After over three years and 13 rounds of meetings, countries that are part of the World Health Organization (WHO) have agreed on steps to help stop, get ready for, and deal with future pandemics.
What are the key provisions of the WHO Pandemic Agreement, and how do they aim to prevent future pandemics?
Protection of Healthcare Workers: Countries have committed to better protection and support for healthcare workers during pandemics. Eg: Ensuring adequate PPE, mental health support, and fair compensation during crisis response.
Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing System (PABS): A system is established to ensure that countries sharing pathogen samples or genome sequences are guaranteed access to diagnostics, treatments, and vaccines developed from them. Eg: If an African country shares a new virus strain, it will receive vaccines developed using that strain.
Equitable Distribution Commitments by Pharma Companies: Pharmaceutical companies have agreed to donate 10% of pandemic-related products to WHO and provide another 10% at affordable prices. Eg: During a future pandemic, WHO can allocate donated vaccine doses to low-income countries.
Technology Transfer Under Mutually Agreed Terms: Countries must promote and facilitate vaccine technology and know-how transfer under fair conditions (not just voluntary). Eg: mRNA vaccine technology being transferred to a developing country to scale up local production.
Promotion of Local Manufacturing Capacity: The treaty encourages countries to build domestic capabilities to manufacture diagnostics, vaccines, and treatments. Eg: WHO supporting the setup of vaccine production hubs in South America and Africa.
Why did developed and developing countries have differing priorities during the negotiations?
Key Issue
Developing Countries’ Perspective
Developed Countries’ Perspective
Example
Access vs. Control Over Resources
Sought equitable access to vaccines, diagnostics, and treatments developed from shared pathogen data.
Focused on retaining control over innovations and resources.
India sought vaccine access in return for sharing virus data; EU hesitated on binding terms.
Technology Transfer vs. IP Rights
Demanded mandatory tech transfer to build local manufacturing capacity.
Preferred voluntary sharing; feared loss of profit and intellectual property rights.
African nations pushed for mRNA tech; pharma firms resisted to protect patents.
Historical Inequities & Trust Deficit
Skeptical due to past incidents like vaccine hoarding; demanded enforceable commitments.
Reluctant to agree to binding mechanisms fearing risks to their own supply chains.
U.S. and EU pre-booked vaccines during COVID-19, delaying access for African countries.
How does the pathogen access and benefit-sharing system ensure equitable access to vaccines and treatments for developing countries?
Guaranteed Access to Medical Countermeasures: Countries that share pathogen samples and genome data are guaranteed access to the diagnostics, vaccines, or treatments developed from them. Eg: If Nigeria shares Ebola virus samples, it will receive vaccines or treatments developed from those samples.
Donation and Affordable Pricing Commitments: Pharmaceutical companies have agreed to donate 10% of their production to WHO and offer another 10% at affordable prices to low- and middle-income countries. Eg: During a future pandemic, India or Kenya would receive a share of vaccines even if they can’t pay market rates.
Legally Binding Mechanism for Fair Distribution: The system is designed to move beyond goodwill by creating structured and fair distribution frameworks, preventing vaccine hoarding. Eg: Unlike COVID-19, where Africa was left behind, the new system mandates early and fair distribution.
What commitments have pharma companies made on vaccine sharing, and how does it address COVID-19 inequities?
Production-Based Donation Quota: Pharma companies have committed to donate 10% of their total vaccine production to WHO. Eg: If a company like Pfizer produces 1 billion doses during a future pandemic, 100 million doses must be donated for global distribution.
Affordable Pricing for Developing Countries: Companies will offer an additional 10% of vaccines at affordable prices to ensure access for low- and middle-income countries. Eg: Countries like Bangladesh or Ethiopia could buy vaccines at reduced prices instead of being priced out like during early COVID-19 waves.
Prevents Vaccine Hoarding by Rich Nations: By ensuring early and guaranteed supply to WHO, this system prevents stockpiling by high-income countries as seen in COVID-19. Eg: Unlike the situation where Europe secured vaccines ahead of Africa, all regions will get equitable shares based on need.
Who facilitates the technology transfer for vaccine production, and under what terms will it occur?
Facilitated by Countries Under WHO Framework: Technology transfer will be facilitated by countries through the WHO, promoting collaboration and capacity building in developing nations. Eg: India can partner with African nations to help build local vaccine production units using WHO-coordinated support.
Occurs on Mutually Agreed Terms (Not Voluntary): Technology sharing will happen on “mutually agreed terms”, not just voluntary basis, ensuring fair negotiations between parties. Eg: A pharma firm like Moderna will negotiate terms with countries like Indonesia to share mRNA vaccine tech under WHO oversight.
Way forward:
Strengthen Global Compliance and Monitoring: Establish an independent WHO-led mechanism to ensure countries and pharma companies adhere to commitments on access, donations, and tech transfer.
Invest in Regional Manufacturing Hubs: Support the creation of regional facilities for vaccine and diagnostic production in developing countries to reduce dependency and enhance preparedness.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2020] Critically examine the role of WHO in providing global health security during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Linkage: The role of the World Health Organization in global health security, which is the very organization that finalized the Pandemic Agreement encompassing the pathogen access and benefit-sharing system. The experiences and lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly regarding equitable access to vaccines, heavily influenced the negotiations for this agreement.
India has a rich history of creativity across fields like art, science, and medicine. To achieve its $5 trillion goal, it must refresh its innovation approach by encouraging creativity everywhere.
What is the creative economy?
