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Subject: Disaster Management

  • On December 2004, tsumani brought havoc on 14 countries including India. Discuss the factors responsible for occurrence of Tsunami and its effects on life and economy. In the light of guidelines of NDMA (2010) describe the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events

  • Describe various measures taken in India for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) before and after signing ‘Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030)’. How is this framework different from ‘Hyogo Framework for Action, 2005?

    As per UNDRR, Disaster risk reduction is aimed at preventing new and reducing existing disaster risk and managing residual risk, all of which contribute to strengthening resilience and therefore to the achievement of sustainable development.

    Measures Taken in India Before Sendai Framework (Pre-2015)

    Disaster Management Act, 2005 established NDMA, SDMA, DDMAs – India’s first legal-institutional framework for DRR.

    Formation of NDRF (2006) – a specialised, trained, and equipped response force for multi-hazard operations. Played a major role in Uttarakhand floods (2013).

    National Policy on Disaster Management (2009) – Shifted policy from relief to prevention, preparedness, and mitigation.

    National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (2011) – World Bank assisted programme for mitigating risks of cyclones in 8 cyclone prone coastal States

    Early Warning Dissemination System (EWDS)

    Cyclone Risk Mitigation Infrastructure (CRMI)

    Technical Assistance for Capacity Building on Disaster Risk Management

    Project Management and Monitoring

    Measures Taken After Adoption of Sendai Framework (Post-2015)

    (Aligned with Sendai’s four priorities: risk knowledge, governance, investment, preparedness & BBB.)

    National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP), 2016 – India’s first national plan fully aligned with Sendai Framework, covering:

    Multi-hazard risk assessment,

    Prevention-mitigation strategies,

    Sector-wise responsibilities (health, housing, power, transport, education),

    Monitoring indicators aligned with Sendai’s seven global targets.

    Multi-Hazard Early Warning System (MHEWS) – integrates satellite, radar, and IoT data via the IMD’s Decision Support System (DSS). Improves accuracy by 20-40%. Apps used are

    MAUSAM: General weather forecasts.

    DAMINI: Lightning alerts.

    MEGHDOOT: Agromet advisories for farmers.

    Nature-Based Solutions – Mangrove restoration (MISHTI), wetland protection (Amrit Dharohar) to reduce cyclone/flood vulnerability.

    Shift in disaster-financing architecture – from earlier response-only funds to separate mitigation funds at national and state level as per recommendations of 15th FC

    Community-Based Disaster Management under Aapda Mitra/Aapda Sakhi.

    GIS-Based Hazard Mapping– Eg- National Landslide Susceptibility Mapping (NLSM 2023) covers all Himalayan states.

    Global Efforts – Launched coalition of disaster disaster resilient infrastructure

    National Landslide Risk Mitigation Programme (NLRMP) –

    Cyclone Preparedness (Odisha Model) – Mass evacuations, cyclone shelters, and resilient infrastructure. Eg- Only 64 deaths in Cyclone Fani (2019).

    City/state-specific Heat Action Plans (HAPs) for heatwave prediction + response + healthcare preparedness. Eg- Ahmedabad HAP cut mortality by 30-40% since 2013.

    Difference between Hyogo and Sendai Frameworks

    The Sendai Framework’s proactive approach is essential for making Bharat a ‘weather-ready and climate-smart’ nation.

    Disaster Specific

  • Disaster preparedness is the first step in any disaster management process. Explain how hazard zonation mapping will help in disaster mitigation in the case of landslides.

    As per UNDRR, disaster preparedness refers to the knowledge and capacities developed by governments, institutions, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to and recover from disasters.

    Importance of Disaster preparedness

    Reduces Loss of Life and Property – Eg-Zero casualties during Cyclone Biparjoy (2023) due to preparedness.

    Strengthens Community Capacity – Training local communities in early response, evacuation routes, and safe zones, reduces panic and damage. Eg-Aapda Mitra volunteers.

    Enables Early Warning and Timely Decision-Making

    Minimises Economic Disruptions – Preparedness plans protect critical infrastructure like roads, power lines and bridges. (Türkiye earthquake (2021) resulted in a loss of 4% of GDP.)

