The bilateral naval exercise INDRA 2025 between the Indian and Russian navies was held from 28 March to 02 April 2025.
About Exercise INDRA
INDRA is a biennial joint military exercise that began in 2003.
Over time, INDRA transformed into a tri-service exercise involving Army, Navy, and Air Force, making it more comprehensive and multifaceted.
Recent Editions of INDRA:
2021 (12th Edition): Held in Volgograd, Russia; Focused on counter-terrorism operations and enhancing operational synergy.
2023 (13th Edition): Conducted in the Bay of Bengal, India; Involved naval forces from both countries, enhancing maritime cooperation and joint operations.
2025 (14th Edition): It is being conducted in two phases: Harbour phase at Chennai and Sea phase in the Bay of Bengal.
Strategic Importance
The exercise reinforced jointmanship between the Indian and Russian forces, strengthening their ability to collaborate in maritime security operations.
It highlighted the shared commitment to upholding maritime order and promoting global peace and stability.
Best practices were exchanged, fostering a deeper understanding of each other’s operational doctrines and enhancing the capacity to respond effectively to contemporary maritime security challenges.
PM Modi has unveiled ‘MAHASAGAR’ (Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth Across Regions) during his March 2025 visit to Mauritius, outlining India’s expanded vision for security and development across the region.
About MAHASAGAR
Mahasagar is India’s expanded strategic vision aimed at enhancing security, trade, and development cooperation across the Global South.It builds on India’s SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) policy, which focused on the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
Three Core Pillars:
Trade for Development: Enhancing economic ties through technology-sharing and trade facilitation.
Capacity Building for Sustainable Growth: Supporting nations with infrastructure, education, and economic partnerships.
Mutual Security for a Shared Future: Strengthening regional security, maritime cooperation, and defense ties.
It seeks to address China’s expanding presence in the Indo-Pacific and Indian Ocean by promoting India-led cooperation models.It aims to position India as a champion of the Global South, amplifying their voice in global policymaking (e.g., G20, IORA, BRICS).
Mahasagar vs SAGAR (2015)
India’s SAGAR policy (2015) was a regional framework focused on maritime security and economic cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). Mahasagar broadens this vision to global engagement with the Global South.
Parameter
SAGAR (2015)
Mahasagar (2025)
Geographic Scope
Indian Ocean Region (IOR)
Global South, Indo-Pacific, Africa, Latin America
Focus Areas
Maritime security, economic ties, blue economy, regional stability
Trade-driven development, technology-sharing, capacity building, global security
Strategic Partnerships
Mauritius, Seychelles, Maldives, Sri Lanka, IOR countries
Expands to Africa, ASEAN, Latin America, Pacific Island Nations
Blue economy, infrastructure, trade corridors in IOR
Technology transfer, concessional loans, trade in local currencies
Diplomatic Strategy
Regional cooperation through IORA, BIMSTEC
Voice of the Global South in G20, BRICS, UN initiatives
Challenges in the Maritime Domain
Maritime security is increasingly complex, with a mix of traditional and emerging threats. These challenges can be broadly categorized into three areas: hard security threats, unconventional security risks, and governance issues.
1. Hard Security Challenges
Unconventional Tactics in Warfare – Countries are using unconventional methods, such as Ukraine’s drone attacks on Russia and China’s maritime militias in the South China Sea, making it difficult to respond effectively.
Grey-Zone Warfare – Tactics that blur the line between peace and conflict, like violating exclusive economic zones (EEZs), create legal and policy challenges. Example: The USA’s contested presence in disputed waters.
Combat Drones & Land Attack Missiles – The increasing use of drones for surveillance and potential strikes, along with missiles launched from sea-based platforms, has transformed modern naval threats.
2. Unconventional Security Risks
Illegal Fishing & Resource Exploitation – Foreign fishing fleets encroach on territorial waters, affecting marine ecosystems and local livelihoods. Example: Sri Lankan fishermen in Indian waters.
Marine Pollution – Oil spills, plastic waste, and industrial discharge threaten ocean health and biodiversity.
Trafficking & Smuggling – Maritime routes are used for human and drug trafficking, increasing regional instability.
Geopolitical Rivalries in the Indo-Pacific – The US-China rivalry often overshadows the concerns of smaller nations in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific, diverting resources from pressing security needs.
3. Challenges in Maritime Governance
Lack of Coordination Among Littoral States – Countries in Asia and Africa struggle to unite against maritime threats due to differing security priorities and enforcement capabilities. Example: ASEAN nations hesitating to confront China’s actions in the South China Sea.
Reluctance to Cooperate with Foreign Partners – Some nations prefer to avoid reliance on external assistance, weakening collaborative security measures.
Limited Information Sharing – Despite agreements, countries often share only minimal intelligence due to concerns over national security and sovereignty. Example: India and the USA have multiple agreements, but information exchange remains cautious.
Addressing these challenges requires stronger cooperation, better governance, and technological advancements to ensure a secure and stable maritime domain.
Way Forward for a Robust Maritime Neighbourhood Policy
To ensure a stable, secure, and cooperative maritime environment, India must adopt a multi-pronged approach that balances security, economic growth, environmental sustainability, and diplomatic engagement. The following steps can help shape an effective maritime neighbourhood policy:
1. Strengthening Regional Security Cooperation: Expand bilateral, trilateral, and multilateral collaborations through platforms like Quad, IORA, BIMSTEC, and IONS to enhance maritime security.
2. Enhancing Maritime Infrastructure & Connectivity: Invest in modernising port infrastructure and smart shipping corridors to boost trade and regional economic integration. Promote sustainable Blue Economy partnerships in fisheries, marine biotechnology, and deep-sea mining.
3. Promoting Sustainable & Inclusive Development: Implement stricter fisheries management agreements to prevent overfishing and protect coastal livelihoods.Encourage regional cooperation for tackling marine pollution and plastic waste in the Indian Ocean.
4. Strengthening Maritime Governance & Law Enforcement: Improve the capabilities of coast guards and maritime law enforcement agencies to combat non-traditional threats like trafficking and environmental crimes.Promote the adoption of a regional Code of Conduct based on UNCLOS, ensuring peaceful dispute resolution and responsible ocean governance.
5. Fostering Diplomatic Engagement & Strategic Partnerships: Balance power dynamics in the Indo-Pacific by deepening ties with smaller Indian Ocean nations (Sri Lanka, Maldives, Seychelles, Mauritius).
#BACK2BASICS: Maritime Neighbourhood of India
India’s maritime neighbourhood includes the countries and regions that share maritime boundaries or have strategic maritime linkages with India. These areas are significant for trade, security, and regional stability.