The creative economy includes industries driven by creativity, culture, knowledge, and innovation, like art, design, media, software, and research, generating income, jobs, and exports through intellectual and cultural capital.
What is the situation of the Global creative Economy?
Global Creative Economy (2022): Creative services exports reached $1.4 trillion (29% rise since 2017), goods at $713 billion, together generating over $2 trillion annually and supporting 50 million jobs.
Key Sectors (UNCTAD 2024): Software services (41.3%), research and development (30.7%), and advertising, market research, and architecture (15.5%) are major contributors to the global creative economy.
India’s Contribution: In 2019, India’s creative exports totaled $121 billion, with services making up $100 billion. As of 2024, the sector is valued at $30 billion, employs 8% of the workforce, and saw a 20% growth in exports.
What factors drive India’s growing creative economy and its $5 trillion ambition?
Diverse Creative Sectors: India has a rich tradition of creativity across various fields such as arts, design, science, medicine, and technology. This diverse pool of creativity serves as a foundation for innovation. Eg: The design sector, accounting for 87.5% of India’s creative goods exports, showcases India’s global leadership in design innovation.
Increasing Global Demand for Creative Goods and Services: The global market for creative services has surged, and India’s growing export of creative goods and services is capitalizing on this demand. Eg: In 2022, India’s creative exports grew by 20%, reaching over $11 billion, indicating the sector’s expanding international reach.
Technological Advancements: Investment in technology and software services is one of the primary contributors to India’s creative economy. As technology integrates into creative fields, it opens up new possibilities for innovation. Eg: Software services make up 41.3% of the global creative economy, positioning India as a leader in IT and creative technological services.
Grassroots Innovations: India’s grassroots innovations, often solving local challenges, are a significant driver of the creative economy. These innovations have the potential to scale up and contribute to economic growth. Eg: Innovations like the “mitti cool clay refrigerator” and pedal-operated washing machines showcase India’s strength in developing frugal, sustainable innovations that can be scaled.
Government Initiatives and Investments: The Indian government’s support for creative industries, such as through initiatives like “One District One Innovation,” helps nurture local creativity and turn it into large-scale economic impact. Eg: The government’s focus on intellectual property protection and encouraging local creative ideas through programs like GIAN (Grassroots Innovations Augmentation Network) enables broader commercialization of grassroots innovations.
Why is bridging the gap between creativity and innovation essential in India?
Ideas to Scalable Products: Creativity generates ideas, but innovation turns them into products. Bridging the gap ensures ideas are transformed into commercially viable solutions. Eg: The “mitti cool clay refrigerator” needs innovation for mass production.
Maximizing Economic Impact: Bridging the gap helps scale innovations, creating jobs and boosting economic growth. Eg: The pedal-operated washing machine requires innovation to reach larger markets.
Enhancing Global Competitiveness: Converting creative ideas into innovative products boosts India’s global market presence. Eg: India’s design sector can thrive by innovating creative concepts into market-ready products.
What are the steps taken by the Indian government?
One District One Product (ODOP) & One District One Innovation (ODOI): Promotes unique local products and innovations from each district to boost local economies and generate employment. Eg: ODOP has helped districts like Bhadohi in Uttar Pradesh gain recognition for carpet weaving, integrating traditional creativity with global markets.
Startup India and Atal Innovation Mission (AIM): These initiatives foster innovation by supporting startups with funding, mentorship, and infrastructure. Eg: AIM’s Atal Tinkering Labs in schools promote problem-solving and innovation from a young age, nurturing future innovators.
Support for Intellectual Property Rights (IPR): Government has simplified patent filing, reduced fees for startups, and launched awareness programs to protect grassroots innovations. Eg: The National IPR Policy 2016 encourages creators, especially in rural India, to safeguard and monetise their innovations.
How can grassroots innovations be scaled up for commercial success? (Way forward)
Improved Manufacturing Processes: To scale grassroots innovations, cost-effective and efficient manufacturing processes must be developed to meet larger market demands. Eg: The “mitti cool clay refrigerator” needs affordable mass production techniques to reduce costs and increase accessibility.
Protection of Intellectual Property: Innovators need intellectual property (IP) protection to prevent replication and ensure fair returns from their ideas. Eg: IP protection for local innovations like the “amphibious bicycle” ensures exclusive market rights and encourages investment.
Market Research and Consumer Feedback: Conducting market research and incorporating consumer feedback helps tailor grassroots innovations to meet the needs of a broader audience. Eg: The “mitti cool” refrigerator could be adapted to different regional needs based on customer feedback.
Government Support and Policy Frameworks: Government policies and initiatives can help create an ecosystem for scaling grassroots innovations by providing infrastructure, legal support, and incentives for innovation. Eg: Programs like “One District One Innovation” could support scaling local innovations like sustainable farming tools across regions.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2018] What is the significance of Industrial Corridors in India? Identify industrial corridors, explain their main characteristics.
Linkage: The concept of industrial corridors emphasizes infrastructure development and sector-specific growth. Similarly, developing robust ecosystems and infrastructure for creative industries is a crucial pathway for the growth of India’s creative economy, aligning with the need for support and formalization discussed in the article.
