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Subject: Science and Technology

  • The question in the minds of students: How to be future-ready?

    students

    Central Idea

    • Intelligent Machines are revealing glimpses of a future envisaged long ago in science fiction as they steadily morph from human-assist systems to systems-as-human. The currently indispensable face obsolescence. The question in the minds of students entering college is this: How to be future-ready?

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    Learn quickly to swim through these rapidly evolving times

    • Work at the edges of disciplines: Now, one not only needs to be competent in a major area but also learn new topics quickly and deeply and be able to work at the edges of disciplines, while innovating constantly.
    • Skills are new oil: Capability is judged not only by grades, but also by skills demonstrated in complex situations.
    • Rapidly changing times: Worth will also be measured vis-a-vis Artificial Intelligence. Critical and original thinking, quality communication, IQ-EQ balance, and ethics will remain important strengths for swimming through these rapidly evolving times.
    • Change is already in the air: Students and institutions are evolving, the former much faster, to assimilate advancements and prepare for the times ahead.
    • Colleges must enable students to follow flexible pathways: There are options for dual degrees, minors, specialisations across disciplines in their home institutions as well as certifications from worldwide venues. External experiences like internships in industry, academia, research institutions and start-ups add value to a candidate’s capability repertoire.

    students

    What is needed to prepare for entering the world?

    1. Move across disciplines
    • A combination of core and transdisciplinary professional competence: To be prepared for the future, one needs to learn new things quickly and thoroughly, constantly sharpening one’s cutting edge. This attitude needs to be ingrained at this stage.
    • Average performance and shallow knowledge are a recipe for disaster: It is also necessary to demonstrate personal excellence in a few relevant areas. Completing tasks well is really important.
    1. Learn to add value to machine intelligence
    • Grasp and utilise Automation effectively: Automation is not only relieving us of mundane work but slowly and steadily encroaching upon tasks meant for so-called intelligent humans and doing them better. One must effectively grasp and utilise it rather than fear and shy away.
    • For instance, learn from open sources: Many students are building amazingly smart systems using open-source platforms and off-the-shelf components with ambitions to take on giants.
    • Using Artificial Intelligence with consciously: Learning to add value to machine intelligence for solving complex problems better is the mantra here. For this, one needs to understand how it works, what are its current limitations and pitfalls, develop deeper insights and innovate. Blind usage of Artificial Intelligence could be dangerous.
    1. Learn to collaborate
    • Ability to work both alone as well as in a group: The next proficiency to develop is to be able to work both alone as well as in a group, to creatively ideate, lead and collaborate towards success. Often, people who work alone find it difficult working in a team and vice versa. Now both aptitudes are required.
    • Entrepreneurial spirit of sprinting is must: One requires a special bonding of steadiness with speed, constant ideation with dogged persistence. Such an entrepreneurial spirit of sprinting a long-distance race steadily, sometimes in a team, sometimes alone will be needed at every stage of a career, whether at the peak of success or in the trenches of failure.
    1. Remain human
    • Intellectual-emotional balance: Technology has an interesting way of transforming human beings into automatons without the victim being aware. With extensive usage, people begin to think and behave the way machines work. Therefore, a critical aspect to nurture is to remain human.
    • Learn to replenish the mind and body regularly: It is vital to nourish a soulful side through sports, arts, culture, philosophy and humanitarian work, not just as part of a curriculum, but as a passion where one can be blissfully immersed, forgetting everything else for some time.

    students

    Conclusion

    • In the rapidly-evolving world, the key to success is to be future-ready by developing a unique combination of skills that set us apart from machines. Colleges and universities must enable students to follow flexible pathways, combining core and transdisciplinary professional competence, completing tasks well, and developing personal excellence in relevant areas. By embracing these ideas and staying ahead of the curve, we can be confident in our ability to thrive in an increasingly automated and technology-driven world.

    Main question

    Q. The future of society is not as much dependent on whether machines will become human-like but more on whether humans will become machines. Discuss

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  • Ring around a dwarf planet lies in Roche Limit: What it means, why it matters

    roche limit

    Central idea: A new study shows that a dwarf planet, named Quaoar, has a ring system that exists within its Roche limit.