Key Regions in India’s Maritime Neighbourhood
1. Immediate Maritime Neighbours (Countries with direct maritime borders with India)
Sri Lanka (South of Tamil Nadu, separated by the Palk Strait)
Maldives (Southwest of India, near Lakshadweep)
Myanmar (Eastern maritime neighbour, Bay of Bengal)
Bangladesh (Northeastern maritime neighbour, Bay of Bengal)
Pakistan (Western maritime neighbour, Arabian Sea)
2. Extended Maritime Neighbours (Strategically important island nations & territories in the Indian Ocean)
Seychelles (Near India’s southwestern waters)
Mauritius (Deep in the Indian Ocean but a close partner of India)
Madagascar (Western Indian Ocean, near Africa)
Comoros & Réunion (French territory) (Further southwest in the Indian Ocean)
3. Strategic Waters & Regions (Vital for India’s maritime security and trade)
Bay of Bengal(Northeast of India, key for regional trade & security)
Arabian Sea(West of India, crucial for energy imports from the Middle East)
Indian Ocean Region (IOR)(Extends from Africa to Australia, vital for naval security & trade routes)
Strait of Malacca(A critical choke point for India’s trade & naval strategy, linking the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean via Southeast Asia)
Why is India’s Maritime Neighbourhood Important?
Trade & Connectivity: Over 90% of India’s trade by volume passes through these waters.
Security & Defense: Presence of Chinese naval activity, piracy, and smuggling threats in the Indian Ocean.
Diplomatic & Economic Ties: India engages with these nations through SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region), Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA), and Quad & Indo-Pacific strategies.
India’s Evolution of Maritime Neighbourhood Policy
– Deepening ties with ASEAN & island nations – Maritime security expansion
– 2008: Anti-piracy missions in the Gulf of Aden – 2011: Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS) launched
4. SAGAR & Indo-Pacific Strategy (2014–Present)
– SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) – Countering China’s influence in the Indian Ocean – Strengthening QUAD cooperation
– 2015: SAGAR doctrine announced – 2018: Logistics agreements with US, France, Australia – 2020: Stronger presence in Malacca Strait & Andaman-Nicobar – 2022: Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI) launched
5. MAHASAGAR: 2025 & Beyond
– Advanced Blue Economy – AI-driven Maritime Security – Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the Indian Ocean – Greater Indo-Pacific Naval Collaboration
– MAHASAGAR Initiative (2025): India’s maritime vision for economic and security dominance – AI-based maritime surveillance system – Expansion of deep-sea exploration & green shipping corridors – Strengthened cooperation with IORA, BIMSTEC, & QUAD
For a Maritime Neighbourhood Policy to be successful, six key elements must guide foreign policy:
Security & Defense – Strengthening naval cooperation, joint patrols, and tackling maritime threats like piracy and smuggling.
Economic & Trade Connectivity – Enhancing port infrastructure, promoting Blue Economy initiatives, and boosting regional trade.
Disaster Management & Climate Resilience – Developing joint disaster response frameworks, early warning systems, and humanitarian aid efforts.
Strategic Diplomacy – Engaging in regional forums, countering geopolitical threats, and strengthening ties with island nations.
Technology & Infrastructure Development – Expanding smart ports, undersea communication networks, and AI-driven maritime security.
India’s performance assessment
Policy Element
Performance
Challenges
Security Cooperation
– Naval Engagements: India has actively participated in joint naval exercises with countries like the U.S., Japan, and Australia, enhancing interoperability and regional security. – Counter-Piracy Operations: The Indian Navy has been instrumental in reducing piracy incidents in the Gulf of Aden since 2008.
– Chinese Naval Presence: China’s expanding naval activities in the Indian Ocean pose strategic challenges for India.
– Resource Constraints: Budgetary limitations have slowed India’s naval modernization efforts, impacting its ability to maintain a robust maritime presence.
Economic & Trade Connectivity
– Infrastructure Development: India has invested in port development projects, such as Chabahar in Iran, to enhance regional trade connectivity. – Blue Economy Initiatives: Collaborations with neighboring countries have been initiated to sustainably harness marine resources.
– Competing Chinese Investments: China’s Belt and Road Initiative has led to significant investments in neighboring countries, challenging India’s influence.
– Political Instability: Changes in neighboring countries’ leaderships, such as in Bangladesh and the Maldives, have affected bilateral economic projects.
Disaster Management & Climate Resilience
– HADR Operations: The Indian Navy has provided timely humanitarian assistance during natural disasters in the region, showcasing India’s commitment to regional stability. – Climate Initiatives: India has engaged in regional dialogues to address climate change impacts on maritime nations.
– Coordination Challenges: Aligning disaster response strategies with diverse neighboring countries requires continuous diplomatic efforts. – Resource Allocation: Balancing resources between defense and disaster management remains a challenge.
Strategic Partnerships & Diplomacy
– Regional Forums: India’s active participation in IORA and BIMSTEC has strengthened regional cooperation. – SAGAR Vision: The ‘Security and Growth for All in the Region’ doctrine has been well-received, promoting collective security.
– Shifting Alliances: Neighboring countries, like Nepal and the Maldives, have shown inclinations towards China, challenging India’s diplomatic influence. – Domestic Political Changes: Political transitions in neighboring countries can disrupt established diplomatic relations.
Sustainable Maritime Governance
– Fisheries Agreements: India has entered into agreements to promote sustainable fishing practices. – Marine Conservation: Initiatives have been launched to protect marine biodiversity in collaboration with neighbors.
– Illegal Fishing: Preventing unauthorized fishing activities remains a persistent issue. – Policy Implementation: Ensuring compliance with environmental regulations across borders is challenging.
Technology & Infrastructure Development
– Digital Initiatives: Steps have been taken to modernize port operations and enhance maritime surveillance through technology. – Defense Acquisitions: Procurement of advanced surveillance drones has bolstered maritime domain awareness.
– Technological Gaps: Rapid technological advancements require continuous upgrades, posing financial and logistical challenges. – Infrastructure Bottlenecks: Developing world-class maritime infrastructure is hindered by bureaucratic delays and funding constraints.
India’s maritime policy demonstrates proactive engagement in enhancing regional security, economic connectivity, and disaster response. However, challenges such as external geopolitical influences, internal resource constraints, and dynamic political landscapes necessitate adaptive strategies to uphold its maritime interests.
The Ministry of Ayush is implementing the Central Sector Scheme for Promotion of International Cooperation for AYUSH to enhance global recognition and development of AYUSH systems, including Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy.
About the Scheme
The scheme focuses on promoting AYUSH systems internationally, contributing to their global growth.
The scheme is announced on the AYUSH website, and applications are invited through open advertisements.
Proposals are screened by a committee and approved for financial assistance based on needs and activity limits.
Key Components of the Scheme:
International Exchange of Experts & Officers: Facilitates deputation of AYUSH experts for international conferences and training.