    Ensures continuity of critical services such as healthcare, transportation, and communication during disasters

    Role of hazard zonation mapping in landslide risk mitigation

    Identifies Risk areas based on geology, slope angle, rainfall, land use and soil type.

    Guides Land-Use Planning and Regulation- Eg-Building restrictions in Munnar and Wayanad based on hazard maps.

    Helps Design Safer Infrastructure – Eg-Stabilisation measures on NH-44 (Uttarakhand-Himachal) based on zonation inputs.

    Mitigation Measures – Eg- slope strengthening, terracing, afforestation, and drainage correction.

    Integrates with Early Warning Systems (EWS) – Hazard zones combined with rainfall thresholds enable real-time warnings.

    Build community resilience – Locals identify unsafe slopes, evacuation routes and shelter locations using simplified maps.

    Resource allocationNational Landslide Risk Mitigation Programme targets mapped hotspots first.

    Assists in Environmental Regulation – Eg- Quarrying, mining, ban in Western Ghats (Madhav gadgil committee recommendation)

    Hazard zonation mapping in India

    National Landslide Susceptibility Mapping (NLSM) by GSI

    National Landslide Inventory created with 80,000+ mapped landslides.

    ISRO “Landslide Atlas of India” (2023).

    State-level LHZ mapping by SDMAs (Kerala, Uttarakhand, Himachal, Sikkim, Meghalaya).

    LiDAR, UAV & DEM-based mapping in critical areas (Joshimath, Munnar, Gangtok, Nilgiris).

    Rainfall threshold modelling (IMD + IITs) integrated with zonation maps for landslide triggers.

    Earthquake Zonation Map of India (Zone II to Zone V) by BIS/IMD.

    Flood Hazard Atlas for 15+ states by CWC-NRSC (ISRO)

    Drought Vulnerability Atlas of India (IMD + NRSC).

    To prevent a catastrophe like the Wayanad Landslide of 2024, engineering as well as nature-based solutions along with early warning systems, and effective land use practices are essential.

  • Vulnerability is an essential element for defining disaster impacts and its threat to people. How and in what ways can vulnerability to disasters be characterized? Discuss different types of vulnerability with reference to disasters.

    As per UNDRR, vulnerability refers to the conditions determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes which increase the susceptibility of an individual, a community, assets or systems to the impacts of hazards.

    Vulnerability can be characterized as follow

    Exposure to Hazard – Settlements on riverbanks or seismic zones are more vulnerable. Eg- Joshimath (Uttarakhand)

    Adaptive or Coping Capacity – Ability to anticipate, respond, absorb and recover from a disaster. Eg- Access to savings, insurance, early warning systems.

    Socio-economic Conditions – Poverty, marginalisation and inequity increase susceptibility to harm. Eg- Disaster induced migration

    Governance and Institutional Readiness– Eg- Weak building regulation increases earthquake vulnerability.

    Environmental Degradation increases hazard impact. Eg- ‘Day Zero’ in Chennai due to wetland encroachment.

    Social Networks and Support Systems: – Communities with strong social cohesion, community organizations, and support networks are more resilient to respond to and recover from disasters.

    Health status and access to healthcare services influence vulnerability – Eg- Elderly and Children are more vulnerable to post disaster illness

    Types of Vulnerability with Reference to Disasters

    Physical Vulnerability – Related to infrastructure, buildings, land use, and physical exposure. Eg- houses in Zone V are highly earthquake-vulnerable.

    Social Vulnerability – Eg- Women in rehabilitation camps face violence and trafficking

    Economic Vulnerability – Lack of income stability, livelihood diversity, and financial buffers. Eg- Fisherfolk losing boats in cyclones.

    Environmental Vulnerability- Eg- Loss of mangroves in Sundarbans increases storm-surge impacts.

    Institutional Vulnerability – Weak governance, poor enforcement of safety norms, lack of coordination.

    Technological Vulnerability – Risks arising from industrial, nuclear, or infrastructural failures. Eg- Bhopal gas tragedy.

    Geographic Vulnerability – Eg- Himalayan towns exposed to landslides and GLOFs.

    Mapping vulnerabilities, enforcing inclusive governance, and capacity building at grassroot are essential for disaster resilience.

  • Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster management by the Government of India departing from the earlier reactive approach.

    Earlier Approach (Reactive Model)

    Relief and Response-Focused – limited emphasis on preparedness or mitigation.

