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Subject: Polity

  • [29th June 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Preaching consensus, provoking confrontation

    [29th June 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Preaching consensus, provoking confrontation

    PYQ Relevance: 

    Q Simultaneous election to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies will limit the amount of time and money spent in electioneering but it will reduce the government’s accountability to the people’ Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2017)

    Q Individual Parliamentarian’s role as the national lawmaker is on a decline, which in turn, has adversely impacted the quality of debates and their outcome. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2019)

    Mentors’ comment: In India, the opposition plays a crucial role in democracy by providing checks and balances to the ruling government. It holds the government accountable, scrutinizes policies, ensures diverse perspectives are considered, and represents alternative viewpoints to foster balanced decision-making. Through debates, criticism, and proposing alternative policies, the opposition helps uphold democratic principles, safeguard citizen interests, and contribute to the overall governance and development of the country.

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    On June 4, 2024, the electorate decisively delivered its verdict, marking a significant personal, political, and moral setback for the Prime Minister, who had portrayed himself with near-divine status throughout the campaign.

    The Fading of Accommodation

    • Confrontational Approach: Despite the clear message from the voters, Prime Minister Modi continues with his confrontational approach, ignoring the need for consensus.
    • Unchanged Attitude: The initial days of the 18th Lok Sabha showed no signs of a changed attitude, with hopes for mutual respect and accommodation being dashed.
    • Speaker and Deputy Speaker Controversy: The INDIA bloc parties had agreed to support the government’s choice for Speaker but expected the Deputy Speaker position to go to the Opposition, a request denied by the regime.
    • Diversion Tactics: The Prime Minister and his party dredged up the Emergency, diverting attention from current constitutional and institutional issues.

    Issues That Need Extensive Debate

    • Suspension of MPs: The unprecedented suspension of 146 MPs demanding a discussion on Parliament’s security breach was a tactic to pass criminal justice laws without debate.
    • Concerns over New Laws: Legal experts have raised concerns about these criminal justice laws, suggesting they should undergo fuller parliamentary scrutiny.
    • Environmental and Educational Issues: Amendments to forest conservation and biological diversity laws were pushed through without debate, risking ecological and humanitarian disasters. The NEET scandal, affecting lakhs of students, was downplayed by the Education Minister, with the Prime Minister remaining silent.
    • Violence against Minorities: Increasing violence against minorities, with allegations of arbitrary demolitions and collective punishment in BJP-ruled states, points to a broader issue of human rights and the rule of law. The communal rhetoric during elections and subsequent actions undermines social harmony and requires careful deliberation on safeguarding minority rights and upholding constitutional values.
    •  Manipur Crisis: The unrest in Manipur post-elections and the subsequent handling by authorities highlight governance challenges in sensitive regions. The Prime Minister’s absence and the political fallout underscore the need for inclusive dialogue and effective crisis management to restore social harmony and address grievances.
    • Issues related to Leadership and Accountability: Criticism of the Prime Minister’s leadership during these crises raises questions about governance style and accountability. 

    Role of INDIA bloc as Opposition: 

    • Non-confrontational Approach: The INDIA bloc parties, led by Rahul Gandhi, emphasize cooperation over confrontation in Parliament. This approach aims to foster productive discussions and ensure impartial conduct of proceedings.
    • Commitment to Productivity: Opposition leaders are committed to restoring balance and productivity in Parliament. They seek to amplify the concerns and voices of millions of citizens who elected them, ensuring their representation is meaningful and impactful.
    • Democratic Duties: The Opposition’s role is to raise and address the concerns of the people they represent. They aim to hold the government accountable and advocate for policies that reflect the needs and aspirations of diverse Indian communities.
    • Hopes for Positive Response: While initial interactions with the government may not have been promising, the Opposition remains hopeful for a positive response from the Treasury benches. This optimism is rooted in the democratic process and the belief that constructive engagement can lead to effective governance.
    • Unity for National Interest: Leaders within the INDIA bloc emphasize unity for national interest. By advocating for balanced parliamentary proceedings and cooperation across party lines, they aim to ensure that legislative decisions reflect broader consensus and benefit the nation as a whole.