N4S: India’s obesity crisis is rising fast, fueled by junk food, weak regulations, and lifestyle changes. UPSC often asks about public health crises through a mix of policy, causes, and impact-based questions (PYQ: “Can overuse and availability of antibiotics contribute to drug resistance?” [GS 3, 2014]). Aspirants usually falter in linking different aspects—policy failures, economic impact, and cultural factors—into a coherent answer. This article helps by breaking down obesity’s rise (“The Scale of India’s Obesity Crisis”), weak regulations (“The Role of Flawed Food Regulations”), and its wide-ranging effects (“The Impacts of Obesity”). For example, it highlights how India’s food laws allow misleading health star ratings, keeping consumers unaware of unhealthy choices. A special feature of this article is its real-world connect—linking global best practices like Chile’s warning labels to India’s regulatory gaps. Understanding obesity isn’t just about health; it’s about governance, economy, and policy failures—just the way UPSC asks.
PYQ ANCHORING
Can overuse and the availability of antibiotics without doctor’s prescription, the contributors to the emergence of drug-resistant diseases in India? What are the available mechanisms for monitoring and control? Critically discuss the various issues involved. [GS 3, 2014]
‘To ensure effective implementation of policies addressing water, sanitation and hygiene needs, the identification of beneficiary segments is to be synchronized with the anticipated outcomes’ Examine the statement in the context of the WASH scheme. [GS 2,2017]
MICROTHEMES: Medical and Health Technologies; Health
Back in the late 1800s, John Harvey Kellogg came up with cornflakes as a ‘health food’ to improve digestion and stop people from eating unhealthy meals. Fast forward to today, and breakfast cereals, along with ultra-processed foods, have become a major part of the obesity problem. India, once known for struggling with malnutrition, is now facing a new challenge—rising obesity across all sections of society.
Recently, the Prime Minister pointed out a shocking global trend: in 2022, one in eight people worldwide was living with obesity, and cases among children and teenagers (ages 5 to 19) had skyrocketed four times over. India is no exception.
This article breaks down three big questions. First, how has obesity in India changed over the years, and why is it spreading so fast? Second, how have weak food regulations allowed junk food and unhealthy diets to take over? And third, what are the consequences beyond just health—how is obesity impacting work, the economy, and even social life?
About Obesity
Defined as an abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health (World Health Organization).
Body Mass Index (BMI) is used to classify obesity. It is calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kilograms by their height in meters squared (kg/m²).BMI of 25 or above is considered overweight and 30 or above is classified as obese.
The Scale of India’s Obesity Crisis
“We are what we eat”—and India’s eating habits are fueling a crisis. Nearly 1 in 4 Indians is now overweight or obese, according to NFHS-5. Cities are worst affected, but villages aren’t far behind. Even kids aren’t spared—14 million Indian children are obese, making India the second-worst hit after China. Once a country battling hunger, India now faces a new challenge: an obesity epidemic growing faster than ever.
Trends Over the Years//pre
India has experienced a significant rise in obesity rates over the past few decades, transitioning from concerns of undernutrition to facing a growing obesity epidemic.
Indicator
NFHS-3 (2005-06)
NFHS-4 (2015-16)
NFHS-5 (2019-21)
Trend
Overweight/Obese Women (15-49 yrs)
12.6%
20.6%
24%
Increasing
Overweight/Obese Men (15-49 yrs)
10.9%
18.9%
22.9%
Increasing
Urban-Rural Gap (Women)
Higher in urban areas
Higher in urban areas
Urban: 33.3%, Rural: 19.7%
Widening gap
Urban-Rural Gap (Men)
Higher in urban areas
Higher in urban areas
Urban: 31.7%, Rural: 19%
Widening gap
Childhood Obesity (Under-5 years, overweight)
1.5%
2.1%
3.4%
Rising childhood obesity
Key Takeaways:
Obesity rates have nearly doubled for both men and women over 15 years.
The urban-rural divide has widened, with urban populations experiencing significantly higher obesity rates.
Childhood obesity is rising, indicating a shift in nutrition and lifestyle patterns.
By 2050, projections estimate that approximately 218 million men and 231 million women in India will be obese by mid-century, accounting for nearly one-third of the country’s population.
Contributory Factors of Obesity // mains
It’s not just about eating too much or moving too little—obesity is shaped by everyday choices. Cheap, processed foods packed with sugar and fat have taken over our diets, while long work hours and city life leave little room for exercise.
On top of that, junk food ads flood our screens, food laws remain weak, and in many places, weight gain is still seen as a sign of prosperity. Put it all together, and you get a health crisis growing by the day. Understanding these triggers is the first step to stopping it before it spirals out of control.
Cause/Factor
Explanation
Data/Examples
Changing Diets & Processed Foods
Ultra-processed foods, refined sugars, and unhealthy fats increase calorie intake and weight gain.
Packaged food consumption in India grew by 15% annually; 10%+ of daily calories in urban areas come from ultra-processed foods.
Sedentary Lifestyle
Urbanization reduces physical activity due to desk jobs, vehicle reliance, and fewer exercise opportunities.
43% of urban men and 56% of urban women report insufficient activity vs. 26% of rural men and 35% of rural women.
Income and Profession
Higher-income groups consume more calorie-dense foods, while sedentary jobs contribute to weight gain.
Obesity is 4x more common in the highest wealth group; IT and banking professionals show higher prevalence.
Cultural Perceptions
In some communities, a larger body size is seen as a sign of prosperity, and post-marriage weight gain is normalized.
In parts of North India and tribal communities, a “healthy” body weight is linked to social status, discouraging weight loss.
Genetics & Metabolic Factors
Genetic predisposition, hormonal imbalances, and slow metabolism increase obesity risk.
20-30% of obesity cases in India have a genetic link, worsened by lifestyle choices.
Advertising & Food Marketing
Junk food ads, especially targeting children, drive high-calorie food consumption.
