The Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) has initiated Operation Sagar Manthan to dismantle the extensive drug empire of Haji Salim, also known as the “Lord of Drugs”.
AboutOperation Sagar Manthan
Details
About the Operation
• An initiative by Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) to dismantle the drug trafficking network led by Haji Salim.
• Launched under the direction of Union Home Minister Amit Shah.
• A comprehensive crackdown on Salim’s syndicate linked to narco-terrorism.
Aims and Objectives
• Break supply lines, seize narcotics, and arrest operatives.
• Disrupt funding for cross-border terrorism.
• Strengthen surveillance in remote coastal areas used by the syndicate.
• Counter aid from entities like Pakistan’s ISI and disrupt links with figures like Dawood Ibrahim.
Goals
• Reduce cartel influence in the Indian Ocean region.
• Mitigate narco-terrorism to enhance regional security.
• Improve maritime security to prevent future networks.
Why does the government crack down on drug trafficking?
Public Health Protection: Drug trafficking fuels addiction, mental health issues, and diseases, straining healthcare systems and undermining societal well-being.
National Security and Social Stability: It funds organized crime, terrorism, and violence, destabilizing communities, weakening governance, and hindering law and order.
PYQ:
[2023] Explain how narco-terrorism has emerged as a serious threat across the country. Suggest suitable measures to counter narco-terrorism.
Western Honey Bees widely used for boosting pollination has led to unintended ecological consequences.
Now they inadvertently carry and transmit Thai Sacbrood Virus to native bee colonies.
AboutWestern Honey Bees
Scientific Name: Apis mellifera
Introduced globally for their pollination abilities and honey production. In India, they were introduced in 1983 to enhance honey yield.
Widely used in agriculture, particularly for pollination of crops like fruit trees, crops, and vegetables.
Thai Sacbrood Virus Outbreak
The Thai Sacbrood Virus (TSBV) outbreak in China and Vietnam has severely impacted honey bee populations.
In 1991-1992, a Thai sacbrood virus outbreak devastated around 90% of Asiatic honey bee colonies in South India and re-emerged in 2021 in Telangana.
The virus primarily infects honey bee larvae, leading to their high mortality rates.
As a result, the affected regions experienced significant declines in bee colonies, which in turn affected pollination services and honey production.
The movement of bee colonies for commercial pollination and honey production has facilitated the spread of the virus.
AboutIndian Bees and Their Habitat
Indian bees are predominantly Apis cerana indica, a species of Asian honey bee.
They are found in a wide range of habitats, including forests, agricultural land, and urban environments.
They thrive in areas with abundant flowers and nectar sources.
Indian bees are important for pollination, especially for local flora, and contribute to the ecosystem by supporting biodiversity and food production.
They face threats from habitat loss, pesticide use, and competition from Western Honey Bees, which may outcompete them for food and nesting sites.
Significance of Honey Bee:
Pollination and Food Security: Honey bees play a crucial role in pollinating crops, contributing to the production of fruits, vegetables, and nuts, ensuring global food security and agricultural sustainability.
Biodiversity Conservation: By facilitating plant reproduction, honey bees support ecosystem health and biodiversity, maintaining the balance of natural habitats and enhancing the resilience of ecosystems.
PYQ:
[2023] Which of the following organisms perform waggle dance for others of their kin to indicate the direction and the distance to a source of their food?
The Western Ghats’ king cobra, commonly called ‘Kalinga Sarpa’, will soon be recognized in the scientific community as Ophiophagus kaalinga.
AboutKaalinga (Ophiophagus kaalinga):
Details
Geographical Location
• Native to the Western Ghats of Karnataka, India, and extends to adjacent regions within the Western Ghats.
• Prefers dense tropical forests and hilly terrains.
Physical Features
• Can grow up to 10-12 feet.
• Carnivorous, feeding on snakes, small mammals, and lizards.
• Potent neurotoxic venom capable of killing several humans or an elephant in a single bite.
Uniqueness
• Known for territorial behaviour and intelligence.
• Females build and fiercely guard nests (4 ft x 3 ft) with 23-43 eggs per clutch.
Conservation Status
• At risk due to habitat fragmentation, human-animal conflict, and the absence of specific anti-venom.
IUCN Status: Vulnerable
WPA, 1972:Schedule II (accorded protection but with lesser restrictions compared to Schedule I)
PYQ:
[2010] King Cobra is the only snake that makes its own nest. Why does it make its nest?
(a) It is a snake-eater and the nest helps attract other snakes
(b) It is a viviparous snake and needs a nest to give birth to its offspring
(c) It is an oviparous snake and lays its eggs in the nest and guards the nest until they are hatched
(d) It is a large, cold-blooded animal and needs a nest to hibernate in the cold season
National Press Day is celebrated annually on November 16 to honour the critical role of a free and responsible press in society.
It marks the start of the Press Council of India in 1966, established as a moral watchdog to uphold press standards and protect it from undue influence or threats.
About the Press Council of India (PCI):
Details
Historical Background
• Constituted on July 4, 1966, as an autonomous, statutory, and quasi-judicial body.