    Conclusion: The recent election results are a clear mandate for change, urging the Prime Minister and his government to reflect on their approach and governance style. Engaging in Dialogue is essential for the government to heed the electorate’s message, engage in meaningful dialogue, and address the critical issues facing the country.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/preaching-consensus-provoking-confrontation/article68343827.ece

  • What is the Justice Reddy Commission, against which KCR has moved Telangana High Court?

    Why in the news? 

    On June 27, the Telangana High Court postponed the hearing on a petition filed by Bharat Rashtra Samiti (BRS) president and former Telangana Chief Minister K Chandrashekar Rao. The petition sought to halt all future proceedings of the Justice (retired) L Narasimha Reddy Commission until Friday.

    What is the Narasimha Reddy Commission?

    • Formation: Appointed by the Congress government of Chief Minister A Revanth Reddy in March 2024.
    • Purpose: To investigate Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) made with Chhattisgarh in 2014-15 and construction of power projects at Yadadri and Bhadradri. Allegations of irregularities in the Kaleshwaram irrigation project.

    What is Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs)? 

    • Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) are long-term contracts between electricity producers (such as power plants) and purchasers (such as utilities, governments, or large industrial consumers).
    • These agreements stipulate the terms under which electricity is to be generated, delivered, and sold over a specified period.

    What has the Commission done on the PPAs so far?

    • Notice Issued: On June 11, the Commission issued a notice to K Chandrashekar Rao (KCR) requesting a response by June 15 regarding the PPAs made during his tenure (2014-2023).
    • KCR’s Response: KCR accused the Commission of bias and political motivation, requesting Justice Reddy to recuse himself.
    • Legal Action: Anticipating a personal summons, KCR filed a petition in the Telangana High Court seeking a stay on all proceedings of the Commission.
    • Energy Minister Notice: G Jagdish Reddy, Energy Minister in KCR’s Cabinet, was also issued a notice to appear before the Commission to provide a statement regarding the PPAs.

    Allegations Regarding the Power Plants

    • Irregularities in Construction: The Narasimha Reddy Commission is investigating allegations of irregularities in the construction of the Bhadradri Thermal Power Plant at Manuguru and the Yadadri Thermal Power Plant at Damaracherla.Both projects were executed by the Telangana State Power Generation Corporation (TG GENCO).
    • Specific Concerns: The focus is on potential discrepancies and irregularities during the construction process, which may involve issues related to project execution, costs, and adherence to regulatory norms.

    Way forward: 

    • Fair and Transparent Investigation: The Narasimha Reddy Commission should ensure a fair and transparent investigation into the allegations concerning Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) and the construction of power projects.
    • Collaboration and Accountability: Stakeholders, including former government officials and current authorities involved in the projects under scrutiny, should cooperate fully with the Commission.

  • What is the role of the Lok Sabha Leader of Opposition?

    Why in the news? 

    For a decade, the Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha remained vacant due to the absence of any party meeting the customary threshold of one-tenth of the House’s strength, now filled by Rae Bareli MP Rahul Gandhi.

    Leader of Opposition in the past:

     

    Who can serve as Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha?

    • Legal Definition: According to The Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977, the Leader of the Opposition is a member of the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha who leads the largest party in opposition to the government, recognised by the Speaker (Lok Sabha) or Chairman (Rajya Sabha).
    • Needed Strength: The leader must lead the party with the greatest numerical strength among the opposition parties in the respective House.
    • Recognition: The Speaker (Lok Sabha) or Chairman (Rajya Sabha) is mandated to recognize the leader of the largest opposition party as the Leader of the Opposition, irrespective of the party having a minimum threshold of 10% seats in the House.

    Significance of the positions and its significant role in Indian Political Democracy

    • Voice of the Opposition: The Leader of the Opposition serves as the primary spokesperson for the opposition in the House, articulating their views, criticisms, and alternative policies to those of the government.
    • Role in Committees: The Leader of Opposition plays a crucial role in high-powered committees responsible for appointments to key posts like the Director of CBI, Central Vigilance Commissioner, and others. This ensures a bipartisan approach in crucial appointments.
    • Ceremonial Role: The Leader of Opposition enjoys ceremonial privileges such as sitting in the front row during important occasions like the President’s Address to Parliament, symbolizing their role as a significant political figure.
    • Constitutional Checks and Balances: By providing an institutionalized position for the opposition, the Leader of Opposition ensures checks and balances on the ruling party’s power, fostering democratic accountability and oversight.
    • Precedence and Protocol: In the order of precedence, the Leader of Opposition ranks alongside Union Cabinet Ministers and other senior officials, reflecting their role in the functioning of the parliamentary democracy.