Incentives for Drug Manufacturers: Provides financial support for international propagation and product registration.
Market Development Support: Supports exhibitions, conferences, and market surveys for international market development.
Promotion through Young Postgraduates: Deploys young postgraduates to promote AYUSH abroad through NGOs.
Translation and Publication: Funds the translation and publication of AYUSH literature in foreign languages.
AYUSH Information Cells/Health Centres: Establishes AYUSH cells and health centers in foreign countries through Indian missions.
International Fellowship Programme: Offers fellowships to foreign nationals to study AYUSH courses in India.
Significance of Yoga and AYUSH in India’s International Outreach
The International Day of Yoga (IDY) was declared by the United Nations in 2014, with ₹161 crore spent on its promotion. IDY celebrations spread Yoga’s global message.
Yoga is now part of the National Curriculum Framework (NCF), making it compulsory for students from Class I to Class X.
The Yoga Certification Board (YCB) under the Ministry of Ayush certifies yoga professionals and accredits institutions, ensuring quality and standards in Yoga practice.
The Ministry of Ayush has signed 24 Country-to-Country MoUs and 51 Institute-to-Institute MoUs to promote Indian traditional medicine systems globally.
[UPSC 2024] Can India become a space power by solely relying on its indigenous technology, or is it imperative to forge technological alliances and collaborations with other nations to stay competitive in the global space race? Elaborate your views.
Linkage: India’s choice to partner with Starlink, a US-based network, over waiting for indigenous solutions or potentially partnering with China, illustrating the geopolitical considerations in space technology.
Mentor’s Comment: Many parts of India still lack fiber and mobile networks. Starlink’s tie-up with Airtel and Jio helps bring fast Internet to remote areas without big infrastructure costs. While good for business, it raises concerns about U.S. digital control. Starlink’s dominance, with 7,000 satellites, risks creating a monopoly and giving private firms major control over key infrastructure.
Today’s editorial analyzes Starlink’s tie-up with Airtel and Jio and its impact. This will help in GS paper 2 and GS Paper 3.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
It’s still unclear whether satellite Internet will help everyone get connected or just make the digital gap worse in a new way from space.
What are the economic and strategic benefits of India’s partnership with Starlink?
Bridging the Digital Divide: Enables high-speed internet access in rural, remote, and hilly areas where laying fiber-optic cables is difficult or expensive. Eg: Remote villages in Ladakh or Northeast India can access e-learning, telemedicine, and government services through satellite internet.
Cost-effective Infrastructure Expansion: Reduces the capital and operational costs for Indian telecom companies like Airtel and Jio, as satellite internet bypasses the need for expensive terrestrial infrastructure. Eg : Instead of building hundreds of towers in sparsely populated areas, Airtel can provide service using Starlink’s satellite network.
Strategic Geopolitical Alignment: Aligns India with the U.S.-led democratic digital alliance, distancing itself from authoritarian tech ecosystems like China’s GuoWang. Eg: Choosing Starlink over Chinese alternatives reflects India’s broader Indo-Pacific strategy of cooperation with like-minded nations.
Boost to Domestic Capability via Partnership Model: Collaborating through Indian partners (Airtel, Jio) offers regulatory oversight, scope for technology transfer, and growth of India’s tech ecosystem. Eg: Local data routing, domestic satellite ground stations, and service operations can help build technical capacity and expertise in India.
Strategic Communication Redundancy Enhances national security by providing backup communication systems during disasters or network blackouts. Eg: During natural calamities like cyclones or earthquakes, satellite internet can keep remote regions connected when ground networks fail.
Why is Starlink’s monopolistic control a concern, and how does it impact India?
Overdependence on a Foreign Private Entity: Reliance on Starlink gives a U.S.-based private firm significant control over India’s digital backbone in remote areas. Eg: If Starlink alters service terms or suspends access due to U.S. geopolitical interests, India’s connectivity in border or conflict zones could be compromised.
National Security Risks: Communication infrastructure operated from outside the country raises concerns over surveillance, data sovereignty, and wartime disruption. Eg: During the Russia-Ukraine war, Starlink restricted access to its services in conflict zones — India could face similar risks in sensitive areas like Jammu & Kashmir or Arunachal Pradesh.
Market Distortion and Limited Competition: Starlink’s first-mover advantage and satellite volume (~7,000 satellites) could outcompete smaller or local satellite internet ventures. Eg: Domestic players like ISRO’s satellite internet plans or private Indian firms may struggle to gain market share or scale up effectively.
Pricing Power and Affordability Issues: Monopoly allows Starlink to set high prices, making services unaffordable for large sections of rural and poor populations. Eg: Without competition or regulation, satellite internet packages may remain out of reach for rural schoolchildren or small farmers.
Reduced Technological Sovereignty: Long-term reliance may hinder India’s ability to develop indigenous alternatives, stalling progress toward digital self-reliance. Eg: Starlink dominance might delay ISRO’s or IN-SPACe’s efforts in launching Indian LEO satellite constellations.
Who are the key global players in satellite internet?
Player
Country
Project Name
Key Features
Example / Status
SpaceX
USA
Starlink
– Operates 7,000+ satellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
– Provides global broadband internet
– Services available in 70+ countries
– Partnerships with Airtel & Jio in India for rural access
China Satellite Network Group
China
GuoWang
– State-run project for national security & digital sovereignty
– Aims to deploy 13,000+ satellites
– Strategic focus on Indo-Pacific and Belt & Road countries
Amazon
USA
Project Kuiper
– Plans to deploy 3,000+ satellites
– Emerging competitor in global internet services
– FCC approved
– Aims to launch by 2026
– Focus on North America & developing markets
How does India’s choice of Starlink over indigenous or Chinese alternatives reflect its Indo-Pacific strategy?
Strategic Alignment with Democratic Partners: India’s preference for Starlink (a U.S.-based company) indicates alignment with democratic nations in the Indo-Pacific region. Eg: By avoiding Chinese alternatives like GuoWang, India reinforces its commitment to frameworks like Quad (India, U.S., Japan, Australia) that promote a free, open, and secure Indo-Pacific.
Countering China’s Digital Influence: India’s decision helps prevent Chinese technological dominance in Asia, especially in sensitive sectors like space and communication.Eg: Partnering with Starlink counters China’s Digital Silk Road ambitions and limits Beijing’s potential surveillance or control via GuoWang.
Enhancing Strategic Interoperability: Collaborating with U.S. technologies builds compatibility with partner nations’ digital and defense infrastructure. Eg: Starlink’s use in defense communication, as seen in Ukraine, could serve as a backup during emergencies in border regions like Ladakh or Arunachal Pradesh.