• Established to act as a moral watchdog over the press to ensure it operates with ethics and independence.
• First Press Commission of India (1954) recommended forming a council to uphold professional standards in journalism.
• Initially governed by the Press Council Act of 1965, later replaced by the Press Council Act of 1978.
Composition of PCI
• Comprises 28 members and a Chairperson.
• Chairperson appointed by a committee that includes the Chief Justice of India, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, and a representative of the President.
• Member Representation:
– 13 working journalists representing different news organizations.
– 6 members from editors and newspaper owners.
– 5 members from Parliament (3 from Lok Sabha, 2 from Rajya Sabha).
– 1 nominee each from the University Grants Commission (UGC), the Bar Council of India (BCI), and Sahitya Akademi.
• Term: Each member serves a 3-year term and can be re-elected.
Powers and Functions of PCI
• Quasi-Judicial Authority: PCI has statutory powers to hold inquiries into complaints against the press or journalists for professional misconduct.
• Inquiry Powers: PCI can summon witnesses and call for documents if necessary.
• Disciplinary Action: PCI has the authority to censure or admonish newspapers, editors, or journalists for violating professional ethics.
• Recommendations: Although PCI cannot enforce laws or impose penalties, it can recommend actions to the relevant authorities in case of serious violations.Functions:
• Upholding Press Freedom: Ensures that the press in India is free from undue influence and performs its duties with responsibility.
• Protecting Journalists: Investigates complaints of harassment or threats against journalists and defends their rights.
• Policy Advisory Role: Advises the government on policy issues that affect press freedom and media laws.
• Studies and Reports: Conducts studies on media issues, such as election reporting, defense coverage, and journalist safety, to provide guidelines on responsible reporting.
PYQ:
[2018] Right to Privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty. Which of the following in the Constitution of India correctly and appropriately imply the above statement?
(a) Article 14 and the provisions under the 42nd Amendment to the Constitution.
(b) Article 17 and the Directive Principles of State Policy in Part IV.
(c) Article 21 and the freedoms guaranteed in Part III.
(d) Article 24 and the provisions under the 44th Amendment to the Constitution.
42nd Amendment added Fundamental Duties to the Indian Constitution (Swaran Singh Committee recommendation) in 1976 through Part IV-A and Article 51-A, initially listing ten duties.
86th Amendment: Added an 11th duty in 2002, making it a duty for parents to provide education to children aged 6-14.
Fundamental Duties emphasize citizens’ moral obligations and commitments to society and the nation, highlighting the inseparable nature of rights and duties. Countries like China, the Netherlands, Vietnam, and Japan have included Fundamental Duties in their constitutions.
Verma committee recommended including Fundamental Duties in school curricula and making voting in elections a Fundamental Duty.
Fundamental Duties: List and Application
Article 51A – Fundamental Duty
Application
(a) To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem
Standing up in movie theatres during the national anthem
(b) To cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the national struggle for freedom
Including the Desh Bhakti curriculum in the school syllabus
(c) To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India
SATARK NAGRIK SURAKSHIT DESH – being vigilant
(d) To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so
Volunteering during COVID-19 crisis
(e) To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India, transcending religious, linguistic, and regional or sectional diversities, and to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women
Stopping mob lynching or honor killings; objecting to the objectification of women in advertisements
(f) To value and preserve the rich heritage of the country’s composite culture
Stopping graffiti on the walls of monuments
(g) To protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures
Reusing, reducing, and recycling plastic waste
(h) To develop the scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform
Avoiding falling prey to fake news
(i) To safeguard public property and to abjure violence
Adhering to peaceful protests
(k) To provide opportunities for education to his child or ward between the ages of six and fourteen years
Valuing entrepreneurship and start-up culture
(k) To provide opportunities for education to his child or ward between the age of six and fourteen years
(k) To provide opportunities for education to his child or ward between the ages of six and fourteen years
In 1976, the Indira Gandhi government set up a Committee under Sardar Swaran Singh to recommend fundamental duties during the internal emergency (1975-1977).
Unaccepted Recommendations
Paying taxes: Duty to pay taxes as a Fundamental Duty was recommended.
Penal provisions: Parliament could impose penalties for non-compliance with duties.
Doing away with Judicial review: Laws imposing penalties for non-compliance would not be questioned for violating Fundamental Rights.
Characteristics and Significance of Fundamental Duties
Characteristic
Description
Specific Examples
Non-Justiciable
Fundamental Duties are not enforceable by law, meaning no legal action can be taken if they are not followed.
No citizen can be legally compelled to sing the national anthem, but respect during its rendition is expected.
Moral and Civic Obligations
Serve as moral guidelines for civic behavior to promote discipline and commitment to the nation.
To renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women
Enforceable by Law
Parliament can impose penalties for failing to follow Fundamental Duties.
Flag Code of India
Promotive of Constitutional Ideals
Reflect and reinforce constitutional principles like sovereignty, unity, and integrity.