    Conclusion: The Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, recognized per the 1977 Act, leads the largest opposition party, ensuring a vital role in governance oversight, committee appointments, and parliamentary protocol, crucial for democratic checks and balances.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q The Indian Constitution has provisions for holding joint sessions of the two houses of the Parliament. Enumerate the occasions when this would normally happen and also the occasions when it cannot, with reasons thereof. (UPSC IAS/2017)

  • NTA Reform Panel to Check Irregularities in Exams

    Why in the News?

    A seven-member high-level committee was constituted under the chairmanship of K. Radhakrishnan, former ISRO Chairman, by the Ministry of Education to reform the National Testing Agency (NTA).

    About National Testing Agency (NTA)

    • NTA is a premier, specialist, autonomous and self-sustained testing organization to conducts entrance examinations for admission/fellowship in higher educational institutions.
    • It was established in 2017 with a grant amount of Rs.25 crore from the Union Government.
    • NTA is responsible for conducting exams such as:
      • Joint Entrance Examination – Main (JEE Main)
      • National Eligibility cum Entrance Test-Undergraduate (NEET-UG) as well as NEET PG
      • National Eligibility Test (NET)
      • Common Management Admission Test (CMAT)
      • Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test (GPAT).
    • The NTA is chaired by an eminent educationist who will be appointed by the Ministry of Education.
    • There will be a Board of Governors comprising members from user institutions.

    National Testing Agency (NTA) Under Scrutiny

    • The NTA has been criticized after the NEET paper leak controversy and the subsequent scrapping of exams like UGC-NET due to “lack of integrity”.
    • The committee aims to establish a robust process for conducting various entrance examinations end to end.

    NTA Reform Panel: Committee Composition

    • Committee Head: K. Radhakrishnan, former Chairman of ISRO and Chairman of the Board of Governors at IIT-Kanpur.
    • Two-Month Timeline: The committee aims to meet ten times over the next two months to develop comprehensive recommendations.
    • Key Issues and Focus Areas:
      • Data Security Protocol: Develop a manual to fix a data security protocol to prevent question paper leaks.
      • Printing and Process Integrity: Review processes for printing question papers, onboarding printers, and training staff to minimize external participation.
      • Organisational Restructuring: Consider adding a data security vertical in the NTA organogram and implementing transparent processes, requiring organizational restructuring.
    • Examination Investigation and Security:
      • Root Cause Analysis: The committee will investigate the initial cause of question paper leaks to identify and plug gaps.
      • Modes of Examination: Examine different modes of conducting examinations:
    1. JEE (Mains) and JEE (Advanced) are computer-based tests.
    2. NEET-UG is conducted in pen-paper Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) mode.

    Challenges faced by NTA

    • Infrastructure Limitations: Currently, India lacks the infrastructure to conduct computer-based tests online for more than three lakh students simultaneously.
    • Large-Scale Exams: NEET-UG involves up to 24 lakh students appearing in pen and paper OMR mode at once.

    Conclusion

    • The reforms are critical to restoring the integrity of entrance examinations in India, ensuring secure and fair testing processes.
    • The committee’s recommendations will play a pivotal role in shaping the future operations of the NTA and entrance examination protocols.

    Back2Basic:  University Grants Commission (UGC)