60% of food ads in India promote unhealthy snacks and sugary drinks, fueling childhood obesity.
The Role of Flawed Food Regulations in Perpetuating Obesity
India’s fight against obesity is being undermined by weak and ineffective food regulations. It is primarily due to the following reasons:
Lack of Enforcement – FSSAI and ministries have failed to implement clear labeling and advertising rules since 2017, leaving consumers unaware of health risks in processed foods.
Weak & Vague Regulations – No strict definition of High Fat, Salt, and Sugar (HFSS) foods, allowing brands to market unhealthy products freely.
Absence of Front-of-Pack Warnings – India lacks mandatory front-of-pack warning labels, preventing consumers from getting clear visual cues about excessive sugar, salt, or fat content.
Misleading ‘Health Star’ Ratings – The Indian Nutrition Rating (INR) allows unhealthy products like biscuits and sugary cereals to receive 2–3 stars, creating a false perception of healthiness.
Industry Influence Over Policy – Strong lobbying from food companies has diluted regulatory measures, including the scrapping of the 2021 ‘traffic light’ warning label proposal.
Ineffective Advertising Laws – Despite existing laws to curb misleading ads, junk food continues to be aggressively marketed, especially targeting children.
Consumer Protection Gaps – The Consumer Protection Act (2019) defines misleading ads but lacks enforcement for nutritional transparency, while FSSAI regulations fail to define HFSS and Ultra-Processed Foods (UPF).
As a result of these regulatory failures, junk food consumption remains high, contributing to rising obesity and diabetes rates in India. Studies have shown that banning junk food advertisements can significantly reduce childhood obesity, yet no concrete steps have been taken to implement such measures. Without urgent regulatory reforms, India’s obesity crisis will only worsen.
THE IMPACTS OF OBESITY
In 1998, when India was still grappling with malnutrition, few would have predicted that obesity would become a major public health crisis. Yet, here we are—facing a reality where one in four Indians is either overweight or obese. The rise in obesity isn’t just about expanding waistlines; it’s driving an epidemic of diabetes, heart disease, and other chronic illnesses, pushing healthcare costs through the roof. Its major impacts are two-fold- Health-related and economical.
The Health Toll of Obesity in India
Health Impact
Description
Example / Data
Higher Risk of Diabetes
Obesity significantly increases the likelihood of developing Type 2 diabetes, leading to severe complications.
77 million Indians have diabetes, making India the diabetes capital of the world.
Increased Heart Disease & Hypertension
Excess body fat strains the heart, leading to high blood pressure, cholesterol issues, and cardiovascular diseases.
Heart disease is responsible for 28% of total deaths in India.
Rise in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
Obesity is a major cause of liver diseases, even in people who don’t consume alcohol.
1 in 3 Indians suffers from some form of fatty liver disease.
Joint & Mobility Issues
Excess weight puts pressure on bones and joints, increasing the risk of arthritis and mobility problems.
Osteoarthritis cases are surging, especially among obese individuals over 40.
Increased Cancer Risk
Obesity is linked to higher rates of breast, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers.
WHO estimates obesity is associated with 13 types of cancers.
Mental Health Issues
Obesity can lead to depression, anxiety, and poor self-esteem, especially in adolescents.
Obese individuals are 55% more likely to develop depression.
With these severe health risks, obesity is more than just a lifestyle issue—it’s a public health crisis. And when these health issues pile up, they create a massive economic burden.
Impact Area
Description
Example / Data
Rising Healthcare Costs
Obesity-related diseases like diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease increase medical expenses.
By 2035, direct healthcare costs for obesity-related illnesses in India could reach $8.43 billion.
Increased Burden on Public Healthcare System
More obesity-related cases strain government hospitals and the Ayushman Bharat scheme.
WHO highlights obesity-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) as a major financial burden on India’s healthcare system.
Loss of Productivity in Workplaces
Obesity leads to higher absenteeism and lower efficiency at work.
A Harvard Public Health study found obese individuals are 5 times more likely to take sick leaves.
Higher Premature Death Rates & Economic Losses
Obesity-linked diseases like stroke and heart disease contribute to early deaths, reducing workforce participation.
Premature mortality due to obesity could cost India $109.38 billion by 2035.
Impact on Insurance Industry
Higher obesity rates lead insurers to increase premiums or exclude obesity-related treatments.
Some health insurance policies in India now exclude bariatric surgery, a treatment for extreme obesity.
Rising Costs for Families
Households spend more on obesity-related treatments, including medicines, diagnostics, and hospital visits.
Treating Type 2 Diabetes (linked to obesity) costs Indian families ₹30,000–₹50,000 per year.
Long-term Economic Drain on the Country
Obesity’s economic burden includes healthcare costs and lost workforce productivity.
By 2030, obesity could cost India $81.53 billion (₹6.7 lakh crore), impacting 1.57% of GDP.
WAY FORWARD
Chile figured out something simple but powerful—put a big, bold “high in sugar” or “high in fat” label on unhealthy food, and people start making better choices. Their move led to a 24% drop in ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption. Many countries have adopted similar clear warning labels, while India still relies on a confusing health star rating that often misleads consumers.
So, what can India do?
Adopt Global Best Practices – Follow WHO or National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) guidelines to ensure transparency in food classification.
Stricter Labeling Rules – The Economic Survey 2025 already suggests making front-of-pack labels more informative and regulating misleading marketing.
Ditch Misleading Health Stars – Instead of vague star ratings, India needs direct warning labels for high sugar, salt, and fat content, just like Chile.
