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  • India as a bridge between the Global North and South

    Why in the News?

    At the 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (2025) and the 3rd Voice of Global South Summit (2024), PM of India emphasised India’s leadership in advocating inclusive global governance and amplifying the Global South’s voice.

    How can India effectively bridge the divide between the Global North and South?

    • Alternate Paradigm of Development Cooperation: India needs to reinforce its call for an alternative development cooperation model that is not solely top-down and dictated by the Global North. It should focus on equal partnerships, but avoid an “India-first” approach, being open to learning from other Global South countries to address domestic challenges.
    • Human-Centric Approach: India has partnered with countries like UAE, Japan, and Saudi Arabia under agreements like the India-UAE Skill Harmonization Initiative, ensuring Indian workers are trained to meet global skill standards. This model can be expanded to Global South nations, helping them create skilled labour forces for industrial growth.
    • Advocating for Inclusive Global Governance: India can push for reforms in international institutions like the UN, WTO, IMF, and World Bank to better represent Global South interests. Example: India championed the inclusion of the African Union in the G20 during its presidency in 2023, making the grouping more representative.
    • Learning and Listening: India needs to listen to the Global South to be a good leader, using trilateral partnerships and increased engagement with new partners as a learning process to scale up India-led global initiatives.

    What are the key priorities and concerns of the Global South that India can champion?

    • Debt Relief and Fair Financial Structures: Many developing nations are burdened by unsustainable debt, often due to high-interest loans from global financial institutions and major lenders like China. Example: India has advocated for debt restructuring in international forums like the G20 and supports initiatives like the Common Framework for Debt Treatment to assist Global South nations.
    • Climate Justice and Sustainable Development: The Global South demands climate finance, technology transfer, and a fair transition to clean energy without compromising growth. Example: India spearheaded the International Solar Alliance (ISA) to help developing nations access affordable solar energy and pushed for climate finance commitments at COP summits.
    • Equitable Global Trade and Market Access: Many Global South nations struggle with restricted market access, unfair subsidies in developed countries, and dependence on primary commodity exports. Example: India has advocated for WTO reforms, sought duty-free access for developing countries’ exports, and promoted initiatives like ‘Make in Africa’ to reduce dependency on Western economies.
    • Food and Energy Security: Rising food and fuel prices disproportionately impact Global South nations, making self-sufficiency in agriculture and energy a key concern. Example: India’s export of wheat and rice during global food crises and partnerships in biofuel development, such as the Global Biofuels Alliance (GBA), help address these concerns.
    • Technology and Digital Inclusion: The digital divide limits economic opportunities in many developing nations, making access to digital infrastructure and AI-driven solutions crucial. Example: India’s Aadhaar-based digital public infrastructure and UPI payment system have been shared with countries like Sri Lanka and Mauritius, promoting financial inclusion and governance reforms.

    How can India balance its relationships with both to foster unified solutions? (Way forward)

    • Strategic Multi-Alignment: India follows a multi-aligned foreign policy, maintaining strong ties with the U.S. and Europe while deepening its engagement with Global South nations. Example: India’s participation in the Quad (with the U.S., Japan, and Australia) while simultaneously leading the Voice of Global South Summits showcases its balancing act.
    • Leveraging Common Agendas: India identifies shared global challenges like climate change, digital transformation, and healthcare to foster collaboration between developed and developing nations. Example: India played a key role in securing climate finance commitments for developing countries during its G20 presidency in 2023, aligning Global South needs with Global North priorities.
    • Soft Power and Cultural Diplomacy: India uses its democratic values, historical non-alignment stance, and rich cultural heritage to maintain trust across geopolitical divides. Example: India’s expansion of diplomatic missions in Africa, the International Solar Alliance (ISA), and Yoga Diplomacy have helped strengthen relationships across both blocs.
    • Promoting Fair Investment Practices: Unlike China’s debt-driven infrastructure projects, India focuses on sustainable and transparent investment models that ensure local benefits. Example: India’s development assistance to Africa through concessional credit lines and capacity-building programs, such as the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC), contrasts with China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
    • Institutionalizing Global Development Initiatives: India is working towards creating its own robust mechanisms for international development cooperation while collaborating with established institutions. Example: India’s push for the African Union’s inclusion in G20 and engagement in trilateral cooperation with France and the UAE for African development reflects its long-term vision of bridging the Global North-South divide.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same.  (UPSC IAS/2018)

    Q The long-sustained image of India as a leader of the oppressed and marginalised nations has disappeared on account of its new found role in the emerging global order.’ Elaborate. (2019)

  • What has the Budget offered scientists?