Economic Pragmatism and Speed: India needs fast, scalable connectivity. Starlink offers a quicker solution compared to long timelines for domestic capability development. Eg: Indigenous LEO satellite programs are still in nascent stages, while Starlink is already operational, helping bridge rural digital gaps.
Signal of Strategic Autonomy, Not Dependency: By routing Starlink through Indian firms like Jio and Airtel, India retains some control, showing a model of “managed dependency.” Eg: Unlike full foreign control, this hybrid model mirrors India’s “Act East” and “Neighbourhood First” policies that balance strategic autonomy with global partnerships.
What steps can ensure digital sovereignty? (Way forward)
Develop Indigenous Satellite Infrastructure: Investing in homegrown satellite constellations enhances strategic independence and reduces reliance on foreign networks.Eg: ISRO and private players like IN-SPACe can develop India’s own LEO satellite systems to serve rural and border areas.
Enforce Strong Regulatory Frameworks: Mandating data localization, technology transfer, and operational oversight ensures control over foreign tech operations. Eg: India can require local data storage and security vetting for Starlink services, similar to norms for other digital services.
Strengthen Public Sector Participation: Involving state-owned enterprises like BSNL in satellite internet rollouts can provide public oversight and reduce strategic vulnerabilities.Eg: Partnering Starlink with BSNL could combine reach and regulation, giving the government more control over critical infrastructure.
India faces lower U.S. tariffs than its rivals, making its exports more competitive. This can help expand market share and strengthen trade ties, possibly securing better terms through a future Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA).
Why did Trump impose “reciprocal tariffs” on countries like India?
Addressing Trade Deficits: Trump viewed large U.S. trade deficits as a national emergency and sought to correct them. Eg: India had a $30+ billion trade surplus with the U.S. in 2019, prompting higher tariffs.
High Tariffs by Trading Partners: Claimed that countries like India imposed higher tariffs on U.S. goods while enjoying low tariffs in return. Eg: India’s 52% tariff on U.S. goods (as per Trump’s claim) led to a 27% tariff on Indian exports.
Legal Justification Under IEEPA (1977): Used the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) to justify tariffs as a response to economic threats. Eg: Trump declared April 2 as “Liberation Day”, marking U.S. retaliation against trade imbalances.
Targeting Specific Sectors with Unfair Trade Practices: Accused India of protecting key industries with high tariffs and non-tariff barriers. Eg: India’s high tariffs on motorcycles (100% in 2017, later reduced to 30%) were cited as unfair.
Political Strategy for U.S. Domestic Industry: Aimed to protect American jobs and industries by reducing competition from low-cost imports. Eg: Tariffs targeted India’s gems, jewelry, and textiles sectors to favor U.S. producers.
Why was India’s response to the U.S. tariffs muted compared to others?
Ongoing Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) Talks: India was engaged in negotiations with the U.S. for a Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) and did not want to escalate tensions. Eg: The Commerce Ministry stated that India values its Comprehensive Global Strategic Partnership with the U.S. and remained committed to BTA discussions.
Lower Tariff Impact Compared to Regional Competitors: India’s 27% tariff penalty was lower than those imposed on Vietnam (46%), Thailand (37%), Bangladesh (37%), and Sri Lanka (44%), offering a slight comparative advantage. Eg: Indian exports faced less severe tariffs than competitors, reducing the immediate urgency for a retaliatory response.
Focus on Exploring New Trade Opportunities: Instead of retaliation, India sought to leverage shifting global trade patterns and assess how the tariffs might create new export opportunities. Eg: The Commerce Ministry stated that it was studying “opportunities that may arise due to this new development.”
Avoiding Direct Confrontation with a Key Strategic Partner: India prioritized maintaining strong diplomatic and strategic ties with the U.S., especially given their defense, geopolitical, and economic partnerships. Eg: Unlike China or the EU, which threatened countermeasures, India’s official statement was measured and non-confrontational.
Selective Impact on Indian Industries: While some sectors like gems and jewelry were hit hard, others, such as automobiles and auto parts, were not significantly affected, reducing the immediate urgency for a strong reaction. Eg: The Gems & Jewellery Export Promotion Council (GJEPC) called for a quick resolution but did not demand aggressive retaliation.
Which Indian sectors are most affected by the 27% U.S. tariff?
Gems & Jewelry Industry: The U.S. accounts for over 30% of India’s $32 billion annual gems and jewellery exports, making it the hardest-hit sector. Eg: The Gem & Jewellery Export Promotion Council (GJEPC) warned that sustaining India’s $10 billion export volume to the U.S. would be challenging.
Textile & Apparel Sector: India is a major exporter of textiles and garments to the U.S., and higher tariffs could reduce price competitiveness against rivals like Vietnam and Bangladesh. Eg: The tariff increase could lead to order cancellations or a shift in sourcing to lower-tariff countries.
Processed Food & Agricultural Exports: India exports rice, tea, spices, and processed food to the U.S., which are now subject to higher tariffs, making them more expensive for American consumers. Eg: Indian basmati rice and processed mango products could face a drop in demand due to higher costs.
How could India gain a comparative advantage? (Way forward)
Lower Tariff Impact Compared to Competitors: India’s 27% tariff is lower than Vietnam (46%), Thailand (37%), Bangladesh (37%), and Sri Lanka (44%), making Indian goods relatively cheaper in the U.S. market. Eg: Indian textile and leather exports could remain more competitive than those from Bangladesh or Vietnam.
Potential Market Share Expansion: Higher tariffs on regional competitors may shift U.S. import preferences toward India, increasing Indian exports in affected sectors. Eg: If Bangladesh’s apparel exports become too costly, U.S. buyers may turn to Indian manufacturers for sourcing.
Strengthened Trade Relations with the U.S: By maintaining a measured diplomatic response and continuing trade negotiations, India can secure long-term benefits through a Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA). Eg: A favorable BTA could lead to tariff reductions or exemptions for key Indian industries like pharmaceuticals and IT services.
Mains PYQ:
Question: How would the recent phenomena of protectionism and currency manipulations in world trade affect the macroeconomic stability of India? [UPSC 2022]
Linkage: The potential impact of protectionist measures (like tariffs) on India’s economy.
The removal of Sheikh Hasina in August 2024 has raised concerns about violence against Hindus in Bangladesh. Religious minorities in South Asia, especially India and Pakistan, are facing increasing challenges that have worsened since Partition.
What are the key factors contributing to the decline in the status of religious minorities in South Asia since Partition?
Majoritarian Nationalism & Religious Extremism: Rise of Hindutva politics in India, Islamization of laws in Pakistan, and political Islamization in Bangladesh have led to exclusionary policies and attacks on minorities. Eg: Pakistan’s blasphemy laws disproportionately target Christians, Hindus, and Ahmadis, often leading to mob violence.
