The people of Mayong village in Assam have come together to protect a growing colony of oriental pied hornbills, which they view as symbols of peace and prosperity.
About Oriental-pied Hornbills
Details
Name
Scientific Name: Anthracoceros albirostris Common Names: Sunda Pied Hornbill, Malaysian Pied Hornbill
Size: 600-900 grams, 55-60 cm in length.
Habitat
Found in South and Southeast Asia including India, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia.
Inhabits tropical moist forests, secondary forests, and mangroves.
Behavioural Features
Diet: Omnivorous, mainly fruits (figs), insects, small reptiles. Role: Seed dispersers, forest regeneration agents. Nesting: Female seals in tree cavity, male feeds her.
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List: Least Concern; CITES: Appendix II (conditional trade permitted). Threats: Habitat loss, poaching, pet trade. Conservation: Protected in reserves, community efforts for habitat preservation.
PYQ:
[2016] In which of the following regions of India, are you most likely to come across the ‘Great Indian Hornbill’ in its natural habitat?
Madhya Pradesh marked a significant milestone in public health by unveiling a commemorative postage stamp dedicated to the Sickle Cell Eradication – 2047 initiative.
What is the Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)?
SCD is a genetic disorder where red blood cells take a crescent shape, impairing circulation and causing complications like anaemia, organ damage, pain episodes, and a shortened lifespan.
It predominantly affects marginalized tribal populations.
Symptoms: Common symptoms include chronic anaemia, painful episodes (sickle cell crisis), and delayed growth and puberty.
Treatment: Treatments include blood transfusions, hydroxyurea to reduce pain episodes, and gene therapy or stem cell transplantation for long-term management.
India’s Mission:
Union Budget 2023-24 announced a mission to eradicate sickle cell anaemia by 2047, focusing on awareness and screening for individuals aged 0-40.
Anaemia Mukt Bharat Strategy: It provides bi weekly iron Folic acid supplementation to all under five children through ASHA workers.
What are the key facts about theSickle Cell Eradication – 2047Initiative?
Details
Aims and Objectives
• Complete eradication of sickle cell anemia by 2047.
• Awareness and screening in tribal communities.
• Accessible diagnosis and treatment, with tools like HPLC.
• Genetic counseling for prevention.
• Technology-driven monitoring via mobile app and National Sickle Cell Portal.
Features of the Program
• Newborn screening and prenatal diagnostics at AIIMS Bhopal.
• Nationwide expansion to 17 states by 2047.
• Advanced testing with HPLC machines.
• Community engagement through support groups and education.
Implementation
• Collaborations with institutions like AIIMS Bhopal, Sankalp India, and healthcare providers.
• Phased rollout starting with high-prevalence regions in Madhya Pradesh.
• Government funding for infrastructure and tech development.
• Digital technology for data collection and case management.
PYQ:
[2023] Consider the following statements in the context of interventions being undertaken under the Anemia Mukt Bharat Strategy :
It provides prophylactic calcium supplementation for pre-school children, adolescents and pregnant women.
It runs a campaign for delayed cord clamping at the time of child-birth.
It provides for periodic deworming to children and adolescents.
It addresses non-nutritional causes of anaemia in endemic pockets with special focus on malaria, hemoglobinopathies and fluorosis.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) Only three
(d) All four
India and Japan have signed a Memorandum of Implementation (MoI) for the co-development and co-production of the UNICORN (Unified Complex Radio Antenna) mast for Indian Naval warships.
What is the UNICORN Mast?
The UNICORN Mast is an advanced antenna system designed to enhance the stealth and operational capabilities of naval warships.
It was developed through collaboration between three Japanese companies: NEC Corporation, Sampa Kogyo K.K., and The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd.
It will be co-developed in India by Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL).
It consolidates multiple antennas, typically attached separately to a mast, into a single radar dome (radome).
By reducing the cross-sectional visibility of the mast, UNICORN significantly minimizes the electronic signatures of warships, making them harder to detect.
This technology is already in use on Mogami-class frigates in the Japan Maritime Self-Defence Force.
Objectives behind the Mission:
Enhance Naval Stealth: Improve stealth by reducing electronic and radar signatures.
Within just three weeks of its launch, over 10 lakh senior citizens have enrolled for the Ayushman Vay Vandana Yojana.