    Details
    Establishment
    • Came into existence on 28th December, 1953.
    • Became a statutory organization by an Act of Parliament in 1956.
    Legislation The UGC Act, 1956.
    Nodal Ministry Ministry of Human Resource Development (now Ministry of Education).
    Responsibilities
    • Providing funds to universities and colleges.
    • Coordination, determination, and maintenance of standards of teaching, examination, and research in institutions of higher education.
    Mandate
    • Promoting and coordinating university education.
    • Determining and maintaining standards of teaching, examination, and research in universities.
    • Framing regulations on minimum standards of education.
    • Monitoring developments in collegiate and university education.
    • Disbursing grants to universities and colleges.
    • Serving as a link between the Union and state governments and institutions of higher learning.
    • Advising Central and State governments on measures necessary for the improvement of university education.
    Unique Distinction Only grant-giving agency in India with the dual role of funding and maintaining standards in higher education institutions.
    Functions
    • Promoting and coordinating university education.
    • Determining and maintaining standards of teaching, examination, and research in universities.
    • Framing regulations on minimum standards of education.
    • Monitoring developments in collegiate and university education.
    • Disbursing grants to universities and colleges.
    • Serving as a link between the Union and state governments and institutions of higher learning.
    • Advising Central and State governments on measures necessary for the improvement of university education.
    Link Role Acts as a vital link between Union and State governments and institutions of higher learning.
    Advisory Role Advises the Central and State governments on necessary measures for the improvement of university education.

  • How the PESA has boosted Forest Conservation in India?

    Why in the News?

    Conservation policies in India have long wrestled with dual conflicts: balancing conservation goals against local communities’ resource extraction needs, and reconciling conservation with the imperative of economic development.

    Structural Mandate of Panchayat (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act (PESA):

    • PESA was passed in 1996 and it mandates local government councils in Scheduled Areas to reserve all chairperson positions and at least half of the seats for Scheduled Tribes (ST).
    • This legislative framework is designed to empower marginalized communities by giving them a direct say in local governance and resource management.

    Implementation in India:

    • Unlike the 73rd Amendment (which applies to non-Scheduled Areas), PESA ensures mandated representation for STs in decision-making bodies.
    • Variations in PESA implementation across states highlight challenges and successes in translating legislative intent into effective governance structures.

    How it Ensures Equitable Representation:

    • Impact on Forest Conservation: The study employs a “difference-in-differences” methodology to analyze the effect of PESA on forest cover. Findings indicate that areas with mandated ST representation under PESA experience lower rates of deforestation and higher afforestation rates compared to areas without such representation.
    • Economic Incentives for Conservation: ST communities, dependent on forest resources for livelihoods, are incentivized to protect forest cover under PESA. This “forest stewardship” mechanism emerges as STs engage in sustainable practices and resist deforestation pressures driven by mining and commercial interests.

    On Democratic Decentralization:

    • Comparison with Administrative Decentralization: The paper distinguishes between administrative decentralization (focused on efficiency) and democratic decentralization. Democratic decentralization, as exemplified by PESA, emphasizes representative and accountable local governance structures with decision-making autonomy over resource management.
    • Single Umbrella Institution: Advocates for consolidating power into a single, empowered institution that integrates both conservation and development objectives. Such an institution would better navigate the complexities of balancing local economic interests with sustainable conservation practices.

    Conclusion: PESA serves as a critical example of how legislative mandates for political representation can drive positive environmental outcomes while addressing socio-economic disparities among forest-dwelling communities in India.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q What are the two major legal initiatives by the state since Independence, addressing discrimination against Scheduled Tribes (ST)? (UPSC IAS/2017)

  • [24th June 2024] The Hindu Op-ed:  Parliament’s Changed Bench Strength Spells More Hope

    [24th June 2024] The Hindu Op-ed:  Parliament’s Changed Bench Strength Spells More Hope

    PYQ Relevance: 

    Q. The Indian Constitution has provisions for holding joint sessions of the two houses of the Parliament. Enumerate the occasions when this would normally happen and also the occasions when it cannot, with reasons thereof. (UPSC IAS/2017)

    Q. Do Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committees keep the administration on its toes and inspire reverence for parliamentary control? Evaluate the working of such committees with suitable examples. (UPSC IAS/2021)

    Mentors comment: The Lok Sabha, the lower house of India’s Parliament, conducts sessions three times a year: Budget, Monsoon, and Winter. These sessions involve deliberations on legislation, budget discussions, and policy debates. The Budget Session, held between February and May, is crucial for financial legislation. The Monsoon Session, usually in July and August, focuses on legislative business and discussions. The Winter Session, in November and December, addresses pending bills and other urgent matters. These sessions are vital for the democratic functioning of India, ensuring accountability and transparency in governance, and providing a platform for addressing national issues and public concerns.

    Let’s learn! 