Duty to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India (Article 51A).
Comprehensive in Scope
Duty to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, and rivers (Article 51A(g)).
Duty to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers (Article 51A(g)).
Inspirational Role
Inspire citizens to participate actively in national development and uphold national pride.
Promotes involvement in community services and observance of laws promoting national interest.
Rooted in Indian Culture
Represents traditional Indian values like tolerance, peace, and communal harmony.
Promoting communal harmony during festivals and public celebrations to maintain peace and unity.
Instrumental in Legal Framework
Influence legal interpretations and support the enactment of laws aligned with civic responsibilities.
Courts may refer to duties like promoting harmony (Article 51A(e)) when adjudicating cases on communal harmony.
Guidance for State Policies
Guide the state in formulating policies that reflect the fundamental values of the Constitution.
Duty to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, and rivers (Article 51A(g)).
PYQ Relevance: Q) Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in detail. (UPSC CSE 2021)
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains has always focused on Governance and Policy issues related to Education in India – Free and Compulsory Education (in 2022), National Education Policy (in 2021), and Inclusive development through SDG 4 (in 2020).
In the 2022 Global Education Ranking, India was placed 107th out of 140 countries in terms of educational quality, reflecting ongoing challenges in achieving equitable access across different religious communities.
Being an old civilization known for its rich tapestry of culture, Why is India standing back?
Is the Government/Judiciary taking any initiative to improve this situation?
Today’s editorial focuses on the Educational Universities in India that need the governance call to ensure educational policies are free from religious bias while promoting a culture of tolerance. This editorial analysis can be used in both cases – for ‘Educational Policy Development’ and ‘Inclusive Development’.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The Apex Court in a landmark 4:3 ruling by a seven-judge bench has overruled its past 1967 decision that denied AMU minority status.
In a new ruling, the court clarified that universities founded by minority communities should be recognized as such, even if they are governed by an Act of Parliament.
The court has now sent the question of AMU’s minority status to another panel for further review, which could have important implications for student admissions and the university’s independence.
Background of this Case:
• 1981 Reference: The AMU (Amendment) Act, 1981 was enacted by the Indian Parliament to restore the minority status of AMU after it had been challenged in previous judgments, including the landmark case of S. Azeez Basha vs. Union of India (1967) This amendment recognized AMU as a minority institution, allowing it to reserve seats for Muslim students. • 2019 Reference: In 2019, a three-judge bench of the Supreme Court referred the issue of AMU’s minority status to a larger seven-judge bench for further examination due to ongoing legal debates about the university’s classification as a minority institution and its implications for educational policies. • 2024 Judgement: The present AMU judgment is unique because the dissenting opinions did not truly oppose the broader interpretation of Article 30 of the Constitution, which protects minority educational institutions. Article 30 of the Indian Constitution guarantees the right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. • The ruling emphasized that past judgments should not limit the Constitution’s ability to evolve (as it did in the K.S. Puttaswamy case of 2017), and the minority status should involve a flexible and comprehensive approach. • The upcoming decisions regarding AMU’s status could significantly affect educational policies and minority rights in India.
What are the fundamental differences between Universities and Religious Institutions?
Mission and Values: Universities focus on academic excellence, research, and critical thinking and offer diverse programs across various disciplines without a religious foundation.
Religious Institutions are based on specific religious beliefs, integrating faith and moral values into education that includes courses on theology and ethics.
Infrastructure and Networking opportunities: Universities often have larger classes, and a wide range of clubs and organizations, leading to less individual attention.
While religious institutions typically feature smaller classes, and emphasize faith-based activities, allowing for personalized mentorship that includes spiritual guidance.
Policies: Universities are open to all qualified students, adhering to non-discrimination policies. On the other hand, religious institutions may prioritize applicants who share their faith or require adherence to specific values.
What are the implications of these differences on Academic Freedom?
Academic Freedom in Universities: A collegial governance model supports academic freedom by allowing faculty to pursue research and teaching without undue interference. It promotes an environment where diverse viewpoints can be expressed, fostering critical thinking and innovation.
However,increasing corporatization leads to a focus on profitability and market-driven priorities, which can undermine traditional academic values.
Academic Freedom in Religious Institutions: The hierarchical governance may restrict academic freedom, as decisions are often influenced by religious beliefs and doctrines. Faculty may face limitations if they conflict with the institution’s religious values.
Whilereligious institutions may be more vulnerable to ideological conformity based on their foundational beliefs.
What are the concerns about Minority Status criteria?
Governance Structure: Presently, the judges have argued that a university should not be granted minority status just because it has a governance structure/infrastructure similar to other universities.
Exclusive Communal Character: According to the judiciary, the minority status should depend on an institution primarily serving one particular community. However, this approach could limit the diversity and inclusivity that universities should promote.
Universities vs. Religious Institutions: The universities should not be treated like religious institutions, which have specific beliefs defining their identity.
Expecting secular universities to segregate based on community contradicts the principles of Article 30 of the Indian Constitution, which supports inclusive education for all.
What needs to be focused?
