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Subject: Governance

Important aspects of Society

  • [pib] Lokpal of India

    Why in the News?

    The Lokpal of India, India’s central anti-corruption ombudsman, is moving forward to fill 81 approved posts on a deputation basis.

    Historical Context of the Lokpal:

    • Initial Proposal (1966): First proposed by the First Administrative Reforms Commission to tackle high-level corruption.
    • Legislative Failures (1971–2008): Multiple Lokpal Bills introduced in Parliament but none were passed.
    • Jan Lokpal Movement (2011): Nationwide agitation led by Anna Hazare demanded a powerful and independent anti-corruption body, catalyzing public and political support.
    • Enactment of Law (2013): The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act was passed in 2013, providing for:
      • A Lokpal at the central level.
      • Lokayuktas in states.
    • Formal Establishment (2014): Lokpal of India was notified on January 16, 2014 under Section 3 of the Act.
    • Initial Functioning: Operated with encadred staff (mostly Central Secretariat Service); became functionally active only in 2019.
    • Organisational Restructuring (2024):
      • Due to rising complaints and staffing gaps, a new Organogram was approved in August–September 2024.
      • The Full Bench of Lokpal, using powers under Section 34, sanctioned 81 deputation posts.
      • These are stop-gap until regular recruitment begins under the upcoming Service Regulations, 2024.

    About Lokpal [vs. Lokayukta, A Comparative Overview]:

    Lokpal (Central) Lokayukta (State)
    Legal Basis Established under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 Also mandated under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 (Section 63); specifics vary by state
    Jurisdiction Covers central public servants, including the Prime Minister (with some exceptions), Ministers, MPs, and officials in Groups A–D Handles cases involving state public servants, such as Chief Ministers, Ministers, MLAs, and state officials
    Appointment Appointed by the President based on recommendations of a Selection Committee (PM, LoP, CJI, jurist) Appointed by the Governor; appointment process defined by state legislation
    Composition Chairperson (former CJI/SC judge/eminent person) + up to 8 members (50% from SC/ST/OBC/Women/Minorities) Composition varies by state; usually includes a Chairperson and members with similar qualifications
    Tenure 5 years or until the age of 70, whichever is earlier Defined by respective state laws
    Salary & Removal Chairperson = salary of CJI;

    Members = salary of SC Judges;

    Removal by President after SC inquiry

    		 Modelled on Lokpal Act; removal by Governor based on state-specific processes
    Powers
    • Investigates corruption under Prevention of Corruption Act
    • Can confiscate illegal assets
    • Can refer cases to CBI
    • Jurisdiction over NGOs receiving significant foreign or govt. funds
    • Submits reports to President, tabled in Parliament
    • Investigates under state anti-corruption laws
    • Can recommend prosecution/disciplinary actions
    • Handles complaints related to state schemes, contracts
    • Submits reports to Governor, tabled in State Legislature
    Recent Institutional Reform
    • In 2024, Lokpal approved a new Organogram and framed Service Regulations, 2024 for structured staffing.
    • As a stopgap, 81 posts are being filled via deputation.
    		 Varies across states; no uniform push for staff standardization as seen at the central level.

     

    [UPSC 2025] Consider the following statements about Lokpal:

    I. The power of Lokpal applies to public servants of India, but not to the Indian public servants posted outside India. II. The Chairperson or a Member shall not be a Member of the Parliament or a Member of the Legislature of any State or Union Territory, and only the Chief Justice of India, whether incumbent or retired, has to be its Chairperson. III. The Chairperson or a Member shall not be a person of less than forty-five years of age on the date of assuming office. IV. Lokpal cannot inquire into the allegations of corruption against a sitting Prime Minister of India.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Options: (a) III only* (b) II and III (c) I and IV (d) None of the above statements is correct

    [2013] ‘A national Lokpal, however strong it may be, cannot resolve the problems of immorality in public affairs’. Discuss.

     

  • [pib] PM Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana (PM-VBRY)

    Why in the News?

    The Employment Linked Incentive (ELI) Scheme has been officially launched as the PM Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana (PM-VBRY), effective from 1st August 2025.