    Why in the News?

    The 18th Lok Sabha’s inaugural session has begun with oath-taking of the MPs.There are high expectations for improved deliberations and functioning due to the changed political dynamics created by the Coalition government.

    Inaugural Points of Friction

    • Statue Relocation: The Congress objected to the relocation of Mahatma Gandhi and B.R. Ambedkar statues to ‘Prerna Sthal’ without due process.
    • Pro Tem Speaker Appointment: The appointment of BJP’s Bhartruhari Mahtab as pro tem Speaker ignored the convention of appointing the senior-most member.
    • Responses: Speaker Om Birla and Parliamentary Affairs Minister Kiren Rijiju addressed these concerns publicly, emphasising adherence to tradition and procedure.

    18th Lok Sabha: Powered by Coalition Dynamics

    • Coalition Government: After a decade, India has a coalition government headed by the single-largest party’s leader.
    • Dependency on Allies: The current government relies on crucial support from regional allies, Janata Dal (United) and Telugu Desam Party.
    • Contrast with Previous Government: Unlike the previous NDA government (2014-24), the BJP now lacks a comfortable majority, making coalition dynamics more significant.

    Larger Role of Numerically Stronger Opposition

    • Checks and Balances: The 2024 election results emphasise the need for a stronger Opposition to provide checks and balances.
    • Larger Voice: The combined Opposition strength is slightly over 230 members, while the governing coalition has over 300 members.
    • Implications: This shift indicates potential for greater government accommodation of Opposition concerns and more balanced parliamentary debates.

    How does this impact Parliamentary Functioning and oversight?

    • Previous Complaints: During the last decade, the BJP’s majority often limited the Opposition’s space in Parliament.
    • Issues of Contention: Examples include the non-acceptance of adjournment notices and insufficient discussion on significant issues such as the border situation with China.
    • Legislative Productivity: The government’s focus on legislative productivity sometimes bypassed adequate scrutiny and debate, causing friction with the Opposition.

    Ensuring greater Parliamentary Efficiency

    1. Role of Parliamentary Committees 
    • Diminished Oversight: The role of parliamentary committees in scrutinising legislation has diminished over time.
    • Committee Benefits: Committees allow non-partisan examination and fine-tuning of proposed legislation, enhancing legislative quality.
    • Case Study: The controversial farm laws were passed without committee scrutiny, leading to widespread protests and their eventual withdrawal.
    1. Rules and Conventions in Parliament
    • Parliamentary Rules: Both Houses have distinct Rules of Procedure and Conduct that guide their functioning.
    • Time-Honoured Conventions: Rajya Sabha allows members to seek clarifications on suo motu statements by Ministers, a unique practice.
    • Question Hour: This practice holds the government accountable through detailed questioning of Ministers, reflecting their grasp of subjects and their accountability to Parliament.
    1. Speaker and Deputy Speaker Elections
    • Speaker Election: The first significant test will be electing the Speaker, with the governing coalition holding an advantage due to its numerical strength.
    • Deputy Speaker Election: The Deputy Speaker position, vacant during the 17th Lok Sabha, is expected to go to the Opposition, citing tradition and convention.
    • Historical Context: Exceptions exist, such as the AIADMK’s M. Thambidurai being elected Deputy Speaker in 1985 and 2014, reflecting the importance of tradition in parliamentary roles.
    1. The President’s Address and Motion of Thanks
    • President’s Address: The address outlines the government’s policies and programmes for the coming year.
    • The motion of Thanks: The ensuing debate provides the Opposition an opportunity to scrutinize and debate government policies comprehensively.
    • Omnibus Resolution: The Motion of Thanks debate allows broad discussions, helping to highlight and analyze various national issues.

    Way Forward

    • Governing Coalition’s Role: The coalition must take all opinions into account, ensuring inclusive decision-making.
    • Opposition’s Strategy: The Opposition needs to effectively use parliamentary tools to hold the government accountable.
    • Civility in Debate: Maintaining civility in debates is crucial for productive parliamentary functioning and fostering a constructive legislative environment.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/parliaments-changed-bench-strength-spells-more-hope/article68324917.ece

  • NHRC Notice to Centre on Worker Rights Violation in Haryana

    Why in the News?

