suggestions: Acknowledged the value of considering the FAO’s recommendations for further policy improvement while emphasizing India’s existing initiatives.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Social Protection: Expand anticipatory social protection programs and climate-resilient agricultural practices to support vulnerable households, reducing income losses from climate stress.
    • Address Structural Inequalities: Enhance off-farm employment opportunities, tackle gender disparities, and implement policies targeting the root causes of vulnerability to climate-related risks.

More posts