    About PM Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana (PM-VBRY):

    • Objective: Promote formal employment and inclusive job creation.
    • Outlay: ₹99,446 crore (Aug 2025 – July 2027).
    • Aim:  3.5 crore new jobs, including 1.92 crore first-time entrants into the workforce.
    • Focus: Expanding EPFO coverage and supporting Viksit Bharat vision.
    • Sectoral Coverage: Open to all sectors, with special focus on manufacturing for long-term growth.

    PM Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana (PM-VBRY)

    Key Features:

    1. Incentives for Employees
      • Eligible: First-time EPFO-registered workers earning ≤ ₹1 lakh/month.
      • Benefit: 1-month EPF wage (max ₹15,000) in two parts — after 6 and 12 months.
      • Condition: Completion of a financial literacy programme; Part of the amount is locked in a savings scheme.
    1. Incentives for Employers
      • Applies to: New hires with salary ≤ ₹1 lakh/month.
      • Minimum hires: 2 (if firm <50 employees), 5 (if ≥50).
    • Incentive per employee/month:
      • ₹1,000 (wages ≤ ₹10,000)
      • ₹2,000 (₹10,001–₹20,000)
      • ₹3,000 (₹20,001–₹1 lakh)
    • Manufacturing sector: Extended benefits for 3rd & 4th years.
    1. Payment Mechanism
    • To employees: Direct Benefit Transfer via Aadhaar-based system.
    • To employers: Paid to PAN-linked bank accounts.
    [UPSC 2024] With reference to the Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-dhan (PM-SYM) Yojana, consider the following statements:

    1. The entry age group for enrolment in the scheme is 21 to 40 years

    2. Age specific contribution shall be made by the beneficiary

    3. Each subscriber under the scheme shall receive a minimum pension of ₹ 3,000 per month after attaining the age of 60 years

    4. Family pension is applicable to the spouse and unmarried daughters

    Options: (a) 1 and 4 (b) 2 and 3* (c) 2 only (d) 1,2 and 4

     

  • [pib] PRATIBHA Setu Initiative

    Why in the News?

    The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) has launched the PRATIBHA Setu initiative to channel the potential of civil service aspirants who reach the interview stage but do not make the final merit list.

    About PRATIBHA Setu:

    • Meaning: Stands for Professional Resource And Talent Integration – Bridge for Hiring Aspirants.
    • Purpose: Connects candidates who cleared the interview stage of Union Public Service Commission exams but didn’t make the final merit list with verified employers.
    • Launch: Rolled out during CSE Examination 2023 results; evolved from the Public Disclosure Scheme (2018).
    • Objective: Utilizes the Union Public Service Commission’s rigorous selection process to support alternate career pathways for high-performing aspirants.
    • Talent Pool:
      • Scale: Over 10,000 high-performing candidates available for recruitment.
      • Merit-Based: Offers employers access to a pre-tested, well-evaluated talent group.

    Key Features:

    • Eligibility:
      • Included: Civil Services, Indian Forest Service, Engineering Services, Central Armed Police Forces, Combined Medical Services, etc.
      • Excluded: National Defence Academy, Naval Academy, and certain Limited Departmental Competitive Examinations.
    • Access for Recruiters: Organizations register using Corporate Identification Number through the Ministry of Corporate Affairs portal.
    • Platform Tools:
      • Functions: Dashboard for shortlisting, wish-listing, and making selections or rejections.
      • Data Access: Employers can view candidates’ educational profiles and contact details in digital format.

    Impact:

    • Candidate Benefit: Opens alternate career paths for deserving UPSC aspirants.
    • Employer Advantage: Enables transparent and efficient hiring from India’s top talent.
    • Wider Utility: Extends the relevance of the UPSC selection process beyond final appointments.
    [UPSC 2020] In the context of India, which one of the following is the characteristic appropriate for bureaucracy?

    Options: (a) An agency for widening the scope of parliamentary democracy (b) An agency for strengthening the structure of federalism (c) An agency for facilitating political stability and economic growth (d) An agency for the implementation of public policy*

     

  • [21st July 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Temples of social justice 

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2024] Despite comprehensive policies for equity and social justice, underprivileged sections are not yet getting the full benefits of affirmative action envisaged by the Constitution. Comment.