Emphasize the Incorporating Act: Justice M.H. Beg, in Xaviers Case (1974), clearly stated that any law forcing a minority institution to give up its fundamental rights would be considered invalid.
Determining Criteria for Minority Status: The Chief Justice pointed out that simply mentioning the founder’s name in the law should not be the only factor in deciding minority status.
For example, other institutions face much stricter government oversight than AMU, including the power to dissolve them due to the unavailability of such criteria.
Need to increase the Government Regulations: Regulations mainly ensure that institutions operate efficiently and meet standards, not to determine whether they are minority institutions.
Increased government control is generally justified to protect the interests of non-minority students and others affected by decisions made by minority management.
Eighteen months after ethnic violence began in Manipur, the Central government has reinstated the Disturbed Areas status under the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) in six police station jurisdictions, including the affected area of Jiribam.
Present map
What is the historical background?
The original ordinance (AFSPA) was a response to the challenges faced by the British during World War II, particularly by Indian Nationalists.
After independence, Indian leaders retained and adapted this framework, facing their internal security challenges.
PM Jawaharlal Nehru decided to continue with the law due to escalating insurgencies in regions like Assam and Manipur.
The Armed Forces (Assam and Manipur) Special Powers Ordinance was promulgated on May 22, 1958, and subsequently replaced by the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act on September 11, 1958.
Initially, AFSPA was applied to the Naga Hills and surrounding insurgent areas to empower armed forces to restore order in “disturbed areas”.
Over the years, AFSPA has been extended to various other states facing similar issues, including Manipur, Assam, and parts of Jammu and Kashmir.
What is the significance of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, of 1958?
Extraordinary Powers: AFSPA grants armed forces significant powers, including the authority to arrest without a warrant, search premises, and use lethal force if deemed necessary. These powers are intended to facilitate military operations in volatile regions.
Legal Immunity: The Act provides immunity from prosecution for armed forces personnel acting under its provisions unless sanctioned by the central government. This aspect has led to widespread criticism and allegations of human rights abuses.
Controversy and Criticism: AFSPA has been a subject of intense debate due to its implications for civil liberties. Critics argue that it leads to extrajudicial killings and other human rights violations. High-profile incidents have fueled calls for its repeal or reform, with activists like Irom Sharmila famously protesting against it for years.
Which are the States where AFSPA is presently in effect?
The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) is currently in effect in several states across India, primarily in regions experiencing ongoing insurgency or civil unrest. These are Jammu and Kashmir, Nagaland (eight districts), Arunachal Pradesh (three districts), and parts of Assam, Manipur (excluding the Imphal municipal area).
What is the present controversy around the provisions of AFSPA?
Human Rights Violations: AFSPA has been associated with numerous human rights abuses, including extrajudicial killings, torture, and enforced disappearances.
Reports indicate that over 1,500 extrajudicial killings occurred in Manipur alone between 2000 and 2012, often involving security forces acting with impunity due to the protections afforded by the Act.
Impunity for Security Forces: This Act provides armed forces personnel with legal immunity for actions taken under its provisions, requiring prior approval from the central government for prosecution.
This has led to a culture of impunity (exemption from punishment) where security personnel are rarely held accountable for their actions, exacerbating public distrust and resentment towards the military.
Excessive Use of Force: AFSPA grants security forces broad powers to use lethal force against individuals deemed to be acting against the law.
Critics argue that this provision leads to excessive and disproportionate responses, often resulting in civilian casualties and further violence in already tense regions.
Lack of Accountability and Oversight: The absence of effective mechanisms for accountability regarding human rights violations under AFSPA has been a significant concern.
Despite recommendations from various committees for reforms or repeal of the Act, the government has largely ignored these calls, perpetuating a cycle of abuse without adequate oversight.
Political and Social Backlash: The ongoing application of AFSPA has sparked significant protests and activism, particularly in northeastern states like Manipur and Nagaland.
Activists, including prominent figures like Irom Sharmila, have campaigned for its repeal, arguing that it fosters alienation among local populations and undermines democratic values in India.
Way forward:
Balancing Security with Rights: Reform AFSPA to incorporate provisions ensuring accountability and oversight, such as independent inquiries into alleged violations and regular reviews of its application, while retaining necessary powers to address security challenges.
Strengthening Local Governance: Enhance the capacity of state police and local administrations through training and resources, enabling them to manage law and order effectively, thereby reducing reliance on AFSPA over time.
Mains PYQ:
Q Human rights activists constantly highlight the fact that the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 (AFSPA) is a draconian act leading to cases of human rights abuses by security forces. What sections of AFSPA are opposed by the activists? Critically evaluate the requirement regarding the view held by the Apex Court. (UPSC IAS/2015)
India, the world’s largest democracy, still doesn’t have a top-tier public educational policy institution like those in the United States and Europe.
What are the gaps between public policy education and job market demands?
Mismatch of Skills and Employability: According to the India Skills Report 2024, only 51.8% of fresh graduates meet industry employability standards, with the employability rate for individuals aged 22-25 at 58.6%.