Note: Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana (PM-VVY) is a pension scheme and insurance policy for senior citizens in India. One must not get confused with Ayushman-VVY.
AboutAyushman Vay Vandana Yojana:
Details
Features and Provisions
• Cashless health coverage up to ₹5 lakh per year for senior citizens aged 70and above. • Beneficiaries receive an Ayushman Vay Vandana Card, which grants them access to free treatment in empaneled hospitals across India.
• Coverage includes medical consultations, treatments, pre- and post-hospitalization expenses, and complex procedures such as angioplasty.
Structural Mandate
• Administered under the PM-JAY framework, ensuring structured implementation and integration with India’s health insurance network.
• Implemented across empaneled hospitals in both urban and rural areas, ensuring nationwide reach.
• Centralized digital system tracks treatments, patient details, and expenses for transparency and accountability.
• Specifically designed for senior citizens, addressing their unique healthcare needs.
Aims and Objectives
• Universal healthcare for senior citizens, ensuring access to essential medical treatments without financial strain.
• Seeks to reduce out-of-pocket expenditure for elderly citizens and their families.
• Encourages preventive care and early medical intervention to address age-related health conditions.
Eligibility Criteria
• Open to all Indian citizens aged 70 and above.
• There are NO income/ family size restrictions, making it accessible to all senior citizens, regardless of their economic status.
• Beneficiaries must be Indian citizens.
• Seniors need to register under PM-JAY to receive the AVV Card and avail of the benefits.
PYQ Relevance: Q) The judicial systems in India and the UK seem to be converging as well as diverging in recent times. Highlight the key points of convergence and divergence between the two nations in terms of their judicial practices. (UPSC CSE 2020)
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have continuously focused on some micro themes in the Judiciary like – Judicial Governance (2023-24),major decisions taken by Apex Court, and the issues/challenges associated with Indian Judiciary (in 2021).
World Justice Project’s Rule of Law Index ranks India at 69th out of 139 countries, reflecting public concerns about corruption and delays within the judiciary. Today’s Editorial talks about the challenges and some of the recent initiatives taken by the Judiciary.
This Editorial can be effectively used as a ‘case study’ as well as for representing present ‘challenges’ faced by the Indian Judiciary.
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The Chief Justice of India unveiled a new statue of Lady Justice at the Supreme Court premises, replacing the earlier version. The new statue features Lady Justice in a saree, without a blindfold, holding scales in one hand and the Indian Constitution in the other.
What is the Background?
Origin of Lady Justice: The modern depiction of ‘lady justice’ is rooted in Justitia, the Roman goddess of justice, characterized by a blindfold (clossed eyes), scales, and a sword.
The symbolism of the Blindfold: Introduced during the Renaissance as a satire on corrupt legal systems, it later came to represent impartiality during the Enlightenment, emphasizing justice without bias related to wealth or social status.
How does this new representation reflect societal demands for justice?
Colonial Influence: The British legal system established in India introduced a hierarchical court structure. ‘Lady justice’ became a prominent symbol in Indian courts during this period.
Decolonial Intent: The new statue aims to replace colonial symbols with representations more aligned with Indian traditions.
Cultural Representation: The statue’s attire is changed to a saree, reflecting Indian heritage.
Open Eyes: The removal of the blindfold signifies that justice is not blind. It acknowledges social diversity and the need for nuanced approaches to justice for underprivileged groups.
Constitution as Symbol: The sword is replaced with the Constitution, highlighting its supremacy in Indian jurisprudence while maintaining the scales to signify impartiality in weighing evidence.
What are the implications of it?
Controversies Around Statues: Historical controversies surrounding judicial statutes highlight the need for careful consideration of how justice is visually represented. Questions arise about whether justice should embody protest and resistance or reflect lived experiences and struggles.
Re-envisioning Justice: There is a call for justice representations to signify virtues such as feminism, anti-caste sentiments, secularism, and judicial independence. The aim is to creatively challenge existing biases within the judiciary while fostering discussions on improving public perceptions without perpetuating new forms of discrimination based on caste or religion.
Interpretation may differ related to the new statute of Lady justice but the Government should focus on issues related Judiciary in India:
What are the challenges related to the judiciary?