    Fragmented Institutional Setup – No single coordinating agency.

    Weak Early Warning Systems – limited forecasting for cyclones, floods, and lightning. Eg – 1999 Odisha Super Cyclone caused 10000 deaths

    Delayed Emergency Response Mechanisms before NDRF creation (2006). Eg- delay in 2001 Bhuj Earthquake response

    Ad hoc Funding – minimal pre-disaster investment.

    Poor Infrastructure Resilience – Buildings, dams, roads lacked disaster-resilient design.

    Low Use of Technology – Eg- lack of glacial lake monitoring, real-time rainfall data, or landslide susceptibility mapping in Himalayas

    Limited Community Preparedness – Citizens were passive recipients of relief; evacuation plans rudimentary. Eg- high fatalities after Uttarakhand Floods

    Recent Measures Highlighting the Shift from Reactive to Proactive Approach

    Legal & Institutional Strengthening – DM Act 2005, NDMA, NDRF, SDMAs, and DDMAs ensure permanent, structured disaster governance.

    Strengthened Early Warning through IMD + ISRO + IITs. Eg- Zero human casualties during Cyclone Biparjoy (2023)

    Integrated Alert System (SACHET) is operationalised in all 36 States and UTs to send disaster alerts through SMS. Over 6,899 crore SMS alerts in more than 19 Indian languages were sent.

    Multi-Hazard Early Warning System (MHEWS) – integrates satellite, radar, and IoT data via the IMD’s Decision Support System (DSS). Improves accuracy by 20-40%. Apps used are

    MAUSAM: General weather forecasts.

    DAMINI: Lightning alerts.

    MEGHDOOT: Agromet advisories for farmers.

    Nature-Based Solutions – Mangrove restoration (MISHTI), wetland protection (Amrit Dharohar) to reduce cyclone/flood vulnerability.

    Shift in disaster-financing architecture – from earlier response-only funds to separate mitigation funds at national and state level as per recommendations of 15th FC

    Community-Based Disaster Management under Aapda Mitra/Aapda Sakhi.

    City/state-specific Heat Action Plans (HAPs) for heatwave prediction + response + healthcare preparedness. Eg- Ahmedabad HAP cut mortality by 30-40% since 2013.

    Cyclone Preparedness (Odisha Model) – Mass evacuations, cyclone shelters, and resilient infrastructure. Eg- Only 64 deaths in Cyclone Fani (2019).

    GIS-Based Hazard Mapping– Eg- National Landslide Susceptibility Mapping (NLSM 2023) covers all Himalayan states.

    Global Efforts

    Signatory to Sendai Framework for disaster risk reduction

    Launched coalition of disaster disaster resilient infrastructure

    Way Forward

    Strengthening disaster health management through coordination between NDMA and the Health Ministry

    Transparency in Fund Allocation – formula-based, impact-driven NDRF allocation

    Decentralized Disaster Governance

    Autonomy in fund utilization for SDMA and DDMA.

    Integrating disaster risk reduction (DRR) into development plans

    Climate-Resilient Infrastructure –

    strict enforcement of the National Building Code (NBC), 2016

    disaster-resilient retrofitting of old buildings, bridges, and dams in seismic zones.

    Enhance coordination between IMD, ISRO, NDMA, and NDRF through a unified National Emergency Coordination Hub (NECH).

    Strengthening Financial Resilience via parametric insurance models

    Adopting global best practices

    Singapore -Whole-of-Government (WOG) Approach

    Netherlands -“Room for the River” Programme

    United States -FEMA’s Incident Command System (ICS)

    The Sendai Framework’s proactive approach, focused on risk mitigation, resilient recovery, and inclusive governance, is essential for making Bharat a ‘weather-ready and climate-smart’ nation.

  • Discuss about the vulnerability of India to earthquake-related hazards. Give examples including the salient features of major disasters caused by earthquakes in different parts of India during the last three decades

    Vulnerability of India to Earthquake-Related Hazards

    Active Plate Tectonics – High seismicity in the Himalayan belt, North-East India, Kutch region, and Andaman-Nicobar Islands.

    Wide Seismic Zonation

    Zone V (Very High Risk) – Himalayan states, Kutch, Andaman & Nicobar.