    Why in the News?

    The Union Budget highlights science, technology, and innovation (STI) as important drivers of the country’s progress, supporting CSIR’s goal of making India more self-reliant and globally competitive.

    How will the 2025 budget impact scientific research funding?

    • Increased Funding for R&D: The Ministry of Science and Technology’s allocation sees a major boost due to a Rs 20,000 crore allocation for the R&D fund, increasing the total allocation from Rs 8,029 crore to Rs 28,508 crore.
    • Support for Deeptech Startups: An additional Rs 10,000 crore will be allocated to the Small Industries Development Bank of India Fund for Startups, aimed at enhancing the “deep tech ecosystem,” particularly for startups focusing on AI, biotech, and space technology.
    • Focus on Mission-Mode Projects: Funding is heavily directed towards specific mission-mode programs such as nuclear energy, AI, and the Jal Jeevan Mission, potentially at the expense of curiosity-driven research.
    • CSIR’s Role in National Missions: The budget aligns CSIR’s various missions (Aroma, Floriculture, Millets, Cotton, Green Hydrogen, etc.) with national initiatives, emphasizing value-added farming, self-reliance, and sustainable development.
    • Concerns Regarding Basic Science and Education: Concerns exist regarding reduced funding for institutions like IISc and IISERs, a lower percentage increase in funding for Central Universities compared to IITs, and the overall low allocation for education as a percentage of GDP.

    What specific allocations are being made for science and technology in the 2025 budget?

    • Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) Funding Increase: The budget for MeitY has been increased by 48%, totalling over ₹26,000 crores. This substantial boost is directed towards initiatives such as the IndiaAI Mission and expanded Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes for semiconductors, large-scale electronics, and IT hardware.
    • IndiaAI Mission: The IndiaAI Mission has received an allocation of ₹2,000 crore for FY25, marking an almost 11-fold increase from the previous year’s revised estimate of ₹173 crore. This funding aims to enhance artificial intelligence research and development across various sectors.
    • Semiconductor and Electronics Manufacturing Support: Allocations for the modified scheme to establish compound semiconductors, silicon photonics, sensor fabs, and semiconductor assembly and testing facilities have risen from ₹2,500 crore to ₹3,900 crore. Additionally, the scheme for setting up semiconductor fabs has seen an increase from ₹1,200 crore to ₹2,499.96 crore.
    • Research and Development Fund: A dedicated fund of ₹20,000 crore has been established to promote research, development, and innovation, particularly supporting private-sector-led initiatives. This fund underscores the government’s commitment to advancing technological progress and fostering innovation.
    • Research Fellowships and Deep Tech Support: The government plans to offer 10,000 research fellowships over the next five years under the Prime Minister’s Research Fellowship scheme, focusing on advancing research in technology at premier institutions like IITs and IISc.

    Are there any new initiatives for scientific research in the 2025 budget?

    • Increased Focus on Health Research: There’s a greater emphasis on health research and biomedical devices, driven by concerns identified in the Economic Survey regarding the harms of ultra-processed foods. This suggests new initiatives and funding to address these health challenges through scientific research.
    • Deeptech Startup Boost: The expansion of the SIDBI Fund for Startups with an additional Rs 10,000 crore specifically targets deeptech startups in AI, biotech, and space technology. This indicates a new initiative to foster innovation and entrepreneurship in these advanced technology areas.
    • AI Education Push: The allocation of funds towards a Centre of Excellence in AI education signifies a new initiative to develop expertise and talent in artificial intelligence. The hope is that this center will also set benchmarks for the beneficial adoption of AI in Indian society.
    • Green Hydrogen Mission: Spearheaded by CSIR, this mission supports research and development towards clean energy transition.
    • Alignment of CSIR Missions: While not entirely new initiatives, the strategic alignment and emphasis on CSIR’s existing missions (like Aroma, Floriculture, Millets, Cotton, etc.) with national goals represents a renewed focus and coordinated effort that will likely drive scientific research in those specific areas.

    Way forward: 

    • Balanced Research Funding: Ensure a more balanced allocation between mission-driven projects and fundamental research to sustain long-term scientific innovation and discovery.
    • Strengthening Scientific Workforce: Expand research fellowships, enhance funding for premier institutions, and create stronger industry-academia collaborations to develop a skilled workforce in emerging technologies.