•Judicial Delays: The Supreme Court recently dismissed a plea for a three-year timeline to resolve over five crore pending cases, citing practical challenges due to overwhelming litigation. •Revised Memorandum of Procedure: There is an urgent need to finalize this document regarding judge appointments to enhance transparency and accountability in the judiciary. • Representation Issues: Less than 25% representation from backward classes, scheduled castes, tribes, and religious minorities exists in higher judiciary roles; women represent less than 15%. Appointments should reflect India’s social diversity. • Court Capacity: High Courts operate at only 60-70% capacity, exacerbating case backlogs. The government needs to expedite appointments based on collegium recommendations and fill vacancies in lower courts promptly. •Priority Cases: Constitutional validity cases and those concerning individual liberties should be prioritized by the higher judiciary to ensure timely justice delivery.
Way forward:
Strengthen Judicial Capacity: Expedite appointments in higher and lower courts to address vacancies, enhance infrastructure, and streamline case management systems to reduce pendency.
Promote Diversity and Transparency: Finalize the Memorandum of Procedure for judicial appointments, ensuring representation of marginalized communities and women to reflect India’s social diversity and foster inclusivity.
Read about Mukund Singh Chahar’s UPSCPreparationJourney
UPSC 2026 is 18 months away, and you need a plan to start with now. There is no need to rush and feel overwhelmed. The preparation itself can be divided into 5 phases:
Nov 2024 – Feb 2025: What should aspirants focus on during these initial months? March 2025 – June 2025: How to balance preparation as the exam approaches mid-year? July 2025 – Sept 2025: Strategies for maintaining momentum and intensive revision. Oct 2025 – Jan 2026: Preparing for the final stretch—key priorities and approaches. Feb 2026 – April 2026: Last-minute preparation, mock tests, and fine-tuning. Aspirants need to divide the preparation into micro months and carefully insert subjects here.
Once aspirants have divided their preparation into 5 phases, the second step is to allocate subjects within these time frames, covering everything from essays to ethics and also their optional subject. The final step is having a toolkit, which outlines how to approach each subject with respect to sources, tests, and the time allocation needed.
Join for a Zoom masterclass on 20th November at 5 PM, where he will provide a roadmap for the 2026 UPSC exam and guide college students and working professionals on how to navigate their preparation.
It will be a 45 minute webinar, post which we will open up the floor for all kinds of queries which a beginner must have. No questions are taboo and Mukund Sir is known to be patiently solving all your doubts.
Join us for a Zoom session on 20th Nov 2024 at 5:00 p.m. This session is a must-attend for you If you are attempting UPSC for the first time or have attempted earlier and now preparing for next year, then it is going to be a valuable session for you too.
We will deal with all the aspects for a comprehensive UPSC Preparation.We’ll talk about starting with the basics, and move to advanced level.
(Don’t wait—the next webinar won’t be until Dec 24)
These masterclasses are packed with value. They are conducted in private with a closed community. We rarely open these webinars for everyone for free. This time we are keeping it for 300 seats only.
Constitutional forefathers were aware of the fact that an extremely rigid constitution would not fulfill the aspirations of future generations. They also believed that the Constitution should be a living document that would be shaped by the exigencies of the time. So, the constitution makers incorporated Part-XX (Article 368) to provide for a detailed procedure to amend the constitution.
Amendment Procedure
Aspect
Exclusive Power of Parliament: Only Parliament can introduce a constitutional amendment bill, not state legislatures.
Introduced by: Any member of Parliament can introduce the bill.
No Prior Approval: President’s recommendation is not required to introduce the bill.
Legislative Procedure in Parliament
Majority: Passed by a special majority in each House (majority of total membership and two-thirds of members present and voting).
No Joint Sitting: Each House must pass the bill separately; no provision for a joint sitting.
Ratification by State Legislatures
If amending federal provisions, the bill must be ratified by half of the state legislatures by a simple majority.
Presidential Assent
Assent Required: President must give assent once the bill is passed by Parliament and ratified by states, if necessary. (24th amendment)
Becomes an Act: The bill becomes a Constitutional Amendment Act after Presidential assent.
Types of Amendments
Type of Amendment
Details
Example
Amendment by Simple Majority
Not under Article 368: Done through a bill passed by each house with a simple majority.
Creation/abolition of legislative councils, quorum in Parliament, MP salaries, rules of procedure, privileges, use of English in Parliament, number of Supreme Court judges, more jurisdiction to Supreme Court, citizenship, elections.