    • The National Human Right Commission (NHRC) issued notice to the Centre over reports from a Amazon company’s warehouse in Haryana’s Manesar.
      • Employees were allegedly forced to pledge not to take toilet or water breaks until unloading six trucks post 30-minute tea break.

    NHRC’s Observations and Actions

    • NHRC views this as a serious human rights violation, potentially breaching labour laws and Ministry guidelines.
    • Notice was issued to the Secretary, Union Ministry of Labour and Employment for a detailed report within a week.

    About National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)

    Details
    Establishment
    • A Statutory Body;
    • Established under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.
    Functions
    • Inquire into any violation of human rights
    • Recommend immediate interim relief to victims or their families
    • Intervene in court proceedings involving human rights violations
    • Review constitutional and legal safeguards for human rights
    • Study international instruments on human rights
    • Promote human rights literacy
    • Support the efforts of NGOs working in the field of human rights
    Powers
    • Regulate its own procedure
    • Possess all the powers of a civil court
    • Proceedings have a judicial character
    Chairperson
    • Must be a former Justice of the Supreme Court or Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
    • Appointed by the President of India
    Members Four full-time members;

    • Chairperson: former Supreme Court Justice or Chief Justice;
    • Other Member: former Judge of the Supreme Court;
    • Other Member: former Chief Justice of a High Court;
    • Three Members: with knowledge or experience in human rights, including at least one woman –

    Seven ex-officio members:  Chairpersons of National Commissions viz., National Commission for Scheduled Castes, National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, National Commission for Women , National Commission for Minorities, National Commission for Backward Classes, National Commission for Protection of Child Rights; and the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities.
    Appointment
    • Appointed by the President, based on a committee recommendation including the Prime Minister, Speaker of Lok Sabha, Home Minister, Leaders of the Opposition in Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, and others
    • Consultation with the Chief Justice of India for judicial appointments
    Removal
    • Removal by order of the President of India
    • Consultation with the Supreme Court before removal
    Terms of Office
    • Hold office for a term of three years or until the age of 70
    • Ineligibility for further government employment after office
    • Eligible for reappointment
    Salaries Determined by the Central government
    Reporting
    • Submits annual or special reports to the Central government and the concerned State government
    • Reports laid before the respective legislatures, along with a memorandum of action taken on the recommendations and reasons for non-acceptance of any recommendations
    Limitations
    • The commission is not empowered to inquire into any matter after the expiry of one year from the date on which the act constituting the violation of human rights is alleged to have been committed
    • Functions are recommendatory in nature, with no power to punish or award relief to violators
    • Limited role concerning armed forces violations

    Government Initiatives for Worker Welfare in India:

    Description
    Constitutional Framework Labour falls under the Concurrent List, allowing both Central and State governments to enact laws.

    Articles 14, 16, and 39(c) ensure equality and welfare principles.
    Judicial Interpretation under Randhir Singh vs Union of India (1982) Upholds ‘Equal pay for Equal work’ through constitutional articles, promoting fairness in employment.
    Legislative Framework Introduction of 4 labour codes:

    • Code of Wages, 2019: Standardizes wage payments across sectors.
    • Industrial Relations Code, 2020: Consolidates laws related to industrial disputes and trade unions.
    • Social Security Code, 2020: Expands social security benefits coverage for workers.
    • Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020:  Ensures safety and welfare standards in workplaces.
    “Shramev Jayate” Initiative Launched in 2014 to maximize benefits for workers through enhanced welfare initiatives.
    Maternity Benefit Amendment Act, 2017 Increases paid maternity leave from 12 to 26 weeks, supporting maternal health and childcare.

    PYQ:

    [2015] “Success of ‘Make in India’ programme depends on the success of ‘Skill India’ programme and radical labour reforms.” Discuss with logical arguments.

    [2011] Consider the following:

    1. Right to education.
    2. Right to equal access to public service.
    3. Right to food.

    Which of the above is/are Human Right/Rights under “Universal Declaration of Human Rights”?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 1 and 2 only

    (c) 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • Time for a Census, come what may

    Why in the news?

    Why has the 2021 Census been delayed for so long? One plausible explanation is that the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is postponing the Census to expedite the “delimitation” process in preparation for the 2029 Lok Sabha elections.