Set Clear Nutritional Limits – Define and enforce strict sugar, salt, and fat thresholds for packaged foods.
Tighten Advertising Laws – Ban junk food ads targeting children and close existing loopholes that allow misleading promotions.
Launch Awareness Campaigns – Educate people about the health risks of UPFs, making sure information reaches all communities in their local languages.
Better regulations could mean fewer health issues down the road—but for that, India needs to move beyond industry-friendly loopholes and start putting public health first.
#BACK2BASICS: MEASURES TAKEN BY INDIA TO COMBAT OBESITY
1. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW)
1.1 National Programme for Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NP-NCD)
Focuses on screening, prevention, and management of obesity as a key risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs).
Encourages lifestyle modifications and awareness campaigns through behavior change communication (BCC).
1.2 Fit India Movement
Launched in 2019 to promote physical fitness and active lifestyles among all age groups.
Organizes fitness assessments, yoga sessions, and awareness programs in schools, workplaces, and communities.
1.3 National Digital Health Mission (NDHM)
Provides digital health records to monitor obesity-related health parameters.
Encourages preventive care through telemedicine and AI-based health analysis.
1.4 School Health Programme (under Ayushman Bharat)
Addresses childhood obesity through nutrition education, physical activity, and health monitoring in schools.
1.5 Eat Right India Movement
Led by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), this initiative promotes healthy eating habits and food labeling norms to reduce obesity risks.
2. Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports
2.1 Khelo India Programme
Aims to promote sports and physical activities among children and youth.
Encourages community fitness initiatives to prevent obesity and sedentary lifestyles.
2.2 National Physical Fitness Programme
Introduces fitness tests and tracking mechanisms in schools and colleges to encourage physical activity.
3. Ministry of Women and Child Development
3.1 POSHAN Abhiyaan (National Nutrition Mission)
Focuses on reducing malnutrition and obesity by promoting balanced diets and proper nutrition.
Encourages breastfeeding, healthy complementary feeding, and reduction of processed foods in children’s diets.
3.2 Supplementary Nutrition Programme (SNP)
Implemented under Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) to promote healthy eating among children, adolescents, and pregnant women.
4. Ministry of Education
4.1 School Nutrition Gardens
Encourages students to grow and consume fresh vegetables, reducing dependence on processed foods.
Part of the Mid-Day Meal Scheme to ensure nutritious school meals.
4.2 CBSE Guidelines on Physical Activity
Makes sports and fitness activities mandatory in school curriculums to combat childhood obesity.
5. Ministry of Food Processing Industries
5.1 Healthy Food Regulations by FSSAI
Regulates the fat, sugar, and salt content in packaged foods.
Implements front-of-pack labeling to inform consumers about unhealthy food choices.
Encourages walkable neighborhoods, cycling tracks, and open gymnasiums to increase physical activity in urban areas.
6.2 Open Gym Initiative in Public Parks
Develops free outdoor gyms in urban parks to encourage fitness activities.
7. Ministry of AYUSH
7.1 Yoga and Naturopathy for Obesity Control
Promotes Yoga-based interventions through International Yoga Day, AYUSH wellness centers, and yoga camps.
Integrates Ayurvedic, Homeopathic, and Unani treatments for obesity management.
The Government of India adopts a multi-sectoral approach to tackle obesity, focusing on awareness, lifestyle modification, nutrition, physical activity, and regulations. These initiatives involve healthcare, education, sports, urban planning, and nutrition policies, ensuring a holistic fight against obesity.
PRACTICE QUESTION
India is grappling with an increasing obesity epidemic. Discuss the key factors contributing to this crisis, identify the responsible stakeholders, and suggest actionable measures to address the issueS.
DEMAND: The question demands an analysis of the causes behind India’s obesity epidemic, identification of responsible stakeholders, and suggestions for practical measures to address the issue effectively.
The ISRO through its CROP remote sensing framework, has estimated that the total wheat production from eight major wheat-growing states will reach 122.724 million tonnes by March 31, 2025.
About CROP:
CROP is a semi-automated and scalable framework developed by ISRO’s National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC).
The primary goal of CROP is to provide a real-time view of the sowing, growth, and harvest progress of crops, especially wheat during the Rabi season.
CROP utilizes data from multi-source remote sensing satellites to monitor agricultural areas across India.
Technological Components of CROP:
EOS-04 (RISAT-1A): Provides Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data for crop monitoring, especially under varied weather conditions.
EOS-06 (Oceansat-3): Offers optical remote sensing data for agricultural monitoring.
Resourcesat-2A: Used for high-resolution optical imaging, focusing on agricultural areas for precise crop monitoring.
Key Features of the Study:
The study used a combination of SAR and optical data to accurately assess crop progress during the 2024-25 Rabi season.
The wheat sown area, as of March 31, 2025, stands at 330.8 lakh hectares, which is in line with the figures reported by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare (324.38 lakh hectares as of February 4, 2025).
Wheat production in the eight major wheat-growing states is estimated to be 122.724 million tonnes by March 31, 2025, based on the data gathered through the remote sensing method.
[UPSC 2019] For the measurement/estimation of which of the following are satellite images/remote sensing data used?
1. Chlorophyll content in the vegetation of a specific location
2. Greenhouse gas emissions from rice paddies of a specific location
3. Land surface temperatures of a specific location
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3*
Uterine transplant surgery offers a groundbreaking solution for women with absolute uterine infertility, as seen in the recent birth of the first child in the U.K. born to a mother who received a donated uterus.