    Linkage:  The article explicitly states that “any argument against government control of temple affairs would be striking at the root of social justice”. This question directly addresses “social justice” and the upliftment of “underprivileged sections,” which is the core argument of the article “social justice model” enabled by the regulation of temple funds.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  A political controversy in Tamil Nadu emerged over using temple funds to build colleges. The debate highlights a unique social justice model rooted in colonial-era laws, notably the Tamil Nadu Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act, 1959, which legally permits such use of surplus funds. The issue reflects ongoing tensions between secular governance, social reform, and religious traditions.

    Today’s editorial analyses the Issues related to temple funds like to build colleges. This topic is important for GS Paper I (Indian Society) and  GS Paper II (Social Justice) in the UPSC mains exam.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    A political controversy recently erupted in Tamil Nadu over the use of temple funds for building colleges.

    What is the origin and evolution of state control over temples in Tamil Nadu?

    • Colonial Intervention and Legal Frameworks: The British colonial government began regulating temples through laws such as the Madras Regulation VII of 1817 and the Religious Endowments Act, 1863. These aimed at curbing mismanagement and ensuring proper use of temple revenues, though actual control was minimal.
    • Madras Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments (HRCE) Act, 1927 & 1951: Post-independence, the Madras HRCE Act, 1951 granted the state direct control over temple administration. It replaced hereditary trustees with government-appointed officers, shifting from oversight to active state involvement in managing temple affairs.
    • Dravidian Politics and Reformist Push: The Self-Respect Movement and the rise of Dravidian parties (e.g., DMK) advocated for rationalism and secular administration of temples. This reinforced the idea of temples as public institutions, furthering state oversight in their functioning.

    Why is using temple funds for education legally and socially justified?

    • Legal Provision under State Law: The Tamil Nadu Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments (HR&CE) Act, 1959 allows the use of temple surplus funds for public purposes like education, healthcare, and social welfare, provided the core religious functions are not affected. Eg: The government used temple funds to construct colleges in Tiruvannamalai and Krishnagiri, serving backward districts.
    • Social Justice and Inclusive Development: Tamil Nadu follows a Dravidian model that sees temples as public institutions capable of promoting equality, education, and empowerment, especially for marginalized communities. Eg: Building a college with temple funds in a remote area helps first-generation learners, aligning with constitutional goals of equity and social upliftment.
    • Historical and Cultural Precedent: In the pre-colonial and colonial era, temples often served as centres of learning and charity. Using their resources for education today revives that tradition in a modern, secular context. Eg: In the 19th century, temple lands supported gurukuls and feeding centres, a legacy extended now through modern institutions.

    How did the Self-Respect Movement shape temple governance?

    • Challenged Brahminical Control: The movement, led by Periyar E.V. Ramasamy, questioned hereditary priesthood and the dominance of Brahmins in temple administration, pushing for non-Brahmin inclusion in both ritual and managerial roles.
    • State Intervention in Temple Administration: It laid the ideological foundation for government regulation of temples through legislations like the HR&CE Act, bringing temples under state control to ensure transparency, social equity, and public accountability.
    • Promotion of Secular and Social Justice Values: The movement emphasized that temple wealth should serve the public good, such as education, healthcare, and social welfare, especially for the oppressed castes, transforming temples into instruments of social reform.

    What are the constitutional and legal bases for state intervention in religious institutions in India?

    • Article 25(2)(a) – Social Welfare and Reform: The Constitution permits the state to regulate or restrict any economic, financial, political, or secular activity associated with religion to promote social welfare and reform.
    • Article 26 – Regulates While Protecting Rights: While religious denominations have rights to manage their own affairs, the state can impose reasonable restrictions in the interest of public order, morality, and health.
    • Judicial Precedents and Statutory Laws: Courts have upheld state control over temples (e.g., in Shirur Mutt case) distinguishing between religious practices and secular administration. Laws like the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments (HR&CE) Act legally enable such oversight.

    Should religious institutions be allowed to function autonomously without state control? 