Amendment by Special Majority of Parliament
Article 368: Bill passed by each house with a special majority.
Fundamental rights, DPSPs, and other non-specified provisions.
Required Majority: Majority of total members and two-thirds of members present and voting.
For 540 members in Lok Sabha, 273 total members and 354 (two-thirds of 531 present) must approve.
Amendment by Special Majority and Ratification by States
Federal Structure Provisions: Special majority in Parliament and ratification by half of state legislatures.
Election process of President, Union and state executive powers, legislative functions distribution, High Courts, Supreme Court, seventh schedule lists, state representation in Parliament, Article 368, GST Council.
Amendments often reflect evolving social norms, values, and requirements of the society.
– Constitutional (One Hundred and Third Amendment) Act, 2019: Provides for reservation in education and public employment for economically weaker sections.
Technological Advancements
Updates to accommodate technological progress and address new-age challenges.
101st Amendment, 2016: Introduced the Goods and Services Tax (GST)
Correcting Oversights or Errors
Address ambiguities or outdated provisions in the constitution that may arise over time.
The 44th Amendment of the Indian Constitution, sought to undo several changes made by the controversial 42nd Amendment during the Emergency period
Judicial Directives
Amendments in response to judicial interpretations that necessitate legislative clarification.
The 24th Amendment of the Indian Constitution was a direct response to judicial challenges and debates about the extent and limitations of the Parliament’s amendment powers.
Decentralization of Power
Enhance governance by redistributing power and responsibilities, fostering local governance.
Constitutional (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992 and Constitutional (Seventy-fourth Amendment) Act, 1992: Strengthened the Panchayati Raj institutions and introduced similar structures for urban local bodies.
Protecting Rights
Expand or recalibrate fundamental rights to reflect contemporary values and international standards.
– Constitutional (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002: Made education a fundamental right for children aged 6 to 14 years under Article 21A.
Structural Reforms
Modify or streamline governmental and judicial structures to enhance efficiency and effectiveness.
– Constitutional (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016: Introduced the Goods and Services Tax (GST) for a uniform tax regime across the country.
Criticism of Amendment Procedure
Criticism
Details
Concentration of Power – Limited Role of States
Only Parliament can amend the Constitution; state legislatures cannot introduce amendments.
Excessive Powers to Parliament
Parliament can change most of the Constitution with a special or simple majority.
Dual Role of Parliament
Parliament has both constituent and ordinary law-making powers; no separate constituent assembly.
No Provision for Joint Sitting
No joint sitting for resolving deadlocks over constitutional amendment bills.
Similar to Ordinary Law Making
The process of amending the Constitution is similar to making ordinary laws, except for the need for a special majority.
Limitations of Amendment powers of Parliament
Limitation
Details
Examples/Notes
Basic Structure Doctrine
Parliament cannot alter the fundamental framework of the Constitution.
Established in Kesavananda Bharati (1973); includes principles like secularism, democracy, and rule of law.
Procedural Limitations
Amendments must follow a strict procedure, requiring a special majority in Parliament and sometimes ratification by state legislatures.
Article 368 outlines these requirements; affects amendments involving federal relations and representation.
Judicial Review
The Supreme Court can review and invalidate amendments that breach the Constitution’s basic structure.
Minerva Mills case (1980) and I.R. Coelho case (2007).
Political and Social Consensus
Substantial political and social consensus is often necessary for passing amendments due to the requirements for a special majority.
Ruled that Parliament could amend any part of the Constitution, including fundamental rights.
Sajjan Singh vs. State of Rajasthan (1965)
Reaffirmed the ability of Parliament to amend the Constitution under Article 368, including fundamental rights.
Golaknath vs. State of Punjab (1967)
Overturned previous rulings, stating Parliament could not amend fundamental rights.
Kesavananda Bharati vs. State of Kerala (1973)
Introduced the “basic structure” doctrine, establishing that Parliament cannot alter the fundamental framework of the Constitution through amendments.
Indira Nehru Gandhi vs. Raj Narain (1975)
Struck down the 39th Amendment related to the election of the Prime Minister, asserting that amendments violating the “basic structure” of the Constitution are unconstitutional.
Minerva Mills vs. Union of India (1980)
Reinforced the “basic structure” doctrine. Held that clauses inserted by the 42nd Amendment, which declared that no amendment could be called in question in any court, were invalid.