  • [pib] TROPEX-25

    Why in the News?

    The 2025 edition of TROPEX is currently underway in the Indian Ocean Region, involving all operational Indian Naval units along with significant participation from the Indian Army, Indian Air Force (IAF), and the Indian Coast Guard (ICG).

    About Theatre Level Operational Exercise (TROPEX)

    • TROPEX is the Indian Navy’s flagship biennial operational-level exercise, designed to test and enhance India’s maritime defense capabilities.
    • It is conducted in the Indian Ocean Region with participation from the Indian Navy, Indian Army, Indian Air Force (IAF), and Indian Coast Guard (ICG).
    • It was first held in April 2005.
    • TROPEX-25 is being conducted over a three-month period from January to March 2025 in multiple phases:
    1. Harbour Phase: Focuses on strategic planning, joint training, and coordination before moving to sea operations.
    2. Sea Phase: Simulates real-time combat scenarios to assess the Navy’s operational readiness.
    3. Cyber and Electronic Warfare Operations:  Integrates modern cybersecurity and electronic warfare tactics to counter digital threats.
    4. Live Weapon Firings:  Includes real-world missile and torpedo firings to test combat effectiveness.
    5. Amphibious Exercise (AMPHEX):  Conducts joint land-sea operations, involving amphibious landings and coastal defence drills.

    Mandate and Significance of TROPEX-25

    TROPEX-25 plays a pivotal role in:

    • Strengthening India’s maritime dominance in the Indian Ocean Region.
    • Enhancing interoperability and joint warfighting capabilities among the Navy, Army, Air Force, and Coast Guard.
    • Testing real-world combat readiness in dynamic operational environments.
    • Securing national maritime interests through proactive military preparedness.
    • Projecting India’s naval power to safeguard maritime trade routes and counter emerging threats.

  • Renaming of Fort William

    Why in the News?

    In a move to eliminate colonial practices and symbols from the Indian Armed Forces, Fort William in Kolkata, the headquarters of the Eastern Army Command, has been renamed Vijay Durg.

    About the Vijay Durg (Fort William)

    • It was originally built by the British in 1773, Fort William was named after King William III of England.
    • It is located on the eastern bank of the Hooghly River in Kolkata, West Bengal.
    • It served as a key British military stronghold during colonial rule.
    • The first version of Fort William was built by the English East India Company in 1696.
    • It had an inner bastion used as a prison, leading to the term “Black Hole of Calcutta”.
    • The Black Hole of Calcutta Incident (1756) refers to the alleged imprisonment of British prisoners by Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah, where many reportedly suffocated to death due to overcrowding and lack of ventilation.
    • After the Battle of Plassey in 1757, Robert Clive ordered its demolition, and a new fort was built, completed in 1773.
    • Fort William College was established by Lord Wellesley in 1800 to train Company civil servants in Indian languages and customs, but it was closed in 1802.
    • The present-day fort is octagonal in shape, made of brick and mortar, covering 70.9 acres.
      • It is now owned by the Indian Army and serves as the headquarters of the Eastern Command.

    Do you know?

    Fort St. George (Chennai, Tamil Nadu) 

    • It was the first fort built by the British in 1644, marking the beginning of British rule.
    • It served as the headquarters of the Madras Presidency.
    • It included St. Mary’s Church, the oldest Anglican Church in India.
    • Current Use: Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly & Secretariat.

    Significance of Renaming

    • The new name is inspired by Vijay Durg Fort in Maharashtra, one of the oldest and most significant naval forts under Chhatrapati Shivaji.
    • Vijay Durg served as a naval base for the Marathas, highlighting India’s indigenous military history.
    • The renaming aligns with India’s broader initiative to remove colonial influences and promote native military traditions.
      • In September 2022, the Indian Navy replaced its British-era ensign with a new octagonal design inspired by Chhatrapati Shivaji’s royal seal.

    PYQ:

    [2018] With reference to educational institutions during colonial rule in India, consider the following pairs: 

    Institution: Founder

    1. Sanskrit College at Benaras: William Jones
    2. Calcutta Madarsa: Warren Hastings
    3. Fort William College: Arthur Wellesley

    Which of the pairs given above is/are correct?
    (a) 1 and 2 only
    (b) 2 only
    (c) 1 and 3 only
    (d) 3 only

     

  • Article 22 of the Indian Constitution

    Why in the News?