This indicates that many graduates, including those from public policy programs, lack the skills required by employers.
Limited Policy-Specific Job Opportunities: Despite approximately 130 institutions offering public policy courses in India, there are few dedicated policy-specific jobs available.
Graduates often compete for roles in think tanks and NGOs, where job openings are limited, leading to intense competition and underemployment in their field.
High Unemployment Among Educated Youth: The India Employment Report 2024 shows that educated youth (with secondary or higher education) account for 65.7% of the total unemployed youth, a significant increase from 35.2% in 2000.
The unemployment rate for graduates is reported at 29.1%, highlighting a disconnect between educational attainment and job availability.
Theoretical Focus Over Practical Experience: Many public policy programs primarily emphasize theoretical knowledge rather than practical skills.
A report from the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy notes that these programs often lack hands-on training opportunities, limiting students’ ability to apply academic concepts to real-world situations.
Barriers to Government Employment: Access to government jobs remains limited compared to countries like the U.S., where structured recruitment routes exist for public policy graduates.
In India, there are no dedicated pathways for these graduates to enter government service, restricting their career options and diminishing the effectiveness of public policy education.
How can India bridge the gap between public policy education and job market demands?
Curriculum Alignment: Public policy institutions must develop curricula that align closely with the needs of the job market, emphasizing practical skills alongside theoretical knowledge. This includes training in data analysis, policy evaluation, and understanding local governance dynamics.
Internship and Field Experience: Integrating mandatory internships and fieldwork into public policy programs can provide students with real-world experience and enhance their employability.
Focus on Local Contexts: Training should include a focus on India’s unique political dynamics, informal power structures, and socio-economic challenges to prepare graduates for effective policy-making in the Indian context.
Continuous Learning and Adaptability: Encouraging a culture of lifelong learning among students will equip them to adapt to evolving job market demands. This could involve offering short courses or certifications in emerging areas of public policy.
What structural changes are necessary to improve Public Policy Education?
Decentralization of Power: Reforming the decision-making structure within public policy institutions to allow greater input from diverse stakeholders, including civil society and academia, can enhance the relevance and impact of policy education.
Interdisciplinary Approach: Incorporating interdisciplinary studies that combine economics, sociology, political science, and environmental studies can provide a holistic understanding of public policy issues.
Strengthening Research Capabilities: Investing in research facilities and encouraging academic contributions to policy debates can help bridge the gap between theory and practice, making institutions more influential in shaping policies.
Creating Non-Partisan Spaces: Establishing independent platforms for dialogue among various political factions can foster a more inclusive environment for policy discussions, reducing sycophancy and promoting evidence-based policymaking.
Partnerships with Global Institutions: Collaborating with established international public policy schools can enhance curriculum development and provide exposure to global best practices in governance and policy analysis.
How can India establish itself as a global leader?
Promoting Innovation in Policy Making: Encouraging innovative approaches to problem-solving within public policy education can position India as a leader in addressing complex global challenges such as climate change, health crises, and economic inequality.
The Indian government has to set a target to increase public investment in education to 6% of GDP, aligning with the recommendations of the Kothari Commission.
Investment in Human Capital: Prioritizing education and skill development across sectors will create a knowledgeable workforce capable of contributing to both national development and global governance.
For example, schools like the Harvard Kennedy School in the U.S. and the London School of Economics train leaders who influence both National and Global politics.
Fostering Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): India can bridge the gap in public policy education by aligning curricula with job market needs, promoting internships, and fostering global partnerships. This aligns with SDG Goal 4 (Quality Education) and Goal 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), ensuring skilled and employable graduates.
Mains PYQ:
Q National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient the education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (UPSC IAS/2020)
Directive Principles of State Policy are enumerated in Part IV of the Constitution from Articles 36 to 51. Dr B.R. Ambedkar described these principles as ‘novel features’ of the Indian Constitution. Granville Austin has described the Directive Principles and Fundamental Rights as the ‘Conscience of the Constitution’.
It promotes the principles of social and economic democracy and envisages establishing a welfare state.
Directive Principles ‘and Fundamental Rights contain the ‘’philosophy of the Constitution’’ and are known as the ‘’soul of the Constitution’’.
The reason why DPSPs are non-justiciable
Reason
Explanation
Specific Examples
Guiding Principles for Governance
DPSP are intended as guidelines for the government to frame policies, not as enforceable rights. Making them justiciable would entail judicial oversight on policy matters.
Article 47 (Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition): Influences public health policies like the Mid-Day Meal Scheme.
Conflict with Fundamental Rights
Some directive principles could infringe on fundamental rights, so their implementation was left to the discretion of the State.
Land reform laws conflicted with the right to property.
Flexibility for the Government
Non-justiciability provides flexibility in policy-making, allowing the government to balance diverse interests and adapt to changing circumstances.
Article 39 (Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State): Allows phased implementation of welfare measures like maternity relief.
Resource Constraints
Post-independence, India lacked sufficient resources to implement all directive principles.