About Uterine Transplants:
Uterine transplantation is a surgical procedure where a woman who lacks a functional uterus receives a donor uterus, enabling her to carry and give birth to a child.
The transplant is typically temporary, allowing for one or two pregnancies, after which the uterus is usually removed to avoid complications.
Donor Criteria:
Age: Between 30 to 50 years.
Health: Must be in good overall health, with a BMI under 30, and no history of diabetes, cancer (within 5 years), or STIs.
Exclusions: Women with HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, or other complications.
The procedure requires gynecological transplant surgeons with specific training. A 6-month recovery period is needed before attempting pregnancy.
Indian Scenario:
India’s first transplant was performed on May 18, 2017, at Galaxy Care Hospital in Pune. The recipient was a 26-year-old woman who received her mother’s uterus.
In October 2018, India’s first baby was born via Caesarean section, weighing 1.45 kg and healthy.
This success story reflects India’s growing capabilities in reproductive medicine, providing hope to women with uterine infertility, offering them an opportunity for biological motherhood.
[UPSC 2020] In the context of recent advances in human reproductive technology, “Pronuclear Transfer” is used for:
Options: (a) fertilization of egg in vitro by the donor sperm (b) genetic modification of sperm producing cells (c) development of stem cells into functional embryos (d) prevention of mitochondrial diseases in offspring
Indian Air Force (IAF) contingent has recently departed for the Desert Flag-10 exercise, being held at the Al Dhafra air base in the UAE.
About Exercise Desert Flag:
Exercise Desert Flag is a multi-nation air combat exercise held at Al Dhafra Air Base in the UAE.
It offers participating air forces the opportunity to engage in complex fighter operations and enhance combat capabilities in a collaborative environment.
Focus Areas: Fighter engagements, interoperability, and the exchange of operational knowledge.
Participants: Air forces from United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Germany, France, Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Turkey, and India.
Significance of the Exercise:
Improving Interoperability: Enhances the ability of air forces from different nations to work together seamlessly, sharing information and responding to regional security challenges.
Learning from Global Air Forces: Provides the IAF with exposure to advanced combat tactics and air defence technologies from the world’s top air forces.
Diplomatic and Strategic Influence: India’s participation underscores its role in global security and enhances its defence diplomacy.
[UPSC 2008] Hand-in-Hand 2007’, a joint anti-terrorism military training was held by the officers of the Indian Army and officers of the Army of which one of the following countries?
The 2024 European State of the Climate Report shows Europe warming nearly twice as fast as the global average, with significant regional variations due to human-driven climate change.
European State of the Climate Report: Key Highlights
2024 as the Warmest Year: The year 2024 was recorded as the warmest year ever, not just globally but for Europe as well, with Eastern Europe experiencing particularly high temperatures.
East-West Contrast: While Eastern Europe enjoyed sunny and warm conditions, Western Europe was cloudier and wetter, highlighting the regional differences in climate impact.
Southeastern Europe Heatwave: Countries like Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia, Kosovo, and Serbia faced their longest heatwave on record, adding to the already extreme conditions.
Reasons Behind Europe’s Higher Rate of Warming:
Proximity to the Arctic Region: A large part of Europe lies within the Arctic region, where warming is three to four times faster than the global average, driving higher temperatures in Europe.
Albedo Effect: The melting of Arctic ice exposes darker surfaces (land and water) that absorb more solar radiation, accelerating warming in Europe.
Reduction in Aerosols: Decreasing aerosol emissions in Europe allow more solar radiation to reach the Earth’s surface, contributing to faster warming.
Land-Based Warming: Europe’s land areas warm faster than oceans, triggering extreme weather like heatwaves, heavy rainfall, and flooding.
Global Climate Dynamics: Europe’s geographical and atmospheric conditions make it more susceptible to climate change effects compared to other regions.
[UPSC 2014] The scientific view is that the increase in global temperature should not exceed 2 0 C above pre-industrial level. If the global temperature increases beyond 30 C above the pre-industrial level, what can be its possible impact/impacts on the world?
1. Terrestrial biosphere tends toward a net carbon source.
2. Widespread coral mortality will occur.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only * (c) 2, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
[UPSC 2024] What is disaster resilience? How is it determined? Describe various elements of a resilience framework. Also mention the global targets of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015- 2030).
Linkage: Heatwaves are increasingly recognized as severe weather events and fall under the purview of disaster management. This question directly asks about disaster resilience and its framework, which is crucial for tackling heatwaves. Building resilience to heatwaves involves both short-term preparedness (early warning systems, public awareness) and long-term adaptation (infrastructure changes, social safety nets) as highlighted in the article. The Sendai Framework’s targets are also relevant for setting goals in reducing heatwave-related mortality and morbidity.
Mentor’s Comment: According to the World Meteorological Organization, 2024 was the hottest year ever recorded, with global temperatures about 1.55°C higher than in pre-industrial times. In India, December 2022 was the hottest December since temperature records began in 1901. Overall, India has seen more heatwaves in the last 20 years compared to the 20 years before that.
Today’s editorial talks about the current heatwave situation and its effects. This topic is useful for GS Paper 3 in the UPSC Mains exam.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
On March 15, some states and cities in India faced their first severe heatwave of 2025 — about 20 days earlier than the first severe heatwave in 2024.
What are the key health and socio-economic effects of heatwaves in India?
Health Impacts (Heat Stress): Heatwaves in India lead to heat stress, which occurs when the outside temperature approaches the body’s normal temperature of 37°C. This hampers the body’s ability to release internal heat, leading to a range of health problems including kidney failure, liver damage, and brain-related issues, sometimes resulting in death. Eg, the 2015 heatwave in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana caused over 2,000 deaths due to extreme temperatures.