    The Supreme Court ruled that informing an arrested person of the grounds of arrest is a mandatory constitutional obligation, not a mere formality. Failure to comply makes the arrest illegal, violating Articles 22(1) and 21, which protect fundamental rights and personal liberty.

    About Article 22 of the Indian Constitution:

    • Article 22 of the Indian Constitution ensures protection to individuals against arbitrary arrest and preventive detention.
    • It has two parts:

    1. Article 22(1) & 22(2) – Protection in Ordinary Arrests:

    • The arrested person must be informed of the grounds of arrest as soon as possible.
    • The person has the right to consult and be defended by a lawyer of their choice.
    • They must be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours.

    2. Article 22(3) to 22(7) – Preventive Detention Provisions:

    • Preventive detention without trial cannot exceed 3 months, unless approved by an Advisory Board.
    • The government may deny disclosure of reasons if it affects public interest.
    • Parliament can extend detention beyond 3 months in special cases.

    Key Highlights of Supreme Court’s Recent Judgment:

    • The Supreme Court ruled that informing an arrested person of the grounds of arrest is a fundamental right.
    • Non-compliance violates both Articles 22(1) and 21 (Right to Liberty), rendering the arrest invalid.
    • Grounds of arrest must be clearly conveyed in an effective manner.
    • Providing the grounds in writing is the best practice (as suggested in Pankaj Bansal vs Union of India).
    • As per Section 50A of CrPC, the accused’s family or nominated person must also be informed to allow legal representation.
    • Magistrates must ensure compliance. If Article 22(1) is not followed, the arrest is illegal, and the accused must be released.
    • Violation of Article 22(1) is a ground for Bail. Even if statutory restrictions on bail exist, courts can grant bail if fundamental rights are violated.
    • If the accused claims non-compliance, the Investigating Officer must prove that Article 22(1) was followed.

    Relevant Supreme Court Judgments:

    • Pankaj Bansal vs Union of India (2023): SC advised that grounds of arrest should ideally be provided in writing.
    • Maneka Gandhi vs Union of India (1978): “Procedure established by law” must be fair, just, and reasonable.
    • DK Basu vs State of West Bengal (1997): Established guidelines to prevent custodial abuse and ensure due process.
    • Ram Manohar Lohia vs State of Bihar (1965): Distinguished between law and order (individual impact) and public order (societal impact).

     

    PYQ:

    [2021] With reference to India, consider the following statements:

    1. Judicial custody means an accused is in the custody of the concerned magistrate and such an accused is locked up in a police station, not in jail.
    2. During judicial custody, the police officer in charge of the case is not allowed to interrogate the suspect without the approval of the court.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only
    (b) 2 only
    (c) Both 1 and 2
    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

  • Economic Capital Framework (ECF) of the RBI

    Why in the News?

    The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has initiated an internal review of its Economic Capital Framework (ECF) to assess the contingency risk buffer (CRB) and overall capital reserves.

    What is Economic Capital Framework (ECF)?

    • The ECF is the risk management policy used by the RBI to determine:
    1. How much capital and reserves the central bank should maintain for financial stability.
    2. How much surplus the RBI can transfer to the government under Section 47 of the RBI Act, 1934.
    • Key Components
    1. Contingency Risk Buffer (CRB): A financial safeguard for monetary, fiscal, credit, and operational risks.
    2. Total Economic Capital: Includes capital, reserves, risk provisions, and revaluation balances.
    • Surplus Transfers:
      • FY24: ₹2.11 lakh crore (highest-ever surplus).
      • FY23: ₹87,416 crore | FY22: ₹30,307 crore | FY21: ₹99,122 crore.

    Review of ECF and Its Significance

    • The Bimal Jalan Committee’s recommendations (valid till June 2024) required a periodic reassessment.
    • As of March 31, 2024, the CRB stands at 6.5%, and the RBI is evaluating whether changes are needed.
    • Potential Impact
      • Higher CRB → More financial stability, but lower surplus transfers to the government.
      • Lower CRB → More funds available for government spending, but with potential financial risks.
    • Impact on Budget: RBI’s surplus plays a major role in fiscal planning for infrastructure & welfare programs.
    • The RBI must ensure financial resilience while also supporting economic development.