Article 45 (Provision for early childhood care and education to children under six years): Guided the introduction of Anganwadi centers under the ICDS program.
Evolutionary Approach
The non-justiciable nature allows for the progressive implementation of these principles, adapting to the country’s economic and social development over time.
Constitution makers trusted the wisdom of the people over court enforcement to fulfilling these principles. Many directives have been implemented through government actions.
Sanction by the People
Constitution makers trusted the wisdom of the people over court enforcement to fulfill these principles. Many directives have been implemented through government actions.
The “Right to Education” was initially a directive principle but became a fundamental right through the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2002
Complexity in Implementation
India’s diversity in customs and traditions complicates the implementation of some directives.
Article 38(2) of the Indian Constitution, added by the 44th Amendment Act in 1978, mandates the state to work towards securing a social order that promotes the welfare of the people
Establishment of Planning Commission (1950); Land Reforms including abolition of intermediaries, tenancy reforms, and distribution of surplus land.
Article 39
The principles of policy to be followed by the State must ensure livelihood, resource equity, prevent wealth concentration, provide equal pay, protect workers’ health, and promote child welfare.
Nationalization of life insurance (1956), banks (1969), and general insurance (1971); Abolition of Privy Purses (1971).
Article 39A
NREGA (2005) guarantees the right to work; in the National Social Assistance Programme; and the Ayushman Bharat scheme.
Legal Services Authorities Act (1987) established a network for free legal aid and Lok Adalat for dispute resolution.
Article 41
Right to work, education, and public assistance in certain cases, within the state’s economic capacity.
NREGA (2005) guarantees the right to work; in the National Social Assistance Programme; and the Ayushman Bharat scheme.
Article 42
Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief.
Living wage, decent work, etc., for workers. Promotes cottage industries in rural areas.
The Minimum Wages Act (1948), Code on Wages (2020), Contract Labour Regulation and Abolition Act (1970), Child Labour Prohibition and Regulation Act (1986), Bonded Labour System Abolition Act (1976), Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act (1957), Maternity Benefit Act (1961), Equal Remuneration Act (1976).
Article 43A
NREGA (2005) guarantees the right to work; in the National Social Assistance Programme; and Ayushman Bharat scheme.
Works committees, Joint management councils, and Joint councils for industries with over 500 employees.
Article 47
Raise the level of nutrition, and standard of living, and improve public health.
Community Development Programme (1952), Integrated Rural Development Programme (1978-79), MGNREGA (2006), Anganwadi Services, Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana, Poshan Abhiyaan.
Gandhian Directive Principles
Article
Description
Implementation
Article 40
Organisation of village panchayats. State shall take steps to organize village panchayats as units of Self Government.
73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992,
Article 43
Promotion of cottage industries.
Village Industries Board, Khadi and Village Industries Commission, All India Handicraft Board, Silk Board, Coir Board, etc.
Article 43B
Promotion of cooperative societies. The state shall promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control, and professional management of cooperative societies
97th Amendment Act add cooperative under Article 19
Article 46
Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and other weaker sections
Protection of Civil Rights Act (1955) and SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act (1989). Establishment of National Commissions for Minorities (1993), Women (1992), Protection of Child Rights (2007), and Backward Classes (1993, with constitutional status in 2018).
Article 47
Raise the level of nutrition and standard of living, improve public health, and prohibit intoxicating drinks and drugs except for medicinal purposes.
Alcohol prohibition in states like Bihar, Gujarat, Mizoram, and Nagaland.
Article 48
Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry using modern methods and scientific lines, and prohibition of slaughter of cows and calves.
The National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) promotes modern dairy farming techniques.
Liberal-Intellectual Directives
Article
Description
Implementation
Article 44
Uniform civil code for the citizens. The State shall endeavour to secure for all citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India.
Goa is the only state with a uniform civil code.
Article 45
Early childhood care and education to children below the age of six years. The State shall provide early childhood care and education for all children.
86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002, The National Education Policy
Article 48
Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry. State shall organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern lines, preserving and improving breeds.
Various steps include Rashtriya Gokul Mission, National Livestock Mission, National Programme for Dairy Development, and National Animal Disease Control.
Article 48A
Protection of environment, forest, and wildlife. The State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and safeguard forest and wildlife.
Creation of Protected Areas (National Parks, Sanctuaries) and missions like National Action Plan for Climate Change and National Clean Air Programme.
Article 49
Protection of monuments and places of national importance. State to protect monuments, places, or objects of artistic/historic interest from damage.
The Ancient and Historical Monument and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act (1958)
Article 50
Criminal Procedure Code (1973) separated the judiciary from the executive.
Separation of judiciary from the executive. The State should separate the judiciary from the executive in public services.
Article 51
Criminal Procedure Code (1973) separated judiciary from the executive.
Promotion of international peace and security. The state shall endeavor to promote international peace, maintain friendly relations, and respect international law.
Amendments in DPSP
Amendment
Changes Introduced
New Directives and Articles
42nd Constitutional Amendment, 1976
Introduced new directives in Part IV of the Constitution.