    • Argument in favour: 
      • Protection of Religious Freedom: Article 26 of the Indian Constitution grants religious denominations the right to manage their own affairs. Autonomy respects the pluralistic ethos of India and avoids state overreach in spiritual matters.
      • Cultural and Traditional Integrity: Many religious institutions have centuries-old customs and management systems. Autonom y helps preserve these indigenous practices without interference from changing political or administrative interests.
    • Argument against: 
      • Accountability and Transparency: Without state oversight, there is a higher risk of financial mismanagement, corruption, or exploitation of devotees. State regulation ensures proper audit and governance of temple funds and assets.
      • Public Interest and Welfare: Religious institutions often hold significant wealth and influence. State control can direct surplus resources towards social welfare, education, and infrastructure, promoting inclusive development beyond the religious community.

    Way forward: 

    • Balanced Autonomy with Regulation: Implement a co-governance model where religious institutions retain spiritual autonomy, while the state ensures financial transparency, protection of heritage, and equitable use of public funds.
    • Strengthen Legal Frameworks: Update existing laws to clearly define the limits of state intervention, ensure community representation in temple boards, and establish robust grievance redressal mechanisms.

  • The mental health of pilots is the elephant in the room 

    Why in the News?

    The issue of pilot mental health has come into focus following the Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau’s preliminary report on the Air India Boeing 787 incident in Ahmedabad on June 12, 2025.

    What are the main mental health issues affecting pilots and flight safety?

    • Chronic Stress and Fatigue: Long working hours, night shifts, and frequent time zone changes disrupt sleep and increase fatigue, impairing concentration and reaction time. Eg: A 2020 study by the European Cockpit Association found that over 60% of pilots reported fatigue-related performance degradation during flights.
    • Sleep Deprivation (“Sleep to Order”): Pilots often have to sleep on demand in unfamiliar settings, leading to poor-quality rest and mental exhaustion. Eg: The crash of Colgan Air Flight 3407 (2009) was partly attributed to fatigue from irregular sleep patterns.
    • Depression and Suicidal Ideation: Isolation, stress, and lack of support can lead to depression, which often remains hidden due to stigma. Eg: The Germanwings Flight 9525 (2015) crash, where the co-pilot deliberately downed the plane, highlighted undiagnosed depression.
    • Financial and Career Pressure: Burdens like debt from pilot training and job insecurity can lead to anxiety and emotional distress. Eg: During the COVID-19 pandemic, mass layoffs and pay cuts caused increased psychological issues among airline staff globally.

    Why is mental health still taboo in aviation?

    • Fear of Disclosure and Stigma: Pilots avoid seeking help fearing license suspension or job loss, which worsens untreated conditions. Eg: A Harvard study (2016) found that 56% of pilots with depression symptoms had not sought treatment due to career fears.

    Who regulates airlines in India?

    • DGCA (Directorate General of Civil Aviation): Primary regulator of civil aviation in India. Oversees air safety, airworthiness, licensing, operations, and regulation of airlines.
    • Ministry of Civil Aviation: Responsible for overall policy formulation, promotion of civil aviation, and coordination with other ministries and international bodies.
    • Airports Authority of India (AAI): Manages airport infrastructure, air navigation services, and ensures airspace safety.
    • BCAS (Bureau of Civil Aviation Security): Regulates and ensures aviation security standards at airports and airlines.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian government? 

    DGCA Mental Health Guidelines (2021): The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) issued formal guidelines requiring airlines to implement Peer Support Programmes (PSPs) and conduct confidential mental health assessments. Eg: Pilots can confidentially report stress or anxiety and receive support without fear of job loss.

    What global practices can India adopt for pilot mental health? (Way forward)

    • Peer Support Programs (PSPs): Establish confidential peer-led counselling services to encourage early intervention. Eg: Germany’s Lufthansa runs a Peer Support Program that offers confidential mental health assistance to pilots.
    • Non-punitive Medical Disclosure Policies: Allow pilots to self-report mental health issues without fear of losing their license, ensuring safe reintegrationafter treatment. Eg: The U.S. FAA’s HIMS program supports pilots with substance or mental health conditions to return to flying duties safely.
    • Mandatory Mental Health Training & Awareness: Introduce regular mental health education, anti-stigma campaigns, and stress management workshops for flight crew. Eg: Australia’s CASA mandates mental health modules in pilot training and encourages a wellness culture in aviation.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2022] The increase in life expectancy in the country has led to newer health challenges in the community. What are those challenges and what steps need to be taken to meet them.