    About Bimal Jalan Committee (2018)

    • Objective: To review RBI’s reserve management and surplus transfer policy.
    • Key Recommendations:
      • CRB should be between 5.5% – 6.5% of the balance sheet.
      • Periodic ECF review every 5 years.
      • Only realized surplus (net income) should be transferred to the government.
      • Revaluation reserves should not be used for operational losses.
    • Impact:
      • Led to higher surplus transfers and a structured capital policy.
      • Strengthened transparency & financial governance in RBI’s operations.

     

    PYQ:

    [2017] Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)?

    1. It decides the RBI’s benchmark interest rates.
    2. It is a 12-member body including the Governor of RBI and is reconstituted every year.
    3. It functions under the chairmanship of the Union Finance Minister.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 only
    (b) 1 and 2 only
    (c) 3 only
    (d) 2 and 3 only

     

  • [pib] SASCI Scheme

    Why in the News?

    The Government of India has sanctioned 40 projects across 23 states, allocating ₹3295.76 crore under the ‘Special Assistance to States for Capital Investment (SASCI) Scheme for the Financial Year 2024-25.

    What is the SASCI Scheme?

    • The SASCI Scheme was launched in FY 2020-21 to support state capital expenditure and drive economic growth.
    • Initially introduced as a post-COVID recovery measure, it has been expanded in FY 2023-24 with an allocation of ₹1.3 lakh crore.
    • The scheme funds infrastructure projects, urban reforms, tourism development, and sustainability initiatives.
    • Structural Mandate: The scheme has eight parts based on states’ share of central taxes:
    1. General Capital Assistance (₹1 lakh crore): Allocated based on states’ share of central taxes.
    2. Vehicle Scrappage & Testing Facilities:  Incentives for phasing out old vehicles & setting up automated testing centers.
    3. Urban Planning Reforms: Encourages modern land-use planning & governance improvements.
    4. Urban Finance Reforms:  Strengthens municipal revenue models & financial sustainability.
    5. Housing for Police Personnel: Funds residential units for police & their families.
    6. Cultural & Economic Development (Unity Malls):  Promotes One District One Product (ODOP), Make in India & local entrepreneurship.
    7. Digital Libraries at Panchayat/Ward Levels: ₹5,000 crore for library infrastructure & digital learning access.
    8. Development of Iconic Tourist Centres:  Global-scale branding & infrastructure for major tourism hubs.

    Features & Significance:

    • Boosts capital investment to stimulate demand and job creation.
    • Encourages reforms in urban governance, infrastructure, and sustainability.
    • Promotes responsible tourism and global branding of iconic destinations.
    • Strengthens local industries through One District One Product (ODOP).
    • Improves public services like policing, water supply, and rural roads.

    PYQ:

    [2016] Which of the following is/are included in the capital budget of the Government of India?

    1. Expenditure on acquisition of assets like roads, buildings, machinery, etc.
    2. Loans received from foreign governments
    3. Loans and advances granted to the States and Union Territories

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

  • Resolving Global Defaults: Is India Ready for a Cross-Border Insolvency Framework?

    NOTE4STUDENTS:

    Cross-border insolvency laws in India need urgent reforms for fairness, efficiency, and global alignment. UPSC often asks about legal gaps and proposed reforms in areas like insolvency, focusing on practical challenges and solutions. Questions could also reference cases like Jet Airways (2019), where Indian and Dutch courts struggled to cooperate, or Videocon Industries (2019), which highlighted the absence of a framework for group insolvency. Students commonly falter by skipping important cases or failing to connect issues to India’s global economic ambitions. Similarly, many struggle to relate India’s domestic legal gaps to broader global challenges, such as aligning with frameworks like the UNCITRAL Model Law or coordinating with foreign jurisdictions. This article bridges these gaps by explaining the need for reforms, like strengthening India’s Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) and implementing globally accepted practices. It simplifies challenges such as ad hoc solutions, overburdened legal systems, and unresolved jurisdictional issues, while offering actionable recommendations. What makes this article stand out is its practical examples making it easier to understand and apply.

    PYQ ANCHORING & MICROTHEMES:

    GS 3: Justify the need for FDI for the development of the Indian economy. Why there is gap between MOUs signed and actual FDIs? Suggest remedial steps to be taken for increasing actual FDIs in India. [2016]

    Microthemes: FDI

    The current state of cross-border insolvency laws in India is poor, with existing rules that cannot be enforced effectively and slow progress in making necessary changes. This situation requires urgent reform to ensure a more effective legal framework.