Article 39A: Provide free legal aid to the poor. Article 39(f): Ensure children develop healthily with protected freedom and dignity, and against exploitation and abandonment. Article 43A: Participation of workers in industrial management. Article 48A: Protect and improve the environment.
44th Constitutional Amendment, 1978
Inserted Section-2 to Article 38; eliminated Right to Property from Fundamental Rights.
Article 38(2): The state shall strive to minimize economic inequalities in income and eliminate inequalities in status, facilities, and opportunities among individuals and groups.
86th Amendment Act of 2002
Changed the subject matter of Article 45; made elementary education a fundamental right under Article 21A.
Article 45: Early childhood care and education for children below six years. Article 21A: Right to elementary education as a fundamental right.
Directives outside Part IV
The Constitution makers gave a few directives outside Part IV, these are:
Claims of SCs and STs to Services (Article 335; Part XVI)
Instruction in mother tongue (Article 350-A; Part XVII)
Development of Hindi Language (Article 351; Part XVII)
These directions are also non-justiciable and they are given importance equivalent to DPSPs in Part IV. The judiciary has declared that all parts of the Constitution must be read together.
Significance/Utility of Directive Principles
Aspect of Significance
Details
Specific Examples
Instrument of Instruction and Transformation
Acts as a blueprint for transforming India into a welfare state, guiding constitutional amendments and legislation to implement social and economic programs.
Article 48 (Organization of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry): Led to agricultural reforms and policies promoting animal welfare.
Moral and Ethical Framework for Governance
Article 48 (Organization of Agriculture and animal husbandry): Led to agricultural reforms and policies promoting animal welfare.
Article 47 (Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition): Influenced policies like the National Health Mission.
Non-Justiciable yet Influential
Influences law and policy making, providing a framework within which the electorate can evaluate government performance.
Article 44 (Uniform civil code): Inspired the debate and eventual legislation regarding personal laws in India.
Social and Economic Justice
Guides legislators and administrators, laying down the goals aimed at achieving a just society.
Article 39 (Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State): Influenced the Equal Remuneration Act, 1976.
Complement to Fundamental Rights
Complements enforceable Fundamental Rights by promoting non-enforceable social and economic welfare goals, necessary for the full enjoyment of fundamental rights.
Advocates for welfare measures like the right to livelihood, equal pay, and health improvements, focusing on disadvantaged groups to reduce inequalities.
Dynamic Interpretation and Evolution
Broad and flexible, allowing dynamic interpretation to meet contemporary needs and ensuring relevance in varying socio-economic contexts.
Article 43 (Living wage, etc., for workers): Has guided the formulation of various labor laws and minimum wage standards over the years.
Educative Value
These directives have an educational value, reminding those in power of the goal to introduce ‘economic democracy’ distinct from political democracy.
Promoting social and economic welfare (Article 38)
Force of Public Opinion
Representatives are accountable to the people, and non-compliance with these directives risks their position as they will be judged by the public.
Electoral consequences for failing to implement public welfare measures
Reference for Courts
Courts use these principles to exercise judicial review and determine the constitutional validity of laws.
Minerva Mills vs Union of India case, harmonizing fundamental rights with directive principles
mpower the Opposition
The right to adequate means of livelihood (Article 39(a)) complements Right to life and personal liberty under Article 21
Criticism over failure to implement land reforms or social security measures
Lack of Legal Force: DPSPs are not enforceable in courts, leading to potential neglect in policy implementation. Dependence on Political Will causes variability in adherence.
Lack of Enforcement: Despite Article 47’s directive to improve nutrition, persistent malnutrition issues reflect inconsistent implementation.
Lack of Consistent Philosophy
N. Srinivasan criticized them as vague, repetitive, and not logically arranged.
Lack of Legal Force: DPSPs are not enforceable in courts, leading to potential neglect in policy implementation. Dependence on Political Will causes variability in adherence.
Conservative
Jennings argued the Directives are based on 19th-century England’s political philosophy. Part IV reflects Fabian Socialism without socialism, making their relevance in the 21st century questionable.
prohibition of intoxicating drinks and drugs (Article 47) appears conservative in modern, liberal India.
Vagueness and Ambiguity
Broad and General Phrasing makes them difficult to implement specifically and measure effectively. Competing Priorities: The broad nature often leads to conflicting priorities, complicating their practical application.
article 39(b) & (c): Calls for minimizing inequalities in income and wealth are vague and have been interpreted variably across different governments.
Resource Constraints
Financial Implications: The implementation of many DPSPs requires significant financial resources, which may not always be available, leading to selective or partial implementation.
Article 41: Right to work is subject to the state’s economic capacity; regions with lower fiscal capacity struggle more to provide employment.
Lack of Priority
Secondary to Fundamental Rights: they often receive less focus and priority in governance and judicial considerations.
Lack of Legal Force: DPSP are not enforceable in courts, leading to potential neglect in policy implementation. Dependence on Political Will causes variability in adherence.
