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The Waqf (Amendment) Bill: Can Faith-Owned Land Be Governed Fairly?

Note4Students UPSC loves questions where law and society collide—especially when the Constitution, property rights, and minority institutions intersect. This article takes a complex issue—the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025—and makes it understandable. In past Mains papers, like the 2016 question on the 69th Amendment and Delhi’s federal tensions, UPSC has tested how well aspirants can balance… Continue reading

In news: Prime Ministers Museum and Library

Why in the News? The 47th Annual General Meeting (AGM) of the Prime Ministers’ Museum and Library (PMML) Society, chaired by the Prime Minister, was recently held. About the Prime Ministers’ Museum and Library (PMML) Overview: The PMML, earlier called the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (NMML), is located at Teen Murti House, just south… Continue reading

[23rd June 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Steering the Indian economy amidst global troubles

PYQ Relevance: [UPSC 2019] The economy is in a state of crisis due to global inflation. Critically examine whether this crisis and high inflation have left the Indian economy in good shape? Give reasons in support of your arguments. Linkage: This PYQ directly mentions a specific global economic “trouble” – global inflation – and asks… Continue reading

Why so many Indian students — especially from Kashmir — go to Iran for higher education

Why in the News? The recent Iran–Israel conflict has again revealed the weaknesses in India’s system of sending students abroad for medical education. Due to the conflict, India had to carry out emergency evacuations of its students from war zones, similar to what was done during the Ukraine crisis under Operation Ganga. Why do Indian… Continue reading

India trails in critical tech, particularly semiconductor tech

Why in the News? A new global index called the Critical and Emerging Technologies Index ranks 25 countries based on their strength in five key areas: AI, biotechnology, semiconductors, space, and quantum tech. India scored 15.2 overall, falling far behind top countries like the U.S., China, and those in Europe. What is the Critical and… Continue reading

AI: Can Innovation Survive Without Sustainability ?

N4S: This article connects two powerful forces shaping our future — Artificial Intelligence and energy sustainability. It dives deep into how AI, while revolutionising everything from healthcare to creativity, is also silently guzzling electricity at alarming rates (“Why AI Needs So Much Energy?”). In UPSC, questions from such topics often begin innocently (like the 2023… Continue reading

Places in news: Strait of Hormuz

Why in the News? Iran’s Parliament has approved a motion to block the Strait of Hormuz, raising concerns worldwide. About the Strait of Hormuz: Geographic Location: The Strait of Hormuz is a narrow waterway that connects the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman and eventually to the Arabian Sea. Dimensions: It is about 167… Continue reading

Induction of INS Tamal

Why in the News? The Indian Navy is set to commission INS Tamal, a stealth multi-role frigate and the last warship commissioned outside India, on July 1, 2025, at Kaliningrad, Russia. About INS Tamal: Overview: It is the 8th Krivak-class and 2nd Tushil-class stealth frigate from Russia. Last to be imported: Final Indian Navy ship… Continue reading

11th International Yoga Day

Why in the News? Prime Minister led the celebrations for the 11th International Day of Yoga on 21st June. About International Day of Yoga: Celebration: The International Day of Yoga is observed annually on June 21 across the world since 2015, following a UN resolution in 2014. Proposed by India at UN: Prime Minister Narendra… Continue reading

[pib] Estimates Committee of Parliament

Why in the news? The Lok Sabha Speaker inaugurated the National Conference of Estimates Committees of Parliament and State/UT Legislative Bodies in Mumbai. About the Estimates Committee: Overview: The Estimates Committee is one of the 3 major financial standing committees of Parliament, along with the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) and the Committee on Public Undertakings… Continue reading

[21st June 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Lighting the spark in U.K.-India cultural relations

PYQ Relevance: [UPSC 2019] What makes Indian society unique in sustaining its culture? Discuss. Linkage: The article emphasizes India’s “deep cultural heritage” and states that India is “uniquely positioned to lead” in the creative economy, reaffirming a “shared creative spirit” with the UK. This question probes the underlying strengths and uniqueness of Indian culture that… Continue reading

Bridging the Tech Divide: Is India’s Private Sector Ready to Rival China ?

UPSC often frames questions that go beyond statistics and schemes. It asks for structured analysis and forward-looking suggestions—like in 2023, when it asked about the “status of digitalization” and “problems faced.” Aspirants usually list schemes or general trends but miss the deeper linkages—like how a cultural fear of failure delays innovation, or how India’s startup… Continue reading

How India ‘added’ more than 3,500 km to its coastline

Why in the News? India’s coastline has increased by about 48%, not because of new land but due to better digital mapping and updated measurements. It has grown from 7,516 km to 11,098 km, giving a clearer view of the country’s natural borders. What led to the increase in India’s measured coastline length? Use of… Continue reading

Explained: Significance of PM Modi’s Croatia visit, and India’s historic ties with the country

Why in the News? Prime Minister is visiting Croatia as part of his three-nation tour, which includes Cyprus and Canada. It is his first foreign trip since Operation Sindoor and the first-ever by an Indian PM to Croatia. Why is India’s PM’s visit to Croatia strategically important for India-Europe ties? First-Ever Visit Signals Diplomatic Priority:… Continue reading

Quantum 5G Fixed Wireless Access Broadband

Why in the News? BSNL announced the soft launch of Quantum 5G Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) broadband in Hyderabad. About Quantum 5G FWA: Overviews: It is India’s first SIM-less, fixed wireless access broadband service. Development: It delivers fibre-like internet over 5G radio and was developed entirely by Indian vendors under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative. How… Continue reading

PM Gram Sadak Yojana

Why in the News? The Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) asked states to add QR codes to Prime Minister Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) rural road boards to boost public monitoring and streamline upkeep via the eMARG platform. About PM Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY): Launch: It was launched on December 25, 2000, by then PM Atal… Continue reading

India’s First Epigraphical reference to Halley’s Comet found in Vijayanagar Period

Why in the News? The first Indian inscriptional reference to Halley’s Comet has been discovered on a copper plate dated 1456 CE, from the Vijayanagar Period. What does the inscription say? The inscription was found on a copper plate dated June 28, 1456 CE, during the Vijayanagar Empire, preserved at the Sri Mallikarjunaswamy temple in… Continue reading

IIT-D demonstrates Quantum Communication over 1 Km

Why in the News? The Defence Ministry announced a breakthrough as IIT-Delhi and DRDO scientists successfully demonstrated quantum communication over 1 km in free space. What is Quantum Communication? It is a new way of sending messages so safely that no one can secretly listen in. It uses the laws of quantum physics, especially something… Continue reading

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