    Zone IV – Delhi, Bihar, parts of J&K and NE India.

    Major cities such as Delhi, Guwahati, Srinagar, Imphal lie in high-risk zones.

    Weak enforcement of earthquake-resistant building codes (BIS).

    Rapid and Unplanned Urbanisation without seismic safety.

    Secondary and Cascading Hazards – Landslides, liquefaction, fires, dam failure, and infrastructure collapse.

    Vulnerability of critical infrastructure – Disruption of transport, power, water, and communication networks.

    Examples of Major Earthquake Disasters in India (Last Three Decades)

    Latur Earthquake, Maharashtra (1993)

    Magnitude – ~6.3

    Intraplate earthquake caused by reactivation of ancient fault lines in the Deccan Plateau

    Over 9,000 deaths.

    Bhuj Earthquake, Gujarat (2001)

    Magnitude – 7.7

    Intraplate fault movement due to stress transmitted from the Indian Plate-Eurasian Plate collision

    Around 13,800 deaths and massive infrastructure loss.

    Kashmir Earthquake (2005)

    Magnitude – 7.6

    Thrust faulting due to ongoing collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate

    Extensive landslides and isolation of remote villages.

    Sikkim Earthquake (2011)

    Magnitude – 6.9

    Active tectonics of the Himalayan collision zone

    Triggered widespread landslides.

    Damage to roads, bridges, and hydropower projects.

    Hazard zonation mapping, disaster resilient infrastructure and institutional strengthening for quick response and recovery is essential to achieve Sendai targets on disaster risk reduction.

  • Describe the various causes and the effects of landslides. Mention the important components of the National Landslide Risk Management Strategy.

    Landslides are the downhill movement of rock, debris or earth due to slope failure, triggered by natural or anthropogenic factors.

    Causes of Landslides

    Natural Causes

    Intense or Prolonged Rainfall leads to liquefaction – Eg- 2018 Kerala floods triggered major landslides in Idukki and Wayanad.

    Hydrological Factors: Water seepage through porous materials raises pore pressure and weakens the slope.

    Earthquakes – Seismic shaking destabilises slopes.

    Weathering & Erosion

    Physical and chemical weathering reduce slope strength

    River undercutting erodes base material.

    Snowmelt – Eg- Landslides linked to glacial retreat in Chamoli (Uttarakhand).

    Volcanic Activity – Though rare in India, globally volcanic regions face debris flows and lahars.

    Anthropogenic Causes

    Unregulated Construction– Eg- Frequent landslides along Char Dham highway in Uttarakhand.

    Deforestation – Reduces root binding capacity and slope cohesion. Eg- Western Ghats tea and cardamom plantations.

    Mining & Quarrying Activities– Eg- Quarry-linked landslides in Kerala’s Idukki district.

    Poor Drainage –Blocked drains, leaking pipelines, and slope saturation trigger failures.

    Unplanned Urbanisation – Unscientific hill-cutting and unsustainable tourist influx. Eg- Joshimath Crisis in Uttarakhand

    Effects of Landslides

    Loss of Life and Injury – Eg- 2024 Wayanad landslide killed 250+ people and injured 400

    Damage to critical Infrastructure– Eg- Frequent closure of NH-44 in J&K and HP.

    Economic Losses – 1% to 2% of the Gross National Product (GSI)

    River Blockage due to debris creates temporary dams and flash floods. Eg- 2021 Rishiganga disaster.

    Environmental Degradation – Loss of forests, soil fertility, biodiversity, and increased erosion.

    Disaster induced displacement – as per Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), India recorded 5.4 million displacements in 2024 due to disasters Eg- Joshimath crisis (2023).

    Components of the National Landslide Risk Management Strategy (NLRMS)

    Landslide Hazard Zonation Mapping using GIS, remote sensing, LiDAR.

    At macro scale (1:50,000 / 25,000)

    At meso level (1:10,000)

    Developing landslide monitoring & early warning systems – Eg- use of Rainfall thresholds, automated sensors, Doppler radar support etc

    Awareness generation and capacity building of local communities in landslide safety and mitigation.

    Land use regulation – Eg- Restricting construction in high-risk slopes.