Communal Violence & Targeted Persecution: Repeated riots, lynchings, and attacks on places of worship have created fear and displacement among minorities. Eg: The 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War saw mass violence against Hindus; attacks on Hindus during Durga Puja 2021 in Bangladesh highlight continued persecution.
Legal & Institutional Discrimination: Laws and policies systematically disadvantage minorities, restricting their rights to education, property, and political participation. Eg: India’s Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), 2019, excludes Muslims from fast-track citizenship; Pakistan’s separate electorate system (before 2002) marginalized minorities.
Political Instability & State Apathy: Changing political dynamics often leave minorities vulnerable to state inaction or deliberate neglect.Eg: The deposition of Sheikh Hasina in 2024 has led to increased violence against Hindus in Bangladesh, reflecting the role of political shifts in minority safety.
Cross-Border Tensions & Geopolitical Factors: Tensions between India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh over religious issues fuel polarization and hostility towards minorities. Eg:1992 Babri Masjid demolition in India led to retaliatory violence against Hindus in Pakistan and Bangladesh, worsening interfaith relations.
How did the Nehru-Liaquat Ali Pact aim to address minority concerns?
Protection of Minority Rights: The pact, signed in 1950, aimed to safeguard the rights of religious minorities in India and Pakistan, ensuring security, freedom of movement, and non-discrimination. Eg: It assured that minorities in both countries could practice their religion freely without fear of persecution.
Creation of Minority Commissions & Legal Safeguards: Both nations agreed to set up Minority Commissions to address grievances and ensure the implementation of protective measures. Eg: The pact led to the establishment of a Branch Secretariat of the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) in Calcutta to monitor the situation.
Prevention of Forced Migration & Refugee Crisis Management: The pact sought to reduce communal tensions and prevent forced migration by ensuring the safety of minorities in both countries. Eg: It aimed to halt mass population exchanges, which were being considered by leaders like Sardar Patel in response to escalating refugee crises.
What were its limitations?
Failure to Prevent Long-Term Religious Persecution: Despite assurances, violence against religious minorities continued in both India and Pakistan, undermining the pact’s effectiveness. Eg: Large-scale anti-Hindu riots in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in 1950 and later events like the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War led to mass Hindu migration to India.
Lack of Strong Enforcement Mechanisms: The pact lacked binding enforcement mechanisms, relying on political goodwill rather than legal obligations, making it difficult to sustain over time. Eg: The Minority Commissions proposed under the pact had limited authority, leading to weak implementation and minimal impact on ground realities.
What are the implications of political developments in Bangladesh on India-Bangladesh relations?
Increased Strain Due to Minority Persecution: Rising violence against Hindus in Bangladesh creates diplomatic tensions, as India sees itself as a protector of South Asian Hindus. Eg: Attacks on Hindu temples and communities after Sheikh Hasina’s deposition in 2024 have led to concerns in India about the safety of minorities.
Security Concerns & Border Management: Political instability in Bangladesh can lead to illegal migration, cross-border insurgency, and smuggling, affecting India’s internal security. Eg: India has strengthened border security along the India-Bangladesh border to curb illegal immigration and Rohingya refugee movements.
How can South Asian nations develop a more inclusive framework to protect religious minorities and promote regional stability? (Way forward)
Strengthen Legal & Institutional Safeguards: Implement strict anti-discrimination laws and establish independent minority rights commissions to monitor violations. Eg: India’s National Commission for Minorities (NCM) works to safeguard minority rights, but a regional body could ensure cross-border protection.
Promote Regional Cooperation & Crisis Response: Develop joint mechanisms for refugee protection, minority safety, and early conflict resolution. Eg: The SAARC framework could be expanded to include a South Asian Minority Rights Charter, ensuring accountability.
Ensure Socio-Economic Inclusion: Invest in education, employment, and political participation programs for minority communities. Eg: Bangladesh’s Ashrayan Project provides housing to marginalized groups, a model that can be scaled regionally.
Mains PYQ:
Question: The protests in Shahbag Square in Dhaka in Bangladesh reveal a fundamental split in society between the nationalists and Islamic forces. What is its significance for India? [UPSC 2013]
Linkage: The significant socio-political event in Bangladesh and asks about its implications for India. The underlying tensions between nationalist and religious forces, are crucial for understanding the context of minority issues in Bangladesh.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming industries worldwide, but in India, it’s also creating new challenges—especially for IT services and consulting firms. As AI regulations evolve, businesses must navigate complex legal and compliance issues that could impact their competitiveness in the global market.
Recently, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) issued an advisory to major platforms, setting new guidelines for the regulation of generative AI.
About the Advisory
The advisory primarily targets large platforms and does not apply to startups.
MeitY stipulated that platforms must explicitly seek permission from the government to operate in India and provide disclaimers and disclosures indicating that their platforms are under testing.
All platforms ensure their computer resources do not permit bias, discrimination, or threats to the integrity of the electoral process through the use of AI, generative AI, large-language models (LLMs), or similar algorithms.
However, Big Tech firms building apps on AI will need to label their models as “under testing”, which experts say is subjective and vaguely defined.
Key Challenges and Opportunities
Competitive Pressures: India is in a three-way race with Silicon Valley and China, facing rigorous competition to maintain its position in AI technologies.
Regulatory Concerns: The fear is that stringent regulations could stifle innovation and affect India’s competitiveness, similar to EU’s strict regulatory approach versus the US’s more lenient stance.
AI Adoption Issues: Major concerns include job losses, algorithmic discrimination, and misinformation like “deepfakes” that destabilize political processes.
Regulatory Landscape in India
Regulation/Policy
Key Provisions
Limitations/Remarks
Information Technology Act, 2000
Legal recognition for electronic transactions, data protection, and cybersecurity.
Lacks specific AI-related provisions; does not address AI-generated content or biases.
IT Act & IT Rules, 2011
Includes Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules.
Set to be replaced by the Digital India Act, 2023, which is expected to include AI-related regulations.
Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code), 2021
Regulates social media, OTT platforms, and digital news media.
No direct mention of AI, but relevant for AI-generated content and misinformation.
Government Advisories on AI and Large Language Models (March 2024)
Requires MeitY approval for significant AI platforms before deployment. Introduces labeling for unreliable AI models, user notifications for inaccuracies, and deep fake detection.
Exemptions for startups and smaller platforms; primarily focused on AI safety but lacks comprehensive governance mechanisms.
Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDP), 2023
Regulates data collection, storage, and processing.
No specific provisions for AI-related challenges like algorithmic bias or AI accountability.
Principles for Responsible AI (2021)
Establishes seven core principles: Safety, reliability, inclusivity, non-discrimination, privacy, transparency, accountability, and human values. Encourages government-private sector collaboration.