    The 84th Amendment of the Constitution

    • Delimitation Based on Census: The 84th Amendment specifies that the next delimitation exercise must be based on the first census conducted after 2026.
    • Timing for Delimitation: If the next census occurs before 2026, delimitation would be delayed until after the subsequent census in the 2030s.
    • Impact on State Representation: Delimitation aims to adjust the shares of different states in Lok Sabha seats to match their population shares, and ensure similar population sizes across constituencies.
    • Shift in Seat Balance: The upcoming delimitation is expected to favour northern states with faster population growth since 1973, potentially at the expense of southern states.

    About the 106th Amendment

    • Women’s Reservation: Passed in September 2023, this amendment provides for one-third reservation of seats for women in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies.
    • Implementation: The reservation is to come into effect “after an exercise of delimitation is undertaken for this purpose after the relevant figures for the first census taken after [2023] have been published.”
    • Separate Delimitation for Women: The phrase “for this purpose” suggests that women’s reservation could be implemented through its own delimitation exercise, separate from the broader delimitation mandated by the 84th Amendment.
    • Interpretation: This allows for the possibility of initiating women’s reservation based on an early census, without waiting for the larger delimitation exercise.

    Overall Implications

    Impact on the Southern States:

    • Seat Redistribution: Delimitation is expected to shift more Lok Sabha seats to northern states with higher population growth, potentially reducing the representation of southern states.
    • Political Backlash: Southern states may react negatively to losing representation, which could lead to increased regional tensions and opposition to the BJP in these areas.

    Women’s Reservation:

    • Implementation Delay: Postponing the census could delay the implementation of the 106th amendment, which mandates one-third reservation for women in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies.
    • Separate Delimitation: There is a possibility of initiating women’s reservation through a separate delimitation exercise, independent of the broader delimitation mandated by the 84th Amendment.

    Welfare and Entitlements:

    • Updated Data Needs: Census data are crucial for implementing welfare schemes and ensuring that resources are allocated based on the most recent population figures.
    • Impact on Beneficiaries: Delaying the census deprives millions of people of updated entitlements, such as food rations under the National Food Security Act, affecting their access to essential services.

    Way forward: 

    • Timely Census Completion: Ensure the 2021 Census is conducted promptly to provide accurate data for welfare schemes and fair resource allocation, benefiting millions of citizens who rely on updated population figures for essential services.
    • Separate Delimitation for Women’s Reservation: Implement women’s reservation through a separate delimitation exercise as allowed by the 106th Amendment, enabling the reservation to take effect without waiting for the broader delimitation mandated by the 84th Amendment.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Empowering women is the key to controlling the population growth.” Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2019)

  • [19th June 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The boomerang effect in this general election, and how

    [19th June 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The boomerang effect in this general election, and how

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q. Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in the light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct. (UPSC IAS/2022)

    Q. To enhance the quality of democracy in India the Election Commission of India has proposed electoral reforms in 2016. What are the suggested reforms and how far are they significant to make democracy successful? (UPSC IAS/2017)

    Mentors Comment: The 2024 general election verdict has various interpretations. Some believe it has expanded the space for dissent and democracy, while others see it as a check on Prime Minister Modi’s perceived authoritarianism. Philosophically, it signifies a civilisational response against the BJP’s Hindutva project, which has polarized Hindus rather than uniting them, proving counterproductive.

    Let’s Learn!

    Why in the News?

    • Interpreting the Outcome: The 2024 general election outcome has sparked diverse interpretations, portraying it either as a resurgence of dissent and democracy or as a check on what critics label as Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s authoritarian rule.
    • Deeper Philosophical Narrative: Beyond surface impacts, the election outcome reflects underlying philosophical shifts in Indian politics.

    Philosophical Underpinnings of the Verdict

    • Resurgence of Civilizational Ethos: The verdict can be interpreted as a revival of India’s civilizational ethos, countering the BJP’s Hindutva agenda.
    • Polarization within Hindu Society: Hindutva’s attempt to unite Hindus against perceived threats has instead deepened divisions within Hindu communities.