    What is the news?

    • Astronomers have found a ring around a dwarf planet, located in the Kuiper Belt at the solar system’s edge, called Quaoar, according to a new study.
    • The ring, however, is positioned much further away from the planet than is usual and defies theoretical explanations.

    About Quaoar

    • With an estimated radius of 555 km, Quaoar is roughly half the size of Pluto and orbits beyond Neptune.
    • It also has a moon of its own, which is known as Weywot.
    • As the dwarf planet is too small and too distant to be observed directly, the researchers detected the ring with the help of a phenomenon called stellar occultation.

    How was the ring discovered?

    • A stellar occultation occurs when, as seen from Earth, a bright star passes behind a planet.
    • This allows astronomers or anybody on Earth to observe the sharp silhouette of the planet for a brief period of time.
    • The phenomenon, which rarely occurs, is used by researchers to analyze a planet’s atmosphere and determine if it has a ring around it — in 1977, scientists discovered the Uranian ring system with the help of stellar occultation.

    What is the Roche limit?

    • The most intriguing part of the findings is the distance between Quaoar and its ring.
    • Located 2,500 miles away from the dwarf planet, the ring is around 1,400 miles further away from the Roche limit, as per the calculations of the scientists.
    • It suggests that at such a distance, the particles of the ring should have come together to form a moon.
    • For a further understanding of the Roche limit, let’s look at the Earth and the moon. The Earth’s gravity pulls on the moon.
    • However, one side of the moon is closer to the planet and hence, the pull is stronger on the side facing the Earth.
    • The result is the so-called tidal force, which either stretches or compresses the moon from all sides.

    What is the reason behind Quaoar’s far-out ring?

    • As of now, nobody exactly knows how Quaoar’s ring has managed to remain stable at such a distance from the Roche limit.
    • The researchers said that there can be a variety of possible explanations but they aren’t sure about any one of them.
    • It might be possible that Quaoar’s moon, Weywot, or some other unseen moon contributes gravity that somehow holds the ring stable.
    • Another potential explanation can be that the particles of the ring are colliding with each other in such a way that they are avoiding to coalesce into a moon.

     

    Try this MCQ:

    Q.What is the Roche limit?

    A) The distance from a planet where its gravity is balanced by the gravitational force of another celestial body

    B) The minimum distance from a planet that a moon can orbit without being pulled apart by tidal forces

    C) The distance from the sun at which a planet can have a stable orbit

    D) The distance from the earth where meteoroids burn up upon entering the atmosphere

     

    [wpdiscuz-feedback id=”xg9sjvh66m” question=”Please leave a feedback on this” opened=”1″]Post your answers here.[/wpdiscuz-feedback]

     

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  • InfoCrop v2.1: Indigenous Crop Simulator

    infocrop

    Central idea: Scientists at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute conducted an experiment using InfoCrop version 2.1 to quantify the impact of hot weather on crop yield in Punjab and Haryana.

    What is InfoCrop v2.1?

    • InfoCrop version 2.1 is India’s only dynamic crop simulation model developed and released by the IARI in 2015 to study the long-term impact of climate change and crop management practices on yield.
    • InfoCrop is more suited for India as it has the life cycle data for almost all the local varieties of 11 crops: paddy, wheat, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, pigeon pea, chickpea, soybean, groundnut, potato and cotton.

    How does it work?

    • In InfoCrop, the parameters are already calibrated to Indian crop varieties and they are updated at regular intervals by the institute.
    • The parameters deal with aspects of-
    1. Weather (precipitation, temperature, radiation and others)
    2. Crop growth (phenology, grain characteristics, leaf growth, temperature and flooding sensitivity and others)
    3. Soil (texture and organic carbon, water holding characteristics and pH levels) and
    4. Pests and crop management (organic matter, fertiliser and irrigation).

    Efficiency of InfoCrop model

    • The model has an 85 per cent accuracy rate.
    • This is on par with widely used dynamic models such as the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer model, developed by the US, and Agriculture Production Systems sIMulator, developed by Australia.