Impact on Agriculture and Livestock: Heatwaves negatively affect the farming sector, reducing crop yields and livestock production due to heat stress. Eg, the 2020 heatwaves led to significant crop damage, particularly in areas like Punjab and Haryana, where farmers saw a drop in wheat and paddy production, impacting food security.
Socio-Economic Consequences: Heatwaves result in loss of productivity, particularly in labor-intensive sectors like agriculture, construction, and outdoor work. This causes economic losses as workers lose work hours, and agricultural outputs decline. Eg, in 2023, heat stress led to an estimated loss of 6% of work hours in India, contributing to reduced personal incomes and affecting national GDP.
Why is heat stress an equity issue for vulnerable groups?
Disproportionate Impact on the Poor: Vulnerable groups such as the poor face the worst effects of heat stress due to limited access to resources like cooling systems, healthcare, and safe working conditions. Eg, in urban slums with poor infrastructure, people are exposed to higher temperatures both indoors and outdoors, leading to greater health risks compared to wealthier populations with air-conditioned homes.
Gendered Impact: Women, especially in rural and lower-income areas, are more affected by heat stress due to cultural norms that restrict their mobility and tasks, such as working in kitchens or wearing heavy clothing. Eg, women in rural India may have to work in the kitchen during peak heat hours, further increasing their risk of heat-related illnesses.
Impact on Migrant Workers and Informal Sector Employees: Migrants and workers in the informal sector often lack access to benefits such as paid leave, healthcare, or workplace protections, making them more vulnerable to heat stress. Eg, construction workers in cities like Delhi and Mumbai suffer from heat-related illnesses as they work outdoors without proper protection, and they cannot afford to miss work, leading to further health deterioration.
When did India begin implementing Heat Action Plans (HAPs), and how have they evolved over the years?
Initial Implementation in 2013: India began implementing Heat Action Plans (HAPs) in 2013 when Ahmedabad, Gujarat, became the first city in Asia to develop a municipal Heat Action Plan. The plan focused on early heatwave predictions, public awareness, and health system preparedness. Eg, Ahmedabad’s HAP helped reduce heat-related mortality by alerting vulnerable communities and healthcare systems ahead of heatwaves.
Expansion to Other Cities (2014-2018): After the success in Ahmedabad, other cities and states began developing their own heat action plans. By 2018, over 20 Indian cities and states had implemented their HAPs, adapting them based on local vulnerabilities. Eg, cities like Chennai and Hyderabad incorporated heat action strategies, including cooling shelters and awareness campaigns.
National Coordination (2018): In 2018, the National Programme on Climate Change and Human Health (NPCCHH) was introduced to provide a unified approach, coordinating heat advisories and other health-related information across the country. Eg, the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) began issuing nationwide heatwave alerts to help states and cities prepare for extreme heat events.
Focus on Long-Term Measures (2020-Present): Recent iterations of HAPs have emphasized long-term preventive measures, such as urban greening, reflective rooftops, and improved building materials to reduce heat retention. Eg, several cities, like Delhi, are promoting cool roof policies, encouraging the use of heat-reflective materials on buildings to reduce urban heat islands.
How can India improve the effectiveness and implementation of Heat Action Plans at the state and city levels?
Tailor Plans Based on Local Vulnerability: India can improve HAP effectiveness by ensuring that each state and city develops plans based on specific local vulnerabilities such as geography, socio-economic factors, and infrastructure. Eg, coastal cities like Mumbai may need strategies focusing on humidity and high temperatures, while inland cities like Jaipur might need to focus more on extreme heat and dry conditions.
Incorporate Real-Time Data and Predictive Technology: HAPs can be enhanced by using real-time data on temperature, humidity, and wind speed to improve forecasting accuracy and timely alerts. Eg, the use of satellite data and ground-based sensors in cities like Pune has allowed for more accurate predictions of heat stress, enabling better preparedness and quicker responses during heatwaves.
Strengthen Collaboration Between Stakeholders: Successful implementation of HAPs requires coordination between government bodies, local authorities, public health institutions, NGOs, and community organizations. Eg, in Ahmedabad, the city’s HAP involved collaborations between municipal authorities, public health officials, and non-governmental organizations, which significantly contributed to the reduction in heat-related deaths.
Focus on Long-Term Urban Planning and Infrastructure: HAPs should integrate long-term urban development strategies that mitigate heat in the built environment, such as increasing green spaces, promoting cool roofs, and using reflective materials for buildings. Eg, Chennai’s initiative to plant more trees and create shaded public spaces has helped reduce heat in urban areas, making the city more resilient to heatwaves.
Ensure Inclusivity and Equity in Response Measures: HAPs should ensure that vulnerable populations such as informal sector workers, elderly, and marginalized communities are given special attention during heatwaves. Eg, Delhi’s HAP has included mobile cooling units and shelters for the homeless, along with providing water points and health services in areas with high concentrations of migrant workers and low-income groups.
What is the current situation regarding the occurrence of heat waves in India?
Increased Frequency of Heatwave Days: The number of heatwave days in India has risen over the past decade. In 2022, approximately 121 heatwave days were recorded across the country, a decrease from the previous year but still indicative of a growing trend.
Record-Breaking Temperatures: In May 2024, northern India experienced severe heatwaves, with temperatures reaching up to 49.1°C in New Delhi. Over 37 cities reported temperatures exceeding 45°C, leading to at least 56 confirmed deaths and 25,000 suspected cases of heatstroke.