Waman Rao vs. Union of India (1981)
Validated the constitutionality of all amendments made up to the Kesavananda Bharati judgment, applying the basic structure doctrine prospectively, not retrospectively.
I.R. Coelho (Dead) By LRs vs. State of Tamil Nadu (2007)
Reaffirmed the basic structure doctrine. Ruled that laws put in the Ninth Schedule after the Kesavananda Bharati case are subject to judicial review if they violate the basic structure.
Important amendments
Amendment
Key Provisions & Significance
1st Amendment, 1951
Empowered the state to make special provisions for the advancement of socially and economically backward classes. Provided for the saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc. Added Ninth Schedule to protect the land reform and other laws included in it from the judicial review. Added three more grounds of restrictions on freedom of speech and expression, viz., public order, friendly relations with foreign states and incitement to an offence. Also, made the restrictions “reasonable” and thus, justiciable in nature. Provided that state trading and nationalisation of any trade or business by the state is not to be invalid on the ground of violation of the right to trade or business.
24th Amendment, 1971
Affirmed the power of Parliament to amend any part of the Constitution including fundamental rights. Made it compulsory for the president to give his assent to a Constitutional Amendment Bill.
25th Amendment, 1971
Provided that any law made to give effect to the Directive Principles contained in Article 39 (b) or (c) cannot be challenged on the ground of violation of the rights guaranteed by Articles 14, 19 and 31.
42nd Amendment, 1976
Added three new words (i.e., socialist, secular and integrity) in the Preamble. Added Fundamental Duties by the citizens (new Part IV A). Made the president bound by the advise of the cabinet. Provided for administrative tribunals and tribunals for other matters (Added Part XIV A). Froze the seats in the Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies on the basis of 1971 census till 2001. Made the constitutional amendments beyond judicial scrutiny. Raised the tenure of Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies from 5 to 6 years. Provided that the laws made for the implementation of Directive Principles cannot be declared invalid by the courts on the ground of violation of some Fundamental Rights. Added three new Directive Principles viz., equal justice and free-legal aid, participation of workers in the management of industries and protection of environment, forests and wildlife. Extended the one-time duration of the President’s rule in a state from 6 months to one year. Shifted five subjects from the state list to the concurrent list, viz, education, forests, protection of wild animals and birds, weights and measures and administration of justice, constitution and organisation of all courts except the Supreme Court and the high courts. Empowered the Parliament to decide from time to time the rights and privileges of its members and committees. Provided for the creation of the All-India Judicial Service.
44th Amendment, 1978
Restored the original term of the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies (i.e., 5 years). Omitted the reference to the British House of Commons in the provisions pertaining to parliamentary privileges. Gave constitutional protection to publication in newspapers of true reports of the proceedings of the Parliament and the state legislatures. Empowered the president to send back once the advice of the cabinet for reconsideration. But, the reconsidered advice is to be binding on the president. Replaced the term “internal disturbance” by “armed rebellion” in respect of national emergency. Made the President to declare a national emergency only on the written recommendation of the cabinet. Deleted the right to property from the list of Fundamental Rights and made it only a legal right. Provided that the fundamental rights guaranteed by Articles 20 and 21 cannot be suspended during a national emergency. Omitted the provisions which took away the power of the court to decide the election disputes of the president, the vice-president, the prime minister and the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
52nd Amendment, 1985
Provided for disqualification of members of Parliament and state legislatures on the ground of defection and added a new Tenth Schedule containing the details in this regard.
61st Amendment, 1989
Reduced the voting age from 21 to 18 years, broadening democratic participation.
73rd Amendment, 1992
Granted constitutional status and protection to the panchayati raj institutions. For this purpose, the Amendment has added a new Part-IX entitled as “the panchayats” and a new Eleventh Schedule containing 29 functional items of the panchayats.
74th Amendment, 1992
Granted constitutional status and protection to the urban local bodies. For this purpose, the Amendment has added a new Part IX-A entitled as “the municipalities” and a new Twelfth Schedule containing 18 functional items of the municipalities.
86th Amendment, 2002
Made elementary education a fundamental right. The newly-added Article 21-A declares that “the State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may determine”. Changed the subject matter of Article 45 in Directive Principles. It now reads—“The State shall endeavour to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of six years”. Added a new fundamental duty under Article 51-A which reads—“It shall be the duty of every citizen of India who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or ward between the age of six and fourteen years”.