    Utility of this tool

    • Prevent on-field corruption: India currently relies on field trials, which are expensive and resource-intensive as well as highly corrupt practise.
    • Crop insurance prediction: Government and insurance companies can use this for climate impact projections and for pre- or in-season crop yield forecasts to improve accuracy.
    • Assess crop loss: Besides forecasting, simulation models can be used to assess crop loss in the aftermath of an extreme weather event, which can then be used to provide relief packages.

     

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  • Marburg Virus

    Central idea: Equatorial Guinea has confirmed its first-ever outbreak of Marburg virus disease.

    Where is Equatorial Guinea located?

    marburg

    • Equatorial Guinea is a country located in Central Africa.
    • It is situated on the west coast of Africa, bordered by Cameroon to the north and Gabon to the south and east. It also includes two small islands, Bioko and Annobon, which are located in the Atlantic Ocean.

     

    Marburg Virus

    • The Marburg virus is a highly dangerous pathogen that targets several organs and reduces the body’s ability to function on its own.
    • Depending on the strain and case management, the fatality rates for the virus range from 24% to 88%.

    Transmission and Prevention

    • The natural carrier of the Marburg virus is the African fruit bat, which carries the virus but does not fall sick from it.
    • Human-to-human transmission occurs through contact with blood or other bodily fluids.
    • Rehydration treatment to alleviate symptoms can improve the chances of survival.

    Its outbreaks

    • The virus has caused simultaneous outbreaks of disease in laboratories in Marburg, Germany and Belgrade, Serbia in 1967, resulting in seven deaths.
    • During an outbreak in Angola in 2004, the virus killed 90% of the 252 people who were infected, and in Ghana last year, two people died of Marburg.

     

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    https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-health/equatorial-guinea-confirms-marburg-virus-outbreak-explained-8443753/

  • 1st Saudi Women to space via Axiom-2 Mission

    saudi

    Central idea: Saudi Arabia will send its first-ever woman astronaut on the US-led Axiom 2 space mission later this year, in the latest move to revamp the kingdom’s ultra-conservative image.

    Axiom Mission 2

    • Axiom Mission 2 is a private spaceflight mission organized by Axiom Space, a Houston-based aerospace company.
    • The mission is scheduled to launch in 2023 and aims to send four private individuals on a 10-day trip to the International Space Station (ISS).
    • Rayyana Barnawi will join fellow Saudi male astronaut Ali Al-Qarni on a mission to the International Space Station (ISS) during the second quarter of 2023.
    • The mission is the second private crewed flight to the ISS, following the Inspiration4 mission by SpaceX.
    • The crew is expected to undergo months of training, including simulations, physical conditioning, and emergency procedures.
    • The mission is part of Axiom Space’s plan to establish a private space station attached to the ISS, which is expected to be launched in 2024.

     

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  • India’s Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)

    Digital

    Context

    • Public infrastructure has been a cornerstone of human progress. The monopolisation of public infrastructure, which plagued previous generations, has manifested itself in the centralised nature of today’s digital infrastructure. Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) can fulfil this need, though it faces several challenges.

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    What is the issue?

    • There is a disturbing trend of the weaponization of data and technology or Digital Colonisation (Hicks, 2019) resulting in a loss of agency, sovereignty and privacy.
    • Therefore, proactively deliberating on how to build good DPI is key to avoiding such challenges.

    What Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) is and what it does?

    • Three foundational sets DPIs mediate the flow of people, money and information.
    • First, the flow of people through a digital ID System.
    • Second, the flow of money through a real-time fast payment system.
    • Third, the flow of personal information through a consent-based data sharing system to actualise the benefits of DPIs and to empower the citizen with a real ability to control data.
    • These three sets become the foundation for developing an effective DPI ecosystem.

    DPI in India

    • India, first country to develop all three foundational DPIs: India through India Stack became the first country to develop all three foundational DPIs digital identity (Aadhar), real-time fast payment (UPI) and a platform to safely share personal data without compromising privacy (Account Aggregator built on the Data Empowerment Protection Architecture or DEPA)
    • Techno-legal regulatory frameworks in India: Techno-legal regulatory frameworks are used to achieve policy objectives through public-technology design.
    • For example: India’s DEPA offers technological tools for people to invoke the rights made available to them under applicable privacy laws. Framed differently, this techno-legal governance regime embeds data protection principles into a public-technology stack.
    • DPI most feasible model: DPI has emerged as the most feasible model due to its low cost, interoperability and scalable design, and because of its safeguards against monopolies and digital colonisation.