    Linkage: This question directly addresses “health challenges in the community” and “steps needed to meet them,” which aligns perfectly with the detailed discussion in the article “Pilot Mental Health: Addressing a Taboo Topic” regarding the often-overlooked and taboo subject of pilot mental health.

  • High Security Registration Plates (HSRPs)

    Why in the News?

    Maharashtra’s transport department has now made HSRP number plate mandatory with a final deadline set for 15 August.

    What is a High-Security Registration Plate (HSRP)?  

    • About: It is a standardised, tamper-proof vehicle number plate mandated for all vehicles in India.
    • Launch: It was officially introduced in 2001 under Rule 50 of the Central Motor Vehicle Rules (CMVR), 1989, and later made mandatory by the Supreme Court in 2012.
    • Composition: The plate is made of aluminium and includes several embedded security features to prevent counterfeiting and enhance traceability.
    • Key Features:
      • Each HSRP is fitted with a non-removable snap lock that prevents tampering or re-use.
      • The plate contains a laser-etched 10-digit unique identification number, linking it to the vehicle’s registration details.
      • A chromium-based hologram of the Ashoka Chakra is embedded to authenticate the plate and prevent duplication.
      • A retro-reflective film improves night-time visibility and supports automated detection systems.
      • A colour-coded third registration sticker is affixed to the vehicle’s windshield displaying key information like engine number, chassis number, and registration number.
      • The plate is embedded with RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology, allowing authorities to digitally track the vehicle for enforcement and traffic management purposes.

    Compliance and Enforcement in India:

    • HSRPs are mandatory for all vehicles registered after April 1, 2019, as per Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) guidelines.
    • Vehicles registered before April 1, 2019 must retrofitted with HSRPs by deadlines set by respective state governments.
    • The Supreme Court and Ministry of Road Transport have directed states to enforce HSRP installation strictly to enhance road safety and curb vehicle-related crimes.
    • In case of non-compliance, vehicle owners are liable for a fine of ₹1,000 under Rule 50 of CMVR and Section 177 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988.
    • Transport departments across states, including Maharashtra, are conducting daily enforcement drives, issuing challans and directing retrofitting at authorised centres.
    • Several states have authorised zone-wise vendors to streamline installation, and vehicle owners must pre-book appointments online for HSRP fitting.

  • Child Adoption in India

    Why in the News?

    In a major step toward digital adoption reform, Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) has confirmed that digitally certified adoption orders sent by e-mail are now legally valid under current rules.

    Child Adoption in India: Legal Framework and Process

    • Adoption in India is governed by multiple laws, depending on the religion and category of the child:
      1. Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act (HAMA), 1956: Applies to Hindus, Jains, Sikhs, and Buddhists.
      2. Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015: Applies to all religions and governs adoption of orphans, abandoned, and surrendered children.
      3. Guardians and Wards Act, 1890: Applies to Muslims, Christians, Jews, Parsis (allows guardianship, not full adoption).
    • Who can be adopted:
      • Children declared legally free by a Child Welfare Committee (CWC).
      • Children of relatives (uncle, aunt, or grandparent).
      • Stepchildren surrendered by biological parents.
    • Who can adopt:
      • Indian citizens, NRIs, OCIs, and certain foreign nationals (under strict guidelines).
      • Must be mentally, physically, and financially stable with no life-threatening conditions.
      • Married couples: Stable relationship of at least two years; combined age ≤ 110 years.
      • Single women can adopt any child; single men cannot adopt girls.
      • Minimum age gap of 25 years between the adoptive parent and the child.
      • Couples with three or more children are generally not eligible unless adopting children with special needs.
    • Adoption Process:
      • Online registration on CARA’s CARINGS portal; Submission of documents and Home Study Report.
      • Counseling sessions by licensed agencies.
      • Matching of child and parents; Acceptance and foster care phase.
      • Legal adoption order issued by the District Magistrate (post-2021 amendment).
      • Two-year follow-up by the adoption agency.

    Role of Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA):

    • CARA is India’s statutory body under the Ministry of Women and Child Development, and functions as the central regulatory authority for all adoptions:
    • Established in 1990, CARA became a statutory body in 2015 under Section 68 of the JJ Act.
    • It is the only legally empowered authority for in-country and inter-country adoption of Indian children.
    • India’s Hague Convention central authority, responsible for overseeing foreign adoptions (India ratified the convention in 2003).