    About Cross-Border Insolvency

    Insolvency means a person or company cannot repay their debts on time. Cross-border insolvency happens when the debtor’s assets or creditors are spread across different countries. Regulating cross-border insolvency is crucial in today’s globalized world to help companies restructure, attract foreign investments, and ensure economic stability.

    Need of Cross-Border Insolvency Laws

    1. Increasing Global Connections: With India growing its trade and signing agreements with over 54 countries, a strong framework is vital for handling multinational insolvency cases.
    2. Protecting Creditors: Ensures fair treatment of both Indian and foreign creditors, boosting investor trust.
    3. Efficient Asset Recovery: Helps recover assets spread across different countries, reducing delays and financial losses.
    4. Resolving Disputes Easily: Clarifies which country has the main authority in a case, preventing conflicts and duplication of proceedings.
    5. Matching Global Standards: Adopting global models like the UNCITRAL Model Law will align India with countries like the USA and UK, attracting more foreign investment.

    Challenges in India’s Cross-Border Insolvency

    1. No Comprehensive Law: India lacks clear laws for such cases; existing sections (234 and 235 of IBC) are not enforceable. For example, in the Jet Airways (2019) case, Indian and Dutch courts couldn’t cooperate effectively.
    2. Complex Jurisdictions: Determining the main authority (Centre of Main Interest or COMI) is tough due to no clear provisions in Indian law.
    3. Temporary Solutions: Cases are resolved through costly ad hoc arrangements instead of structured mechanisms.
    4. Overburdened Legal System: With over 22,000 cases pending (2024), NCLT struggles to focus on cross-border issues that require specialized knowledge.
    5. Group Insolvency Issues: No framework exists for dealing with companies with global subsidiaries. Example: Videocon Industries Ltd. (2019) required the NCLT to extend jurisdiction without proper legal support.

    Recommendations for Cross-Border Insolvency in India

    1. Adopt Global Standards: Implement the UNCITRAL Model Law to streamline cooperation, recognize foreign proceedings, and protect creditors.
    2. Strengthen the IBC: Include a new section (Part Z) for handling international cases, defining COMI and simplifying legal processes.
    3. Enhance NCLT Capabilities: Assign the Principal Bench to manage foreign cases and train judges and professionals in handling complex cases.
    4. Promote Global Coordination: Use the Judicial Insolvency Network (JIN) Guidelines to ensure smooth communication between Indian and foreign courts.
    5. Reciprocal Agreements and Group Insolvency: Finalize agreements with other countries to facilitate cooperation and create a framework for managing cases involving global companies.

    #BACK2BASICS:

    Historical Background of Cross-Border Insolvency in India

    EraKey DevelopmentsLimitations
    Pre-Independence Era– Indian Insolvency Act, 1848: Focused on domestic insolvencies.Focus only on domestic insolvency, ignoring cross-border complexities.
    – Presidency-Towns Insolvency Act, 1909: Applied to major cities (Calcutta, Bombay, Madras).
    – Provincial Insolvency Act, 1920: Governed insolvencies in rural regions.
    Post-Independence Era– Continuation of British-era insolvency laws with no major amendments.Third Law Commission’s recommendations (1964) to modernize laws were not acted upon.
    1990s Economic Liberalization– Globalization increased the need for comprehensive cross-border insolvency laws.Recommendations to adopt the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency remained unimplemented.
    – Committees like Eradi (2000), Mitra (2001), and Irani (2005) pushed for reforms
    Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016– Aimed to consolidate and modernize domestic insolvency laws.Sections 234 (reciprocal agreements) and 235 (foreign court requests) are unenforceable due to policy delays.
    – Introduced provisions for cross-border insolvency under Sections 234 and 235.

    KEY CASE STUDIES FROM INDIA

    CaseKey IssuesOutcome
    Jet Airways (India) Limited (2019)– Simultaneous insolvency proceedings in India and the Netherlands.– NCLAT directed joint resolution proceedings under a Cross-Border Insolvency Protocol.
    – Lack of reciprocal agreements under Sections 234 and 235 of IBC.– Recognized India as the Centre of Main Interest (COMI) and Netherlands proceedings as secondary.
    – Jurisdictional conflict between Indian and Dutch courts.
    Videocon Industries Limited (2019)– Inclusion of foreign subsidiaries’ assets in Indian insolvency proceedings.– NCLT included foreign subsidiaries’ assets under the resolution plan.
    – No clarity on group insolvency or cross-border frameworks.– Highlighted the need for legal provisions addressing group insolvency and cross-border disputes.