99th Amendment Act, 2014
Replaced the collegium system of appointing judges to the Supreme Court and High Courts with a new body called the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC). However, in 2015, the Supreme Court declared this amendment act as unconstitutional and void. Consequently, the earlier collegium system became operative again.
101st Amendment, 2016
aved the way for the introduction of the goods and services tax (GST) regime in the country. The GST shall replace a number of indirect taxes being levied by the Union and the State Government. It is intended to remove the cascading effect of taxes and provide for a common national market for goods and services. Provided for the establishment of a Goods and Services Tax Council by a presidential order. Made the provision of compensation to the states for loss of revenue arising on account of introduction of GST for a period of five years.
102nd Amendment Act, 2018
Conferred a constitutional status on the National Commission for Backward Classes which was set-up in 1993 by an Act of the Parliament. Relieved the National Commission for Scheduled Castes from its functions with regard to the backward classes. Empowered the President to specify the socially and educationally backward classes in relation to a state or union territory.
103rd Amendment Act, 2019
Allowed the state to make a provision for the reservation of upto 10% of seats for economically weaker sections in admission to educational institutions including private educational institutions, whether aided or unaided by the state, except the minority educational institutions.
To tackle Delhi’s severe pollution and smog, the Delhi government started implementing GRAP Stage III on November 15, which bans BS-III petrol and BS-IV diesel four-wheelers in the National Capital Region (NCR) to help improve air quality.
What are Bharat Stage Emission Standards?
Bharat Stage (BS) emission standards are regulations established by the Indian government to control the output of air pollutants from internal combustion engines in vehicles.
The first standards were introduced in 1991, with subsequent updates leading to the current BS-VI standard, which came into effect on April 1, 2020. India has progressively aligned its standards with European norms, skipping BS-V altogether due to increasing pollution levels.
What is the difference between BS-IV and BS-VI norms?
Sulphur Content: BS-VI fuel has a significantly lower sulphur content (10 ppm) compared to BS-IV fuel (50 ppm), resulting in reduced harmful emissions.
Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) Emissions:
Diesel Vehicles: NOx emissions are limited to 80 mg/km under BS-VI, down from 250 mg/km under BS-IV.
Petrol Vehicles: NOx emissions are reduced from 80 mg/km in BS-IV to 60 mg/km in BS-VI.
Particulate Matter (PM): The permissible PM emissions for diesel vehicles have been reduced from 25 mg/km under BS-IV to 4.5 mg/km under BS-VI. Petrol vehicles are also subject to a new limit of 4.5 mg/km for PM.
Emission Control Technologies: BS-VI introduces advanced technologies such as Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) and Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF), which were not part of the BS-IV standards. Additionally, Real Driving Emissions (RDE) testing is implemented to monitor emissions during actual driving conditions.
Why have BS-III petrol and BS-IV diesel four-wheelers been banned in Delhi-NCR?
Higher Emission Levels: BS-III petrol and BS-IV diesel vehicles emit significantly higher levels of pollutants like NOx, PM 2.5, and sulphur oxides compared to BS-VI vehicles. These emissions worsen Delhi-NCR’s already poor air quality, especially during high pollution periods.
Combatting Severe Smog and Pollution: Delhi-NCR experiences severe air quality degradation during winter due to factors like temperature inversion and low wind speeds. Banning older vehicles helps reduce pollution sources and alleviates smog conditions.
Alignment with GRAP Stage III: The Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) Stage III mandates stricter pollution control measures during critical air quality levels, including banning more polluting vehicle categories, to protect public health and comply with environmental standards.
Note: The Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) Stage III has been implemented in Delhi-NCR due to severe air pollution levels, specifically when the Air Quality Index (AQI) exceeds 400.
What did the emission inventory say about Delhi NCR?
Current Challenges: The Delhi NCR region faces severe air quality issues, exacerbated by vehicular emissions, construction dust, and seasonal factors like stubble burning. The emission inventory indicates these pollutants contribute significantly to the city’s chronic smog problem.
Government Response: In response to high pollution levels, the Delhi government has implemented measures such as the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP), which includes bans on certain vehicle categories based on their emission standards.
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)recorded an average AQI of 494 (Severe plus category) for Delhi where the different scales and methods explain the gap.