    Key Functions of CARA:

    CARA plays a pivotal role in the adoption ecosystem through the following functions:

    • Regulation and Oversight
      • Monitors all adoptions—domestic and inter-country—through licensed agencies.
      • Ensures adoptions are in compliance with laws and child rights standards.
    • Platform and Technology: It operates the CARINGS portal (Child Adoption Resource Information and Guidance System) for:
      • Registration of prospective adoptive parents.
      • Tracking adoption progress.
      • Referrals and matching children with parents.
    • Inter-Agency Coordination: It coordinates with:
      • State Adoption Resource Agencies (SARAs)
      • District Child Protection Units (DCPUs)
      • Specialised Adoption Agencies (SAAs)
      • Authorized Foreign Adoption Agencies (AFAAs)
    • Legal and Policy Role
      • Issues No Objection Certificates (NOC) and Conformity Certificates for inter-country adoptions.
      • Drafts and revises Adoption Regulations (latest version: 2022).
      • Issues clarifications and advisories, e.g., recognition of digitally certified adoption orders.
    • Promotion of In-country Adoptions
      • Encourages domestic adoption over inter-country adoption, especially for orphans and abandoned children.
      • Launches awareness campaigns to reduce illegal adoptions and child trafficking.
    • Post-Adoption Monitoring
      • Ensures the well-being of adopted children through follow-up reports for two years.
      • Promotes integration of children into adoptive families through counseling and support.
    • Policy Innovation and Reforms
      • Oversees foster-to-adoption transitions (notably in Jammu & Kashmir).
      • Expanding agency networks—245 new agencies added (2024–25).
      • New modules for step-parent and relative adoptions.
    [UPSC 2016] Examine the main provisions of the National Child Policy and throw light on the status of its implementation.

     

  • Under fire: The state must enforce compliance of regulations in the fireworks industry

    Why in the News?

    A tragic pattern keeps repeating in Tamil Nadu’s firecracker industry, especially in Virudhunagar district, where frequent explosions continue to injure and kill workers. In the first half of 2025 alone, eight accidents have taken 26 lives—adding to a steady trend of 52 deaths in 2024 and 79 in 2023.

    What causes repeated accidents in Tamil Nadu’s fireworks industry?

    • Unsafe Handling of Chemicals: Accidents often result from friction during the mixing or filling of explosive chemicals, which easily ignite. Eg: In the 2025 Sattur explosion, preliminary reports blamed friction during chemical filling for the blast.
    • Improper Storage of Inflammable Materials: Fireworks units store chemicals in unsafe conditions, often exposed to direct sunlight and heat, violating safety norms. Eg: Explosives Rules, 2008 prohibit storage under excessive heat, but violations continue in units across Virudhunagar.
    • High Ambient Temperatures: The hot and dry climate of Virudhunagar, especially during summer, increases the likelihood of spontaneous ignition.
    • Negligence by Manufacturers: Many factory owners ignore safety protocols to save time and cost, compromising worker safety.
    • Inadequate Regulatory Oversight: Despite being licensed by PESO, regulatory inspections are infrequent or ineffective, allowing unsafe practices to persist.

    What are the safety regulations in India?

    • Explosives Rules, 2008 (under Explosives Act, 1884): Regulates licensing, safe storage, handling, and transport of explosives.
    • Factories Act, 1948: Ensures worker safety through ventilation, PPE (​​Personal Protective Equipment), safety training, and health monitoring.
    • Environment (Protection) Act, 1986: Mandates pollution control, hazardous waste management, and environmental safeguards.
    • Disaster Management Act, 2005: Requires emergency response plans, mock drills, and local authority coordination.
    • PESO Guidelines: Enforces safety standards in explosives units and conducts inspections for compliance.
    • National Building Code (NBC), 2016: Prescribes fire safety, exits, alarms, and structural norms for industrial buildings.
    • Indian Boilers Act, 1923: Ensures safe operation and periodic inspection of industrial boilers.

    Why is safety regulation ineffective despite existing laws?