Projections of Future Heatwave Intensification: Future projections indicate a significant increase in heatwave frequency due to climate change. Under the RCP 4.5 scenario, the frequency of heatwaves in India is expected to increase by a factor of 4 to 7 in the mid-term and by 5 to 10 times in the long-term future.
Way forward:
Strengthen Policy Integration and Local Capacities: Integrate Heat Action Plans into urban planning and disaster management policies, while building capacity at local levels for climate-resilient infrastructure and real-time response systems.
Targeted Support for Vulnerable Groups: Prioritize inclusive measures such as community cooling centers, mobile health units, and social safety nets to protect informal workers, elderly, and low-income populations from heat-related risks.
Affirmative action is a powerful way to correct past injustices and ongoing discrimination. Tamil Nadu’s latest step to support persons with disabilities is a strong move that could greatly improve their lives and opportunities.
Why is Tamil Nadu’s appointment of persons with disabilities seen as a major step for social empowerment?
Political Inclusion of a Marginalised Group: Tamil Nadu is the first State in India to ensure statutory representation of PwDs in all local bodies through nomination, giving them a formal voice in grassroots governance. Eg: With these Bills, over 13,000 PwDs will be appointed across panchayats and municipal bodies, a leap from the current count of just 35 in urban areas.
Dismantling Stigma and Promoting Leadership: The initiative helps challenge stereotypes by projecting PwDs as leaders and decision-makers, rather than passive recipients of welfare. This enhances their visibility and social status. Eg: A PwD nominated to a municipal council can directly influence accessibility policies, public infrastructure design, and welfare schemes.
Ensures Real Empowerment, Not Just Welfare: Unlike schemes focused only on aid, this move offers dignity through participation, aligning with the constitutional vision of equality and justice for all. Eg: Just as women’s political reservation has created strong women leaders at the village level, this step is likely to produce role models within the disability community.
How does this initiative differ from earlier affirmative actions like women’s reservation in political bodies?
Focus on Economic Empowerment, Not Just Representation: Earlier efforts like political reservations aimed at ensuring women’s presence in governance. This initiative emphasizes economic inclusion through schemes, skills, and leadership roles. Eg: Women’s reservation in Panchayats gave political voice; this promotes financial independence via SHGs, entrepreneurship, etc.
Holistic and Multi-sectoral Approach: Unlike single-domain reservations, this initiative spans education, health, digital access, and finance, aiming at overall empowerment. Eg: Beyond seats in politics, it includes Ujjwala, Jan Dhan, and STEM skill-building for women.
Outcome-Oriented and Data-Driven: Newer policies use real-time monitoring and performance tracking to ensure impact, unlike earlier blanket quotas. Eg: Mission Shakti uses dashboards to track women’s welfare schemes, unlike static political reservation measures.
What are the key provisions in Tamil Nadu’s Bills to boost disability representation in local bodies?
Direct Nomination Without Elections: The amendments to the Tamil Nadu Urban Local Bodies Act, 1998, and the Tamil Nadu Panchayats Act, 1994, allow for the direct nomination of PwDs to local bodies, eliminating the need for them to contest elections. This move seeks to ensure their active participation in governance. Eg: Approximately 650 PwDs will be nominated to urban local bodies, and 12,913 to village panchayats.
Tenure and Entitlements: Nominated members will serve terms concurrent with the respective councils and will receive honoraria, fees, or allowances similar to those granted to elected councillors. However, they will not possess voting rights in council proceedings.
Enhanced Representation Based on Council Size: In municipal councils where the number of members exceeds 100, two PwDs will be nominated to ensure adequate representation.
What is the current status of disability representation in local bodies across India?
Lack of Mandatory Reservation Nationwide: Most Indian states do not have legally mandated seats reserved for persons with disabilities (PwDs) in local self-government institutions (panchayats and municipalities). Eg: Unlike SC/ST or women’s reservations, there is no uniform constitutional or legal mandate for PwD representation across all states.
Scattered State-Level Initiatives: A few states like Tamil Nadu have taken progressive steps by amending local body laws to allow nomination of PwDs, but such moves remain isolated and not yet a nationwide norm. Eg: Tamil Nadu recently passed laws to nominate over 13,000 PwDs to local bodies without requiring them to contest elections.
Limited Political Participation and Influence: Even where PwDs are included, their roles are often symbolic, with limited decision-making power due to lack of voting rights or institutional support. Eg: In Tamil Nadu, nominated PwD members will not have voting rights in council meetings, limiting their legislative influence.
Way forward:
Legal Mandate for Nationwide Inclusion: Introduce a constitutional or statutory provision to ensure uniform representation of PwDs in local bodies across all states. Eg: Amend the Representation of the People Act to include PwD nomination or reservation guidelines.
Empower with Voting Rights and Capacity Building: Grant voting powers to nominated PwD members and provide leadership training for meaningful participation. Eg: Like elected members, PwDs should influence decisions on local infrastructure and welfare schemes.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] Analyse the role of local bodies in providing good governance at local level and bring out the pros and cons merging the rural local bodies with the urban local bodies.
Linkage: Tamil Nadu government tabled Bills to increase the representation of persons with disabilities in local bodies, is relevant because the Bills directly impact the structure and composition of these local bodies. The question’s focus on the role and governance of local bodies aligns with the intention of the Tamil Nadu legislation to ensure the inclusion of persons with disabilities in decision-making at the grassroots level, which is expected to enhance governance by bringing diverse perspectives.
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