A study by the Centre for Science and Environment reveals that:
Vehicular emissions are the largest contributor to Delhi’s air pollution, accounting for 51.5% of the city’s pollution;
Neighbouring districts add 34.97 %,
Farm fires contribute 8.19%, and
Dust particles make up 3.7 % of the total air pollution in the city.
What is the AQI Crisis in North India and What is the role of Climatic Conditions?
Northern India, particularly Delhi, is currently facing a severe air quality crisis, characterized by record-breaking Air Quality Index (AQI) levels. The AQI in many areas has exceeded 500, categorizing it as “severe-plus,” which poses significant health risks and limits visibility due to thick smog.
This year, despite a relatively pollution-free October and early November, the second week of November brought a sudden spike in toxic particulate matter, primarily PM2.5.
Weather Patterns: Inversions and stagnant air conditions have contributed to the accumulation of pollutants. The presence of a thick pollution blanket at around 500 meters above ground level has been linked to adverse local impacts when combined with regional emissions from stubble burning and other sources.
External Pollution Sources: The increase in pollution levels due to significant contributions from external sources, including emissions from nearby states like Punjab and Haryana.
What are the challenges in Monitoring AQI?
Inconsistent Data Reporting: There is confusion regarding AQI readings, with some private agencies reporting values exceeding 1,000 while official figures cap at 500. This discrepancy arises from differences in how pollutant concentrations are converted to AQI values based on less stringent national guidelines compared to WHO standards.
Dependence on External Data: India’s reliance on satellite data from NASA for monitoring fires and pollution limits its ability to independently assess air quality. There is a need for more localized monitoring using Indian satellites that can provide continuous coverage.
Lack of Comprehensive Frameworks: Current monitoring systems do not adequately account for regional cooperation or comprehensive frameworks that address transboundary pollution issues effectively. This lack of coordination complicates efforts to manage air quality across state lines.
Way forward:
Accelerate Transition to Cleaner Vehicles: Promote the adoption of electric and BS-VI vehicles through subsidies, scrappage policies, and robust charging infrastructure to phase out older, polluting vehicles effectively.
Strengthen Air Quality Measures: Enhance monitoring of industrial and vehicular emissions, enforce GRAP actions stringently, and increase public awareness to reduce pollution sources and improve compliance.
Public Health Prioritization: A health-centric approach should prioritize the well-being of citizens by implementing measures that reduce exposure to harmful pollutants, particularly for vulnerable populations such as children and the elderly.
Multidisciplinary Solutions: Addressing air quality issues necessitates collaboration across various sectors, including transportation, urban planning, and public health. This multidisciplinary approach can foster innovative solutions tailored to local contexts while addressing broader climatic challenges.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are the key features of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) initiated by the government of India? (UPSC IAS/2020)
Saudi Arabia recently hosted a summit of Arab and Islamic leaders, urging an immediate halt to Israel’s military actions in Gaza and Lebanon while addressing the broader Palestine issue.
What were the key outcomes of the Riyadh summit on the Gaza conflict?
Condemnation of Israeli Actions: The leaders from Arab and Islamic countries condemned the Israeli military’s actions in Gaza, describing them as “shocking and horrific crimes,” including accusations of genocide and ethnic cleansing.
Call for Investigation: They demanded the establishment of an “independent, credible” international committee to investigate these alleged crimes committed by Israel.
Support for Palestinian Statehood: The summit urged for measures to end the Israeli occupation and called for the establishment of an independent Palestinian state based on the borders prior to June 4, 1967, with East Jerusalem (Al-Quds) as its capital, aligning with the two-state solution and the Arab Peace Initiative of 2002.
How does the summit reflect changing dynamics in regional politics?
Shift from Normalization: The summit reflects a significant shift in regional politics where Arab nations, which had previously moved towards normalising relations with Israel (as seen in the Abraham Accords), are now re-emphasizing the importance of addressing the Palestinian issue as a prerequisite for peace.
Collective Arab Stance: The gathering showcased a united front among Arab leaders in response to Israel’s actions, indicating a collective anger and a strategic pivot back towards supporting Palestinian rights rather than sidelining them for diplomatic ties with Israel.
Impact on Saudi-Israel Relations: Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s strong condemnation of Israel’s actions signals a deterioration in potential normalization talks with Israel, as any future agreements are now explicitly linked to resolving the Palestinian question.