  • [10th February 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Keeping a watch on the growing arc of violence

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q. The scourge of terrorism is a grave challenge to national security. What solutions do you suggest to curb this growing menace? What are the major sources of terrorist funding? (2017)

    Q. Discuss the impediments India is facing in its pursuit of a permanent seat in the UN Security Council. (2015)

    Mentor’s Comment:   UPSC mains have always focused on grave challenge to national security (2017), and ‘pursuit of a permanent seat in the UN Security Council ’ (2015)

    Wars are raging, global institutions are failing, and terrorism is evolving in new, digital, and decentralized forms. While conflicts like the Ukraine war and Gaza crisis dominate headlines, subterranean threats such as radicalization and lone-wolf terrorism are quietly reshaping global security risks.

    Today’s editorial highlights why the world is in a volatile state, how extremist groups are adapting, and why counterterrorism efforts must evolve to meet these new challenges. This content will help in GS paper 2 (Security issues).

    Why in the News?

    The world is going through an unpredictable phase, with wars, conflicts, and terrorism on the rise. The post-1945 global order has collapsed, and international institutions like the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) and the International Court of Justice (ICJ) are failing to prevent violence. At the same time, terrorism is evolving, using digital tools and decentralized networks to survive and grow.

    Why is the Present Period Unpredictable?

    • Wars in Europe and West Asia:
      • The Ukraine war continues with no clear end in sight.
      • The Gaza conflict and tensions in Lebanon have led to large-scale civilian casualties.
    • Failure of Global Institutions:
      • The UNSC and ICJ have become powerless observers, unable to stop wars.
      • The principles of international law are now ignored by major powers.
    • Moral and Political Decline:
      • Nations are acting in self-interest, with no common moral framework.
      • Peace efforts are temporary and do not address the root causes of conflicts.

    What are the Recent Subterranean Activities?

    • False Sense of Stability in West Asia:
      • Some believe that Israeli military actions have weakened Iran’s regional influence.
      • However, underground resistance movements are growing, keeping tensions high.
    • Resurgence of Islamist Extremism:
      • Jihadist groups are reorganizing, using online radicalization.
      • “Lone wolf” attacks are increasing, making them harder to predict.
    • Digital Radicalization:
      • Terrorist groups are recruiting and training people online.
      • Social media and encrypted messaging apps are used to spread extremist ideologies.

    How Terrorism is Witnessing a Revival?

    • Terrorism is Adapting:
      • Since 1979, terrorist networks have evolved.
      • Al-Qaeda and ISIS have used both military and digital strategies to stay active.
      • Now, terrorism is shifting towards smaller, more frequent attacks.
    • Al-Qaeda and ISIS Regrouping:
      • Al-Qaeda is training militants in Afghanistan, under Taliban rule.
      • ISIS-Khorasan (ISKP) is expanding its operations beyond Afghanistan and Pakistan.
      • Attacks have been reported in Moscow, Türkiye, and Iran.
    • More Small-Scale Attacks:
      • Instead of large bombings, modern terrorism relies on:
        • Lone-wolf attacks (one person acting alone).
        • Vehicle attacks, knives, or simple explosives.
        • AI-driven propaganda to recruit supporters.
    • Recent Terror Attacks in the U.S.:
      • Las Vegas Cyber Truck Explosion: A Tesla exploded outside a hotel where President-elect Donald Trump was staying.
      • New Orleans Vehicle Attack: A former soldier drove a truck into a crowd, killing 14 people while displaying an ISIS flag.
      • Virginia Terror Plot: Authorities foiled a planned attack in early 2025.
    • Warnings for the Future:
      • Experts warn of a new wave of terror attacks using digital tools.
      • Security agencies worldwide are on high alert to prevent further incidents.

    Conclusion

    A technology-driven and cooperative global approach is essential to counter rising conflicts and terrorism. Nations must strengthen international institutions, use AI for surveillance, and enforce stricter digital regulations to prevent online radicalization. Community engagement and de-radicalization programs can help address extremism at its roots. Stronger border security, cyber-tracking, and intelligence-sharing will be key to preventing future attacks. As threats become more decentralized and digital, proactive measures and global collaboration are the only paths to lasting peace.