    Creation of Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) for Landslide Management

    Mitigation Measures –

    Engineering solutions – Retaining walls, slope drainage, rock bolting, geo-textiles,

    Nature based solutions – Afforestation in himalaya

    Establishment of a National Landslide Inventory for modelling and planning.

    Response & Relief – SOPs for search and rescue, emergency shelters.

    Institutional Mechanism & Coordination – Defining roles of NDMA, GSI, MoRTH, state DMAs and local bodies.

    Research & Development – Geotechnical studies, rainfall-landslide correlations.

    To prevent a catastrophe like the Wayanad Landslide of 2024, engineering as well as nature-based solutions along with early warning systems, and effective land use practices are essential.

  • Explain the mechanism and occurrence of cloudburst in the context of the Indian subcontinent. Discuss two recent examples.

    IMD defines cloudburst as an extreme weather event involving very high-intensity rainfall (often >100 mm/hour) over a small geographical area (20-30 sq. km.) within a short duration.

    Mechanism of Cloudburst

    Moist air masses are forced to rise abruptly when they encounter steep mountain slopes.

    Rapid ascent causes condensation and release of latent heat, intensifying convection.

    Strong Convective Clouds (Cumulonimbus) up to 12-15 km.

    Moisture Supply from Monsoon Systems enhances instability.

    When updrafts weaken, large volumes of accumulated rainwater are released at once, causing cloudburst-like rainfall.

    Occurrence of cloudburst in the Indian Subcontinent

    Himalayan and Western Ghat Topography – Steep slopes promote rapid vertical uplift.

    Monsoon Dynamics – High atmospheric moisture during June-September.

    Climate Change – Rising temperatures increase atmospheric moisture-holding capacity. Eg- every 1°C rise lets air hold ~7% more moisture.

    Land-Use Changes – Deforestation, slope cutting, and urbanisation increase runoff and disaster impact.

    2 recent examples

    Cloudburst in Uttarakhand in 2025 – Chamoli, Rudraprayag, Tehri, and Bageshwar districts affected

    Himachal Pradesh Cloudbursts in 2025 – affectedKullu, Mandi, Shimla districts. Triggered flash floods and massive landslides. Losses at about Rs 4,300 crore and nearly 380 deaths

    Mitigation measures

    Structural

    Engineering solutions – Retaining walls, slope drainage, rock bolting, geo-textiles,

    Nature based solutions – Afforestation in himalaya

    Non-Structural

    Expansion of multi-hazard insurance

    Disaster resilient urban planning (Mishra committee on Joshimath crisis)

    The Sendai Framework’s proactive approach is essential for making Bharat a ‘weather-ready and climate-smart’ nation.

  • Dam failures are always catastrophic, especially on the downstream side, resulting in a colossal loss of life and property. Analyze the various causes of dam failures. Give two examples of large dam failures.

    Causes of Dam Failures

    Natural Factors

    Extreme Rainfall – Flooding causes 44% of dam failures in India (CWC). Eg- Tiware Dam breach in 2019

    Chungthang Dam in Sikkim was washed away in 2023 due to glacial lake outburst of South Lhonak Lake.

    Earthquakes cause cracks, foundation instability, or slope failure. Eg- liquefaction in the foundation of Chang Dam after Bhuj EQ (2001)

    Geological Weaknesses – Fault zones, weak rock strata, or unconsolidated foundations beneath dams.

    Climate Change – Increased frequency of high-intensity rainfall events beyond historical norms.

    Human Factors

    Faulty Design and Planning – Eg- Underestimation of Probable Maximum Flood (PMF).

    Aging – 1,065 large dams 50-100 years old, 224 are over a century old. Eg- safety concerns over ​​Mullaperiyar Dam (130 year old)

    Weak Regulatory Oversight – Eg- poor dam safety audits (CAG report).

    Poor maintenance and sedimentation – Eg- Around 3700 dams in India will lose 26% of the total storage by 2050 due to sedimentation (UN).

    Examples of dam failures

    Machhu dam disaster, 1979, in Morbi, Gujarat – 2,000 people died and 12,000 houses were destroyed.

    Banqiao Dam Failure, China (1975)

    Extreme rainfall from Typhoon Nina

    Cascade failure of multiple dams due to poor design

    Estimated 1,70,000 deaths (direct and indirect)

    Initiatives Taken for Dam Safety in India

    Dam Safety Act, 2021 – Statutory framework for surveillance, inspection, operation, and maintenance of dams.