What is the possibility of the Arab World Joining the war?
Unlikelihood of Military Action: Despite heightened tensions and strong rhetoric, it is highly unlikely that any Arab nation will engage militarily against Israel. Historical precedents show that while Arab states have condemned Israeli actions, they have refrained from direct military confrontation since 1973.
Focus on Diplomatic Solutions: The current sentiment among Arab nations leans towards seeking diplomatic resolutions rather than military involvement, especially given their previous moves towards normalizing relations with Israel.
Strategic Realignment: The recent developments suggest a subtle realignment in West Asia’s strategic landscape, where Arab states may prioritize internal stability and regional cooperation over direct military engagement, even as they express solidarity with Palestine.
What can India do to resolve the Gaza conflict?
Mediation and Dialogue Facilitation: India can leverage its strong relationships with both Arab countries and Israel to act as a neutral mediator, facilitating dialogue and promoting peaceful negotiations between the conflicting parties.
Support for International Initiatives: India can advocate for a renewed focus on the two-state solution within international forums like the UN, aligning with global efforts to establish a sustainable, independent Palestinian state alongside Israel.
Way forward:
Strengthen Diplomatic Efforts: Arab nations should focus on reinforcing diplomatic pressure on Israel and the international community to address the Palestinian issue, promoting dialogue and supporting peaceful resolutions.
Support Palestinian Unity: Arab countries should work towards fostering unity within Palestinian leadership to present a coherent political front and advance their cause for statehood in international forums.
Mains PYQ:
Q How will the I2U2 (India, Israel, UAE and USA) grouping transform India’s position in global politics? (UPSC IAS/2022)
Global diabetes cases surged from 200 million in 1990 to over 800 million in 2022, with adult prevalence doubling from 7% to 14%, according to The Lancet report.
What are the WHO’s targets for diabetes diagnosis and management by 2030?
The World Health Organization (WHO) aims for 80% of people with diabetes to be diagnosed.
The target is for 80% of diagnosed individuals to achieve good glycemic control, which is crucial for preventing complications associated with diabetes.
What is the current state of diabetes prevalence in India?
As of 2022, India has the highest number of people with diabetes globally, totalling 212 million, significantly up from around 200 million in 1990.
The prevalence of diabetes among adults in India rose from 7% in 1990 to 14% in 2022.
India also leads in the number of untreated diabetes cases, with 133 million individuals over the age of 30 remaining undiagnosed, compared to 78 million in China.
The increase is partly attributed to improved data collection methods that include individuals with elevated fasting plasma glucose and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), capturing a broader population affected by diabetes.
What strategies can India implement to achieve these targets?
Targeted Screening and Lifestyle Interventions: India can adopt Finland’s approach of identifying high-risk individuals through targeted screening and offering lifestyle interventions, including dietary changes and exercise, to prevent diabetes.
Enhance Public Awareness Campaigns: Community-based implementation and awareness programs align with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being) by promoting healthy lifestyles, preventing diabetes, and ensuring equitable access to healthcare for all, especially vulnerable populations.
Improve Access to Healthcare Services: Ensure that diagnostic facilities for blood glucose testing are widely available and affordable. Strengthen primary healthcare services to facilitate easier access to diabetes care and management.
Steps taken by the government:
National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Stroke (NPCDCS): Launched to promote awareness, early diagnosis, and management of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including diabetes. This program aims to reduce risk factors through lifestyle modifications and improve access to healthcare services.
Collaboration with WHO and Other Organizations: India collaborates with the World Health Organization (WHO) and other international bodies to align its diabetes management strategies with global best practices and targets, including those set for 2030.
Way forward:
Strengthen Preventive Healthcare: Focus on early detection through widespread screening, robust public awareness campaigns, and targeted interventions for high-risk groups, emphasizing healthy lifestyle promotion.
Enhance Integrated Care Systems: Scale up access to affordable diabetes care, strengthen primary healthcare services, and integrate technology for monitoring and management to achieve WHO’s glycemic control targets by 2030.
Mains PYQ:
Q Stem cell therapy is gaining popularity in India to treat a wide variety of medical conditions including leukaemia, Thalassemia, damaged cornea and several burns. Describe briefly what stem cell therapy is and what advantages it has over other treatments. (UPSC IAS/2017)
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