Non-binding; serves as broad ethical guidance rather than enforceable regulation.
National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2018) – #AIFORALL
Focuses on AI applications in healthcare, education, agriculture, smart cities, and transport. Recommends high-quality datasets and legal frameworks for cybersecurity.
A foundational document but lacks enforceable regulatory mechanisms.
Draft National Data Governance Framework Policy (2022)
Modernizes government data management; aims to support AI-driven research and startups with a comprehensive dataset repository.
Still in draft stage; unclear how effectively it will integrate AI governance.
Challenges in Regulating AI
AI is transforming industries but also exposing gaps in India’s legal framework by the following ways:
1. Privacy and Data Protection Issues
AI systems collect and analyze massive amounts of personal data, often without proper safeguards, putting citizens’ privacy at risk. While the Digital Personal Data Protection Act (2023) is a step forward, it lacks strong enforcement, especially in areas like AI-powered surveillance.
Facial Recognition Concerns: Hyderabad’s police use facial recognition under the Smart Policing Mission, raising fears of mass surveillance.
Cybersecurity Gaps: India ranked second globally in cyberattacks (PwC 2022), yet 40% of Indian firms using AI lack proper data security (NASSCOM, 2023).
2. Bias and Discrimination in AI Decisions
AI often reinforces existing biases because it learns from flawed datasets. This leads to unfair outcomes in hiring, lending, and policing, contradicting India’s constitutional principles of equality.
Hiring Bias: AI recruitment tools in India have been found to filter out female candidates for tech roles.
Global Example: Amazon scrapped its AI hiring tool in 2018 for being biased against women, yet similar biased systems may still be in use in India.
3. Intellectual Property (IP) Conflicts
AI is blurring the lines of ownership in creative works, leading to legal confusion.
Copyright Issues: India’s Copyright Act (1957) only recognizes human-created works, meaning AI-generated content isn’t protected under copyright law.
Artists at Risk: The Andersen v. Stability AI Ltd. case highlights how artists struggle with unclear copyright protections against AI-generated replicas of their work.
4. Job Losses and Labor Law Challenges
AI-driven automation could worsen unemployment and increase economic inequality. Unfortunately, India’s labor laws (Four Labour Codes) do not address AI-driven job displacement.
Risk to Workers: A McKinsey report suggests AI could replace up to 60 million jobs in India’s manufacturing sector by 2030, particularly in textiles and electronics.
5. National Security Risks
AI is being misused for cyberattacks, deep fakes, and misinformation, threatening India’s security and democratic processes.
Election Manipulation: Deep-fake videos were used in the 2024 Lok Sabha elections to spread misinformation.
Cyber Threats: India saw a 15% rise in cyberattacks in 2023, but lacks AI-specific cybersecurity laws, leaving banking and defense sectors vulnerable.
6. Ethics and Accountability Concerns
AI is being used in critical areas like healthcare and law enforcement, but there are no clear rules on who is accountable when AI makes errors.
Healthcare Risks: A JAMA study found that AI biases reduced doctors’ diagnostic accuracy by 11.3 percentage points, raising concerns about reliance on flawed AI predictions.
7. Environmental Impact
AI models require massive computing power, leading to high energy consumption and increased carbon emissions.
Energy Use: Training a large AI model like ChatGPT-3 consumes 10 gigawatt-hours (GWh) of electricity, worsening India’s environmental challenges.
No Green AI Laws: India lacks regulations to enforce sustainable AI practices, conflicting with its climate commitments.
AI is advancing rapidly, but India’s laws are struggling to keep up. Stronger regulations are needed to protect privacy, prevent biases, secure jobs, and address environmental concerns while ensuring AI benefits everyone.
The Way Forward: Ensuring Responsible AI Regulation
To navigate the challenges posed by AI while fostering innovation, India must adopt a balanced approach that combines regulation, collaboration, and investment. Here’s how:
Global AI Standards: Countries should work towards the universal adoption of the Bletchley Declaration, which promotes safe and ethical AI use.
Clear and Flexible Regulations: Governments need to create comprehensive laws covering data privacy, algorithm transparency, accountability, and bias prevention to ensure responsible AI deployment.
International Cooperation: Since AI impacts the world at large, global collaboration is essential. Initiatives like the G7 Hiroshima AI Process (HAP) can help align ethical AI standards across nations.
Industry Self-Regulation: AI companies should take responsibility for ethical AI use, ensuring fairness, transparency, and security in their applications.
Investment in AI Research & Education: Governments, academic institutions, and industries must fund AI research and train a workforce that can tackle AI-related challenges, ensuring sustainable growth in the sector.
India needs to pursue a path that aligns with its national interests, focusing on rapid AI adoption and supporting open-source and other alternatives. The goal is to ensure that AI regulations do not hinder India’s ability to maintain its global IT leadership.
#BACK2BASICS: INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS FOR AI
The UN General Assembly (UNGA) adopted a landmark resolution on the promotion of “safe, secure and trustworthy” Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems.
Key highlights of the UNGA Resolution on Artificial Intelligence
Calls for same rights at offline and online and “to govern technology rather than let it govern us”.
Resolves to bridge the artificial intelligence and other digital divides between and within countries.
Supports regulatory and governance approaches by encouraging Member States and stakeholders from all regions to develop safe, secure and trustworthy artificial intelligence.
Emphasizes on Human Rights Protection throughout the life cycle of artificial intelligence systems.
Encourages private sector to adhere to applicable international and domestic laws in line with the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights.
Calls for continued discussion on AI governance so that international approaches keep pace with the evolution of AI system, promote inclusive research, mapping and analysis etc.
Other International Regulatory frameworks for AI
European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act: It defines 4 levels of risk for AI systems- Unacceptable risk, High-risk, Specific Transparency risk and Minimal risk.
Aims to ensure that rights, rule of law and environment are protected from high risk AI.
Aims to tackle racial and gender bias through training of AI with sufficiently representative datasets.
China’s Model: Prompts AI tools and innovation with safeguards against any future harm to the nation’s social and economic goals
Focuses on content moderation, personal data protection, and algorithmic governance.
UK’s approach: It has adopted a cross-sector and outcome-based framework for regulating AI with core principles of safety, security and robustness, transparency and accountability, and governance etc.
Framework has not been codified into law for now, but the government anticipates the need for targeted legislative interventions in the future.
Balances innovation and safety by applying the existing technology neutral regulatory framework to AI.
AI & Digital Hub will be launched as a multi-regulator advisory service to help innovators navigate multiple legal and regulatory obligations.
Other Steps taken to promote AI Globally
Bletchley Declaration for AI: It was signed by 29 countries including United States, China, Japan, United Kingdom, France, and India, and the European Union.