    • Weak Enforcement of Existing Laws: The Explosives Rules, 2008 mandate strict precautions, such as protecting explosives from sunlight and heat, but enforcement is lax. Eg: Despite clear rules, multiple units in Virudhunagar continue to store chemicals in open areas, leading to repeat accidents.
    • Lack of Regular and Stringent Inspections: Regulatory bodies like PESO (Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organization) often fail to conduct timely and thorough inspections, enabling rule violations.
    • Absence of Accountability and Deterrence: Post-accident investigations rarely result in penal action, and most factories resume operations without meaningful changes. Eg: After the Sattur explosion in 2025, investigations began, but no immediate enforcement action was reported to prevent recurrence.

    How does worker vulnerability worsen firecracker factory risks?

    • Social and Economic Marginalisation: Workers are often from poor, rural, and socially disadvantaged backgrounds, making them desperate for employment, even in unsafe conditions. Eg: In Virudhunagar, many labourers accept jobs in hazardous fireworks units despite known safety risks due to lack of alternative livelihood options.
    • Lack of Awareness and Training: Vulnerable workers often have low literacy levels and receive little or no safety training, increasing the chance of mishandling chemicals or violating protocols. Eg: Many accidents occur during the manual mixing or filling of chemicals, which is often done by untrained workers.
    • Weak Bargaining Power and Job Insecurity: These workers usually work in informal or unregistered setups, where they cannot demand better safety gear, facilities, or rights.

    What role should the state play in enforcing safety norms? (Way forward)

    • Strict Enforcement of Regulations: Ensure regular inspections and penalties for violations under laws like the Explosives Rules, 2008 and Factories Act, 1948.
    • Collaboration with Industry for Safer Practices: Work with manufacturers to develop a culture of safety, just as cooperation helped eliminate child labourin the past.
    • Support for Worker Protection and Welfare: Ensure social security, compensation, and rehabilitation for injured workers. Promote formal employment practices.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2015] For achieving the desired objectives, it is necessary to ensure that the regulatory institutions remain independent and autonomous. Discuss in the light of the experiences in recent past.

    Linkage: This question directly addresses the effectiveness of “regulatory institutions” and their ability to achieve their “desired objectives”. The article explicitly state that the fireworks industry in Tamil Nadu, particularly in Virudhunagar, experiences numerous fatal accidents annually, despite being governed by the Explosives Rules, 2008, and requiring licenses from the Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organization.

     

  •  Custodial deaths: police convictions remain zero in T.N. and beyond

    Why in the News?

    The custodial death of Ajith Kumar in Sivaganga district, Tamil Nadu, has once again sparked widespread anger across the country over police brutality and the lack of accountability in such cases.

     

    Note: Custodial death refers to the death of a person while in police or judicial custody, due to torture, negligence, or maltreatment by authorities.

     

    What are the key reasons behind recurring custodial deaths in India?

    • Use of Excessive Force and Torture: Police personnel often resort to physical abuse during interrogations, leading to serious injuries or death. Eg: In 2023, Tamil Nadu reported multiple cases of custodial torture, including the Ambasamudram case, which involved the brutal beating of detainees with iron rods.
    • Weak Legal Enforcement and Delayed Justice: Despite numerous inquiries, very few convictions are secured against police officers involved in custodial violence. Eg: Between 2017 and 2022, 123 police personnel were arrested and 79 were chargesheeted, yet zero convictions were recorded across India.
    • Lack of Independent Oversight: Most investigations into custodial deaths are conducted internally with minimal external checks or judicial scrutiny. Eg: Only 345 magisterial/judicial inquiries were initiated between 2017 and 2022, despite over 11,000 custodial deaths reported during this period.
    • Culture of Impunity within the Police Force: A persistent lack of accountability creates an environment where violations are repeated without fear of consequences. Eg: Out of 74 human rights violation cases filed against police between 2017 and 2022, only 3 convictions were secured.

    How are Scheduled Castes disproportionately affected in detentions?

    • Overrepresentation in Preventive Detentions: Scheduled Castes (SCs) are detained at a much higher rate than their population share, reflecting systemic bias. Eg: In Tamil Nadu (2022), SCs accounted for 38.5% of detainees under preventive laws, despite forming only 20% of the State’s population.
    • Targeted Policing and Social Vulnerability: SC communities often face discriminatory policing, leading to higher instances of illegal detention and custodial violence, especially under vague or discretionary laws. Eg: Tamil Nadu had 2,129 detenues as of December 31, 2022 — nearly half of India’s total — with a large share from SC backgrounds.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian Government? 