Potential for Misuse
Political Tool: The flexible nature of DPSP can be exploited as a political tool, with parties promising implementation for electoral gains rather than actual welfare improvement.
Electoral Promises like Nyay scheme, freebies
Constitutional Conflict
K Santhanam noted that Directives can cause conflicts, such as between the center and states, or between the President and Prime Minister, over implementation issues.
Implementing the Directive Principle related to the Uniform Civil Code (Article 44) often creates tensions between central and state governments.
Comparison between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy
Parameters
Fundamental Rights
Directive Principles of State Policy
Characteristics
Legally enforceable in the Court of Law
Non-enforceable.
Objective
They establish political democracy in the country
They aim to establish socio-economic democracy in the country.
Force
They have legal sanctions
They have moral and political sanctions
Enforcement
Many of the rights do not require legislation for their enforcement.
They require legislation for their enforcement.
Need
Fundamental for individual development
They promote the welfare of the community and are socialist in nature.
Justiciability
In case any law violates any of the Fundamental Rights, the court is bound to declare it unconstitutional
Violation of Directive Principles of State Policy is not a basis for declaring a law unconstitutional. However, the Court can uphold the validity of any law on the grounds that it was enacted to give effect to a directive.
Conflict Between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy
Case Name
Summary of Judgment
State of Madras vs. Champakam Dorairajan (1951)
The Court ruled that Fundamental Rights prevail over the DPSP. SC also ruled that Parliament can amend Fundamental Rights through the Constitutional Amendment Act to implement DPSPs. This case involved reservations in medical colleges, which were deemed to violate Article 29(2) of the Constitution.
Shankari Prasad vs. Union of India (1951)
This was one of the early cases addressing the amendability of the Constitution concerning Fundamental Rights and DPSP. The Court held that Fundamental Rights could be amended.
Golaknath vs. State of Punjab (1967)
The Court reversed its earlier position, ruling that Fundamental Rights are immutable and could not be amended by the Parliament. It restricted the legislature’s ability to implement DPSP at the expense of Fundamental Rights.
Kesavananda Bharati vs. State of Kerala (1973)
The Court recognized that a balance between Fundamental Rights and DPSP was essential and that both were equally valid.
Minerva Mills vs. Union of India (1980)
The Court emphasized the harmony and balance between Fundamental Rights and DPSP, stating that they are complementary and equally fundamental. It held that any law that violates Fundamental Rights under the guise of achieving DPSP goals is invalid.
Unni Krishnan, J.P. vs. State of Andhra Pradesh (1993)
The Court held that the right to education is a Fundamental Right for children until the age of 14, citing both DPSP and Fundamental Rights. This decision is a pivotal example of harmonizing the two to achieve a broader constitutional goal.
Gujarat Mazdoor Sabha v. State of Gujarat (2020)
The fundamental rights and directive principles of State policy present a coherent vision of a welfare state that contemplates social, political and economic justice.
Present Position
Fundamental Rights enjoy supremacy over DPSP except for Articles 39 (b) and (c) which enjoy supremacy over Articles 14 and 19.
The Union Ministry of Science and Technology has inaugurated the centenary celebrations of Bose-Einstein Statistics at the S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences.
Bose-Einstein Statistics
Bose-Einstein statistics describe how certain particles called bosons (like photons and helium-4 atoms) behave, especially at low temperatures.
This concept was developed by Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein.
It explains the behavior of bosons, which are particles that can exist in the same state as others.
Unlike other particles, bosons can “share” a quantum state, meaning multiple bosons can exist in the same place with the same energy.
It is used to understand particles that don’t follow the Pauli Exclusion Principle (which states that two fermions, like electrons, cannot occupy the same state).
Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)
A BEC is a special state of matter formed when bosons are cooled down to almost absolute zero (-273°C). In this state, the particles behave as one single quantum entity.
Bosons, when cooled to near absolute zero, lose their individual properties and combine to form a single quantum state.
It was achieved in 1995 by Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman using rubidium atoms.
This discovery earned them the Nobel Prize in Physics.
BECs exhibit unique quantum behaviors like zero viscosity (flow without friction) and act as a “super atom” that is extremely sensitive to any outside influence.
Significance of Bose-Einstein Statistics
Bose-Einstein statistics are essential for understanding quantum mechanics, particularly the behavior of particles in quantum states.
These statistics led to the discovery of Bose-Einstein Condensates, which have unique properties not seen in normal states of matter.
BECs are useful in atomic clocks, superconductors, and quantum computing due to their sensitivity and unique quantum properties.
Bose’s work was crucial in explaining light’s particle nature (photons), which helped develop the concept of wave-particle duality in quantum theory.
Bose-Einstein statistics paved the way for studying low-temperature physics, allowing scientists to observe quantum effects in larger systems.
These statistics and the discovery of BECs continue to inspire new fields of research, including quantum fluids and quantum phase transitions.
PYQ:
[2018] Discuss the work of ‘Bose-Einstein Statistics’ done by Prof. Satyendra Nath Bose and show how it revolutionised the field of Physics.