Objective: To address the risks and responsibilities involved in AI comprehensively
“Frontier AI” has been defined in the declaration as “highly capable foundation generative AI models that could possess dangerous capabilities that can pose severe risks to public safety”.
Hiroshima AI Process (HAP) by G7 to regulate AI: It aims to promote safe, secure, and trustworthy AI. Hiroshima AI Process Comprehensive Policy Framework presents-
Hiroshima Process International Guiding Principles for All AI Actors and
Hiroshima Process International Code of Conduct for Organizations Developing Advanced AI Systems
Key Issues Related to Artificial Intelligence (AI) in India
Issue
Description
Example
Job Displacement and Skill Gap
AI is automating routine jobs, leading to job losses. Workers need advanced digital skills to stay relevant.
NASSCOM (2023): 69% of Indian tech workers need to upskill in AI and machine learning to remain employable.
Algorithmic Bias and Ethical Concerns
AI can reflect societal biases, leading to discrimination in hiring, lending, and public services.
UPSC (2023): AI-based screening allegedly disadvantaged candidates from marginalized backgrounds in preliminary exams.
Misinformation and Deepfake Threats
AI-generated deepfakes and misinformation threaten public trust, security, and elections.
Lok Sabha Elections (2024): Deepfake videos of political leaders spread on social media, raising concerns about election manipulation.
Regulatory Uncertainty and Compliance Costs
The absence of a unified AI policy creates legal confusion, making compliance costly for startups.
Indian App Developers (2023): Filed a complaint against Google with the CCI for restrictive AI-related practices on the Play Store.
Global Competitiveness and Innovation Lag
Over-regulation and high compliance costs could slow AI innovation, making India less competitive.
Stanford AI Index (2023): China attracted 4x more AI funding than India, limiting India’s global AI leadership.
Privacy and Data Security Risks
AI systems collect and analyze vast amounts of personal data, increasing risks of data breaches and misuse.
PwC (2022): India ranked 2nd globally in cyberattacks, with weak AI-specific data protection laws.
Lack of AI-Specific Legal Framework
India’s legal system lacks dedicated laws to address AI accountability, liability, and ethical use.
Digital Personal Data Protection Act (2023): Covers data privacy but lacks provisions for AI-related biases and accountability.
Environmental Impact of AI
AI model training consumes huge amounts of energy, contributing to carbon emissions and environmental strain.
ChatGPT-3 Training: Consumed 10 GWh of electricity, equivalent to the energy use of thousands of households.
The Prime Minister has highlighted the release of iStamp depicting Ramakien mural paintings by Thai Government.
About the Ramakien Murals:
The murals were first painted in1783 during the reign of King Rama I, who commissioned the adaptation of the Indian epic Ramayana into the Thai version called the Ramakien.
The Ramakien holds a vital role in Thai culture, influencing literature, dance, and art, and the murals serve as a visual representation of this national epic.
The murals are predominantly displayed in the Wat Phra Kaew (Temple of the Emerald Buddha) in the Grand Palace complex, Bangkok.
It illustrates episodes from the Ramakien, highlighting the eternal battle between good and evil.
It is located in the Phra Rabiang gallery, a two-kilometer corridor surrounding the temple, with 178 panels depicting scenes from the epic.
India-Thailand Cultural Connect
Historical and Cultural Ties:
Thailand, part of the Suvarnabhumi territory, is mentioned in the Ramayana.
Ancient trade links with South India, and kingdoms like Dvaravati and Khmer had strong ties with India.
Brahmanism coexisted with Buddhism, and Thai worship includes Indian deities like Ganesha, Shiva, and Vishnu.
Emperor Ashoka sent Buddhist missionaries to Thailand in the 3rd century BCE, deeply influencing Thai culture and religion.
The Thai language includes Sanskrit and Pali words, while Thai art and architecture exhibit Indian influences, particularly in temples.
Association with Lord Rama:
The Ramakien, the Thai version of the Ramayana, is central to Thai culture, with murals depicting episodes in temples.
The title Rama has been adopted by all the monarchs of Thailand’s Chakri Dynasty, which began with King Rama I in 1782.
Ayutthaya city was the capital of the Ayutthaya Kingdom (1350–1767) in present-day Thailand, and it is thought that the name is derived from the Indian city of Ayodhya.
Modern Diplomatic and Cultural Relations:
Diplomatic Ties were established in 1947, the two countries celebrated 75 years of relations in 2022.
Thai-Bharat Cultural Lodge (1940) promotes educational and cultural exchanges. Thai citizens visit India for religious and cultural purposes, especially Buddhist sites.
Recent Initiatives:
Exhibitions like “Indo-Siam Connect” showcase shared heritage.
Joint research and academic exchanges continue to deepen mutual understanding.
[UPSC 2010] There are only two known examples of cave paintings of the Gupta period in ancient India. One of these is paintings of Ajanta Caves. Where is the other surviving example of Gupta paintings?
Naini Lake, one of Nainital’s key attractions, has recorded a water level of 4.7 feet, marking a 5-year low, sparking concerns about drinking water scarcity as the summer season approaches.
About Naini Lake
Naini Lake is situated in the heart of Nainital, a hill station in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It is surrounded by seven hills.
The lake is natural kidney-shaped and is one of the main attractions of Nainital.
It was discovered by P. Barron, an English businessman, in the mid-19th century, which led to the development of Nainital as a hill station.
The deepest point of Naini Lake is 89 feet.
The normal gauge level of the lake is 12 feet, and its water level has recently dropped to 4.7 feet, marking a five-year low.
Why is the Water Level declining?
The Uttarakhand Jal Sansthan extracts 10 million litres of water daily from Naini Lake for drinking water supply to the city of Nainital.
76% of the city’s water demand was met by the lake in 2024, but increasing population, tourist activity, and commercialisation have intensified pressure on the lake’s water resources.
The lake faces numerous threats, including:
Decreased snowfall and rainfall, especially in the winter months.
Unplanned construction and encroachments around the lake, leading to the reduction of its catchment area.
Pollution due to the discharge of untreated wastewater and improper disposal of solid waste.
Siltation caused by debris dumping in Sukhatal Lake, a major aquifer recharge area for Naini Lake, has contributed to the shrinking of the lake’s size.
Climate change is affecting the region’s weather patterns, with annual temperatures rising by nearly 1.5 degrees Celsius between 1970 and 2022.
Other Important Lakes in India (Artificial and Manmade):
Type
Lake Name
Location
Details
Natural
Dal Lake
Jammu & Kashmir
Famous for houseboats and scenic beauty, located in Srinagar.
Vembanad Lake
Kerala
The longest lake in India, central to Kerala’s backwaters and tourism.
Sambhar Lake
Rajasthan
Largest inland saltwater lake, important for bird migration, especially flamingos.