    Constitutional Significance

    • Central Theme of the Election: The Constitution emerged prominently in the election discourse amid concerns over potential amendments that could impact affirmative action for backward castes and tribes.
    • Critique by RSS and Allies: Historically, the RSS and its allies have critiqued the Constitution, seeking to undermine its provisions despite assertions of commitment to secularism.

    The Role of the Constitution

    • Symbol of Corrective Justice: The Constitution symbolizes corrective justice for historical injustices within Hindu society and stands against efforts to glorify a selective Hindu past that marginalizes minorities.
    • Hypocrisy of Right-Wing Rhetoric: While proponents claim secularism as inherent to Hindu ethos, their rhetoric often targets and demonizes minorities, undermining their claims of upholding constitutional values.

    Political Repercussions

    • BJP’s Electoral Setback: The BJP’s setback in the 2024 elections signals public rejection of attempts to manipulate the Constitution and exploit anti-minority sentiments.
    • Ayodhya Defeat: The electoral defeat in Ayodhya, where a Dalit candidate prevailed, underscores voters’ prioritization of social justice over religious symbolism, challenging BJP’s political strategies.

    Future Trajectory of Hindutva

    • Coalition Governance Dynamics: With a coalition government necessitating broader consensus, the focus on amending the Constitution may diminish temporarily.
    • Vigilance of the Opposition: The Opposition must remain vigilant against future attempts to amend the Constitution for partisan gains, ensuring its resilience against divisive agendas.

    Conclusion: The 2024 election marks a pivotal moment where the Constitution emerged as a safeguard against attempts to reshape India’s socio-political fabric. The BJP’s electoral setbacks underscore the enduring significance of constitutional values in upholding inclusive democracy. Upholding social justice and preventing the exploitation of marginalized communities should remain paramount, ensuring unity amidst India’s diversity.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-boomerang-effect-in-this-general-election-and-how/article68304575.ece

  • Who is the Pro-Tem Speaker of Lok Sabha and how is an MP chosen for the role?

    Why in the News?

    • The 18th Lok Sabha will convene its first session very soon. A new Speaker of the House will be elected during this session.
      • Until the election of the new Speaker, a pro-tem Speaker will be appointed to administer the oath to the new Members of Parliament.

    Who is a Pro-tem Speaker?

    • The Speaker of the Lok Sabha oversees the day-to-day proceedings of the House.
    • According to Article 94 of the Indian Constitution, the outgoing Speaker continues in office until the first meeting of the new Lok Sabha.
    • A pro-tem Speaker is appointed temporarily to manage certain duties until the new Speaker is elected.
    • The Constitution does NOT mention explicitly about the post.
      • However, the ‘Handbook on the Working of the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs provides guidelines on the appointment and duties of the Speaker pro-tem.
    • Functions:
      • The primary duty of the pro-tem Speaker is to administer oaths to the new MPs, as mandated by Article 99 of the Constitution.

    Appointment of the Pro-tem Speaker

    • When the Speaker’s post is vacant before the new Lok Sabha convenes, the PRESIDENT appoints a Member of the House as the Speaker pro-tem.
      • The President administers the oath to the Speaker pro-tem at the Rashtrapati Bhawan.
    • Generally, three other elected members of the Lok Sabha are also appointed by the President to assist in the oath-taking process.
    • The SENIORMOST members, in terms of years of service, are usually chosen for this role, though there can be exceptions.

    Process of Administering Oaths

    • The Legislative I Section of the Government of India prepares a list of the seniormost Lok Sabha members after the formation of the new government.
    • This list is submitted to the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs or the Prime Minister, who identifies the Speaker pro-tem and the three other members for oath-taking.
    • After the Prime Minister’s approval, the consent of the selected members is obtained by the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs, usually over the telephone.
    • The Minister then submits a note to the President seeking approval for the appointments and the date and time for the swearing-in ceremony.
    • Upon the President’s approval, the Ministry informs the Speaker pro-tem and the other members about their appointments.
    • The Speaker pro-tem then administers the oath to the other three members in the Lok Sabha.

    PYQ:

    [2024] With reference to the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, consider the following statements :

    While any resolution for the removal of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha is under consideration

    1. He/She shall not preside.
    2. He/She shall not have the right to speak.
    3. He/She shall not be entitled to vote on the resolution in the first instance.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 1 and 2 only

    (c) 2 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3