    National Register of Large Dams (NRLD) complied and maintained by CWC.

    Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Project (DRIP) for rehabilitation of 736 dams across 19 States.

    Dam Health and Rehabilitation Monitoring Application (DHARMA)- application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in dam safety.

    Rigorous dam safety audits, climate-resilient design and real-time monitoring is essential to protect the ‘temples of modern India’

  • Flooding in urban areas is an emerging climate-induced disaster. Discuss the causes of this disaster. Mention the features of two such major floods in the last two decades in India. Describe the policies and frameworks in India that aim at tackling such floods.

    Recently, heavy pre-monsoon thundershowers in Bengaluru led to severe Floods. Unlike riverine floods, urban floods are highly localised, rapid-onset, and short-duration, but cause disproportionately high economic and infrastructural damage.

    Causes of urban flooding

    Natural causes

    Natural meteorological phenomena like cyclones, cloud bursts. Eg- Cyclone Tauktae in Mumbai.

    Climate Change – Increase in short-duration, high-intensity rainfall events. Eg- In 2005 Mumbai witnessed 37 inches of rainfall in only 24 hours.

    Sea level rise: by 2050, Mumbai will witness a 25% increase in the intensity of flash floods accompanied by a half-meter rise in the sea level (McKinsey India report)

    Topography: Many Indian cities are located in floodplains or low-lying coastal zones. Eg- Mumbai on the Konkan coast, Kolkata in the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta.

    Anthropogenic causes

    Inadequate Stormwater Drainage Infrastructure – Old, undersized, and poorly maintained drainage networks. Eg- Mumbai’s British-era drainage

    Poor urban planning and encroachment on wetlands

    Bengaluru has lost 80% of its lakes

    Chennai has lost 85% of its wetlands. (WWF)

    Concretisation – Expansion of concrete roads, pavements, and buildings reducing infiltration.

    Unregulated dumping of solid waste blocks drains, and stormwater systems

    Deforestation reduces the land’s ability to absorb water, causing rapid runoff into urban areas.

    Weak Enforcement – Lack of floodplain zoning and non-compliance with building regulations.

    Sudden release of water from dams and lakes – Eg- Pune Floods due to Opening of Khadakwasla dam.

    Illegal river sand mining reduces the water retention capacity of the waterbody, increasing the speed and scale of stormwater flow. Eg- Cauvery River bed, Tamil Nadu.

    Two major urban floods in the last two decades in India

    Mumbai Floods – 2005

    Trigger – Extremely heavy rainfall (~944 mm in 24 hours)

    Key Features

    Complete failure of stormwater drainage system.

    Severe flooding along the Mithi River floodplain due to encroachment.

    Massive disruption of transport, power supply, and economic activity.

    Exposed vulnerability of coastal megacities to extreme rainfall.

    Chennai Floods – 2015

    Trigger – Intense northeast monsoon rainfall

    Key Features

    Encroachment of wetlands like Pallikaranai marsh.

    Poor coordination in reservoir water release aggravated flooding.

    Prolonged waterlogging in residential and industrial zones.

    Policies and Frameworks in India to Tackle Urban Flooding

    NDMA Guidelines on Urban Flooding (2010) – Recommend city-specific urban flood management plans.

    National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP), 2016 – Integrates urban flood risk reduction within disaster preparedness and mitigation.

    Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) – Investment in stormwater drainage, sewerage, and water infrastructure.

    Smart Cities Mission – Use of GIS mapping, real-time sensors, and flood monitoring systems.

    Early Warning Systems – IMD and CWC providing impact-based rainfall forecasts.

    Protection of wetlands under Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules.

    Model Building Bye Laws by MoHUA – all buildings having a plot size of 100 sq.m. or, more shall mandatorily include the complete proposal of rainwater harvesting.

    MoHUA has issued Standard Operating Procedures (SoPs) on Urban Flooding in 2017 and published manual on Storm Water Drainage Systems in 2019

    As per NITI aayog, over 40% of India’s population will reside in urban areas by 2030. Thus, flood resilient urban future is essential for Viksit Bharat @2047

    Internal Security

    LWE and N-E insurgency