Manmade
Kolleru Lake
Andhra Pradesh
A large freshwater lake, critical for bird habitats and a wetland.
Hussain Sagar Lake
Telangana
Constructed in 1562, famous for its Buddha statue and as a water source.
Upper Lake
Madhya Pradesh
Artificial lake in Bhopal, important for water supply and recreational activities.
Indira Sagar Lake
Madhya Pradesh
A large reservoir created by the Indira Sagar Dam for power generation and irrigation.
[UPSC 2018] Which one of the following is an ‘Artificial Lake‘?
Recently, several Geographical Indication (GI) tags have been awarded to unique products, enhancing their protection in the market and giving them a platform for global recognition.
Here is the list of all the GI tags recently Awarded:
State
Product Name
Description
Meghalaya
Ryndia (Meghalaya Handloom Products)
Ryndia is an eco-friendly fabric made from Ahimsa Silk by indigenous Khasi, Bhoi, and Jaintia artisans. Known for its durability and luxurious texture, Ryndia is used to make stoles, shawls, and garments with organic dyes from local plants.
Kerala
Kannadippaya
A traditional tribal handicraft made from the inner layers of reed bamboo. This mat, known for its reflective pattern, provides a cooling effect in summer and warmth during winter. It is woven by various tribal communities, including the Oorali, Mannan, Muthuva, Malayan, and Kadar tribes, primarily in the Idukki, Thrissur, Ernakulam, and Palakkad districts of Kerala.
Tamil Nadu
Panruti Cashew
This cashew variety is celebrated for its mildly sweet, nutty flavor and its crisp yet tender texture. Grown primarily in Panruti, Tamil Nadu, it has a high demand both domestically and internationally, setting it apart from other cashew varieties due to its unique taste and texture.
Panruti Jackfruit
The Panruti jackfruit is a prized agricultural product from Panruti, where commercial cultivation is concentrated. Known for its large size and distinctive flavor, it is available throughout the year, with different varieties ripening at different times. The jackfruit is widely used for making chips, curries, and sweets and has potential for value-added products.
Chettikulam Small Onion
Grown in the Aalathur block of Perambalur district, this small onion variety is an important crop in Tamil Nadu, known for its strong aroma and robust flavor. Over 8,000 hectares in the district are dedicated to small onion cultivation, producing 65,000 to 70,000 tonnes annually. This variety is integral to local cooking and is used in various dishes, offering a unique flavor to regional cuisine.
Puliyangudi Acid Lime
Known as the Lemon City of Tamil Nadu, Puliyangudi produces acid lime that is small to medium-sized (4–6 cm in diameter) with a vibrant green color and thin, smooth skin. The limes are famous for their tangy taste and are widely used in cooking, especially in Southern Tamil Nadu and Kerala, as well as for producing lime juice and lime-based products.
Virudhunagar Samba Vathal
These bright red, spicy sambal chilies from Virudhunagar are renowned for their distinct flavor and are a crucial ingredient in Southern Indian cuisine. They are often used in the oleoresin extraction process, which plays a significant role in the spice industry.
Ramanadu Chithiraikar Rice
A red rice variety from Ramanadu, this rice is known for its ability to keep hunger at bay for hours, making it a staple in many households. The rice is commonly consumed as a hearty porridge and is recognized for its nutritional value and ability to provide long-lasting energy.
Kumbakonam Betel Leaf
Grown in the fertile Cauvery River basin, Kumbakonam Betel Leaf is known for its distinct taste and aroma. It is used in the preparation of paan and as a symbol of hospitality in the region.
West Bengal
Thovalai Flower Garland
A handcrafted floral garland made from a mix of white, red, and green flowers, Thovalai Flower Garland is used for festivals and special occasions. It is woven in a mat-like fashion and is celebrated for its artistic beauty.
Murshidabad Chhanobora
This sweet from Murshidabad is made from chhena (curdled milk) and flavored with cardamom. It is known for its smooth texture and distinct taste, being a traditional treat prepared during festivals and significant occasions.
Bishnupur Motichur Laddu
A traditional Bengali sweet laddu, made from finely ground chickpeas, sugar, and ghee. It has a delicate, aromatic flavor and is often enjoyed during festivals like Durga Puja and Diwali. Its historical roots trace back to the Bishnupur region, known for its unique preparation methods.
Kamarpukur Sada Bode
A fried Bengali sweet, Kamarpukur Sada Bode is made from wheat flour, sugar, and ghee. It is an important part of Bengali festivals and local traditions, valued for its crisp texture and sweet, rich taste.
Malda Nistari Silk Yarn
Known for its fine texture, durability, and the intricate traditional weaving techniques used, Malda Nistari Silk Yarn is produced in Malda, Bengal. This silk is highly sought after for its luxurious feel and is used for making high-quality garments.
Radhunipagal Rice
A local variety of rice from Bengal, Radhunipagal is known for its resilient texture and ability to stay filling for extended periods, making it perfect for hearty meals. This rice is a staple in many traditional Bengali dishes.
Baruipur Guava
Baruipur Guava, grown in the fertile soil of West Bengal, is known for its distinct taste and texture. The fruit has a sweet flavor and is used in juices, jams, and desserts.
Jammu and Kashmir
Kashmir Namda
A woolen rug from Kashmir, Namda is known for its thick texture and intricate designs. Traditionally crafted by hand using sheep wool, it is prized for its insulating properties and is a significant part of Kashmir’s textile heritage.
Kashmir Gabba
A traditional woolen product from Kashmir, Gabba is used in home decor and textiles. It is made using local wool and features intricate handwoven patterns.
Kashmir Willow Bat
Kashmir Willow is used for making high-quality cricket bats, known for their lightweight and durable properties, making it a sought-after material for professional cricket bats.
Kashmir Tweed
Kashmir Tweed is a finely woven fabric, made from wool, and is renowned for its warmth and luxury. It has been traditionally used to make winter garments, particularly coats and shawls.
Kashmir Crewel
A hand-embroidered fabric from Kashmir, Crewel features intricate floral designs and is traditionally used in making home textiles like curtains, bedspreads, and cushions.
Kashmir Chain Stitch
A traditional embroidery technique from Kashmir, Chain Stitch is used to create decorative textiles. The embroidery is vibrant, with floral patterns, and is used in making garments and home furnishings.
Kashmir Shikara
The Shikara is a traditional boat from Kashmir used primarily for tourism and transportation in the Dal Lake. It is a symbol of Kashmir’s rich heritage and has been part of the region’s culture for centuries.
Kashmir Wagguv
Wagguv is a traditional handcrafted product from Kashmir, made using local materials and is known for its unique craftsmanship and cultural significance in the region.
[UPSC 2015] Which of the following has/have been accorded ‘Geographical Indication’ Status?