  • Indian Immigrants Deported from US

    Why in the News?

    A U.S. Air Force C-17 plane landed at Amritsar’s Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport on February 5, 2025, carrying around 100 Indian nationals. These individuals were suspected of trying to enter the U.S. illegally.

    What are the Hotspots states of Illegal Immigration in India?

    • Gujarat: North Gujarat, including the districts of Mehsana, Gandhinagar, Patan, and Banaskantha, is a major hotspot. Specific illegal immigration hotspots within these districts include Dingucha, Khalva, Nardipur, and Limdivas in Kalol taluka of Gandhinagar district; Vijapur, Andudar, Tundali, Bhadol, and Dhanali in Mehsana district; and Sola Science City Road and Bhadaj in Ahmedabad city.
    • Punjab: Punjab is also a significant hotspot for illegal immigration.
    • Haryana: Haryana is another state identified as a hotspot.

    Andhra Pradesh tops the list of agents engaged in illegal manpower migration overseas. As of Oct 30, 2023, a total of 2925 such agents have been identified.

    What are the most common methods used? 

    • Forged Documents: Agents create fake passports, visas, and other documents to facilitate illegal migration. This includes fake departure/arrival stamps, work permits, and educational or corporate papers.
    • “Donkey Routes”: Agents organize travel through multiple countries to exploit visa loopholes and enable illegal border crossings into the desired destination. This often involves routing individuals through countries with visa-on-arrival options for Indian nationals.
    • Exploiting Loopholes: Agents exploit student visas and family immigration categories, as well as sham marriages and adoptions, to facilitate illegal immigration.

    What are the Reasons for Illegal Migration?

    • Economic Factors: Poverty, lack of economic opportunities, and the desire for a better standard of living push individuals to seek opportunities in other countries. The promise of opportunities, like the “American Dream,” attracts migrants.
    • Political and Religious Persecution: Individuals flee their home countries due to political and religious persecution, seeking refuge in other nations.
    • Overpopulation and Natural Disasters: Overpopulation leading to a crisis of living space and natural disasters can force people to migrate for survival and better living conditions.
    • Existing Social Networks: Established social networks attract more migrants from similar communities, often resulting in migration through illegal routes when other options are unavailable.
    • Violence and Instability: Violence, exacerbated by gangs and the drug trade, and gender-based violence, such as honour crimes or forced marriage, drive individuals to seek safety elsewhere.

    What are the consequences of such Migration?

    • Clashes and Political Instability: Illegal migration can lead to clashes between locals and migrants due to competition over scarce resources, economic opportunities, and cultural dominance, resulting in political instability.
    • Economic Exploitation: Undocumented migrants are vulnerable to economic exploitation, often facing informal, temporary, or unprotected jobs and even forced labour due to a lack of legal safeguards. Illegal immigration can also increase the labour supply, impacting the wages and employment of some domestic workers.
    • Strain on Resources and Infrastructure: The influx of undocumented settlers can strain public services like healthcare, education, and transportation, while unregulated settlements may emerge with hazardous living conditions. A massive influx of immigrants can lead to increased consumption, creating crises as authorities struggle to maintain living conditions and provide housing and services.
    • Increased Crime and Security Concerns: Illegal migrants may engage in illegal and anti-national activities, such as fraudulently acquiring identity cards, participating in trans-border smuggling, and other crimes, undermining the rule of law. Organized criminal groups may also be involved in smuggling migrants across borders.
    • Violation of Human Rights: Illegal migrants are vulnerable to inhumane conditions and criminal offences like assault, rape, or extortion during their journeys or in destination regions2. They also face the risk of detention and deportation and may be mistreated during detention, such as having poor living conditions.
    • Social Tensions: Large-scale illegal migration can distort existing demographics and pose a threat to existing socio-cultural identity, potentially leading to xenophobic, ultranationalist, and racial manifestations.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthening Border and Immigration Controls – Enhance surveillance, biometric tracking, and cooperation with international agencies to curb illegal entry and human smuggling networks.
    • Regulating Migration Pathways – Streamline legal migration channels, enforce stricter penalties on fraudulent agents, and promote awareness campaigns to educate potential migrants on legal and safe alternatives.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q How does illegal transborder migration pose a threat to India’s security? Discuss the strategies to curb this, bringing out the factors which give impetus to such migration. (UPSC IAS/2014)

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