    • Judicial: Enforcement of Article 21 and DK Basu guidelines by the Supreme Court to prevent custodial torture.
    • Legal Safeguards: According to CrPC Section 176(1A),  judicial inquiry is mandated in custodial death cases.
    • Institutional Oversight Mechanisms: Establishment of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) and State Human Rights Commissions (SHRCs) to monitor, investigate, and recommend action on custodial violence.
    • Police Reforms: Training under Modernisation of Police Forces (MPF) to promote human rights-oriented policing.
    • Technological Measures: Implementation of CCTV in police stations, body cameras, and e-Sakshya app for real-time evidence collection.

    What are the case studies? 

    • United Kingdom – Independent Oversight through IPCC: The UK established the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) (now IOPC) to investigate deaths and serious incidents involving the police. It ensures transparent investigations and addresses complaints against police misconduct.
    • South Africa – Legal Accountability via Constitutional Court: In Bhe and Others v. Magistrate, Khayelitsha (2005), the South African Constitutional Court held the state responsible for custodial deaths. The judgment pushed for reforms in police behaviour and emphasized constitutional safeguards.

    How can reforms curb impunity in custodial violence cases? (Way forward)

    • Establish Independent Investigation Mechanisms: Create autonomous bodies or empower judicial magistrates to investigate custodial deaths and torture cases, ensuring unbiased inquiry and reducing conflict of interest.
    • Enact a Robust Anti-Torture Law: Pass a dedicated legislation aligned with the UN Convention Against Torture, clearly defining custodial violence, laying out punishments, and providing legal remedies to victims.
    • Ensure Accountability and Transparency: Mandate the use of CCTV and body cameras in all custody areas; implement real-time digital monitoring like e-Sakshya. Need Fast-track trials and ensure strict action against guilty officers to create a strong deterrent.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2021] Though the Human Rights Commissions have con tributed immensely to the protection of human rights in India, yet they have failed to assert themselves against the mighty and powerful. Analyzing their structural and practical limitations, sug gest remedial measures.

    Linkage: The article talks about the clear pattern where “a significant number of custodial deaths take place, of which a considerable number of them are reported, a few of the policemen are arrested, and none of them are convicted. This question is highly pertinent to the issue of custodial deaths and the lack of police convictions. 

     

  • [pib] NAKSHA Programme 

    Why in the News?

    The Department of Land Resources (DoLR) under the Ministry of Rural Development is set to launch the second phase of capacity building for the NAKSHA programme (NAtional geospatial Knowledge-based land Survey of urban HAbitations).

    About NAKSHA Program:

    • Overview: It was launched on 18th February 2025. It is a geospatial land survey initiative launched by the Department of Land Resources (DoLR), Ministry of Rural Development, under the Digital India Land Records Modernisation Programme (DILRMP).
    • Objective: The programme aims to modernise urban land records, make property ownership more transparent, and streamline urban governance.
    • Funding: It is 100% centrally funded, with an estimated cost of ₹194 crore.
    • Significance: The programme was launched in response to India’s rapidly growing urban population, which is expected to exceed 600 million by 2031.

    Key Features:

    • Pilot Coverage: Implemented in 157 ULBs covering an area of 4,142.63 sq km, focusing on towns with an area of <35 sq km and a population of <2 lakh.
    • Drone-Based Survey: Uses drones equipped with LiDAR sensors and 5 cm resolution cameras to conduct aerial surveys.
    • Three-Stage Survey Process:
      • Drone Survey & Data Collection
      • Field Verification & Draft Mapping
      • Public Review & Finalisation
    • Integration with Legal Records: Field surveys validate and update property tax, ownership, and registration data.
    [UPSC 2024] With reference to the Digital India Land Records Modernisation Programme, consider the following statements:

    1. To implement the scheme, the Central Government provides 100% funding.

    2. Under the Scheme, Cadastral Maps are digitised.

    3. An initiative has been undertaken to transliterate the Records of Rights from local language to any of the languages recognized by the Constitution of India.

    Which of the statements given above are correct?

    (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3*