    Digital

    Do you know “India Stack”?

    • India Stack is a set of (application programming interface) APIs that allows governments, businesses, startups and developers to utilize a unique digital Infrastructure to solve India’s hard problems towards presence-less, paperless, and cashless service delivery.
    • The Open API team at iSPIRT has been a pro-bono partner in the development, evolution, and evangelization of these APIs and systems.

    How DPIs constitute the backbone of a country’s digital infrastructure?

    • Facilitate seamless public service delivery: These layers interface with each other to create an ecosystem that facilitates seamless public service delivery and allows businesses to design novel solutions on top of the DPI layers.
    • Enables the creation of Open Networks as not seen before: India is now developing such open networks for credit (Open Credit Enablement Network), commerce (Open Network for Digital Commerce), Open Health Services Network (UHI) and many more.
    • Generate network effects: When DPIs are integrated, they can generate network effects to create these open networks for various sectors.

    Digital

    For India’s DPI success to become a worldwide revolution, three types of institutions must be built

    • An independent DPI steward institution: It is important to have a governance structure that is agile and responsive. A multiparty governance process through independent DPI institutions will be accountable to a broad range of stakeholders rather than be controlled by a single entity or group. This can build trust and confidence in DPI. India has created the Modular Open-Source Identity Platform (MOSIP), adopted by nine nations and with already more than 76 million active users.
    • Need to develop global standards through a multilateral dialogue led by India: If standards originating from developed nations were transplanted to an emerging economies’ context without deferring to their developmental concerns, smaller countries would simply be captive to dominant technology players. Additionally, without these standards, Big Tech would likely engage in regulatory arbitrage to concentrate power.
    • Sustainable financing models: Finally, we need to develop sustainable financing models for developing DPI for the world. Currently backed by philanthropic funding, such models are at risk of becoming a tool of philanthropic competition and positioning.

    Notes for answer writing

    • In the twenty-first-century, technological innovation has created a tempest of ideological, geographical and economic implications that pose new challenges.
    • The monopolisation of public infrastructure, which plagued previous generations, has manifested itself in the centralised nature of today’s digital infrastructure.
    • It is increasingly evident that the world needs a third type of public infrastructure, following modes of transport such as ports and roads, and lines of communication such as telegraph or telecom but with open, democratic principles built in.
    • Built on top of public infrastructure, democratic countries with largely free markets have fostered public and private innovation and, therefore, generated considerable value creation in societies.
    • However, like in the case of physical infrastructure, it is important that DPIs not succumb to monopolisation, authoritarianism and digital colonisation.

    Digital

    Conclusion

    • The world needs a new playbook for digital infrastructure that mediates the flow of people, money and information. This will facilitate countries looking to digitally empower their citizens. They can then rapidly build platforms that address the specific needs of people, while ensuring people are able to trust and use the platform – without fear of exclusion or exploitation.

    Mains question

    Q. What Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) is and what it does? What can be done for India’s DPI success to become a worldwide revolution?

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  • India-US Space Cooperation

    cooperation

    Context

    • India and the United States agreeing to advance space collaboration in several areas, under the ‘initiative on critical and emerging technology’ umbrella, including human space exploration and commercial space partnership, comes at a crucial time for both countries. This follows from the eighth meeting of the U.S.-India Civil Space Joint Working Group (CSJWG), that was held on January 30-31, 2023.

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    Limiting factors in India-U.S. space cooperation

    • Mismatch in the two nations interests in outer space: The first structural factor that limits long-term India-U.S. space cooperation is the mismatch in the two nations interests in outer space.
    • American ambitions beyond earth orbits: Although the U.S. and its partners stress the importance of maintaining capabilities in low-earth orbit, their ambitions are firmly set on the moon.
    • India’s current focus is on increasing its satellite launch capabilities: India’s scientific community focuses on building the nation’s capability in and under earth orbits. The Gaganyaan human space flight programme hopes to sustain India’s human presence in space for the long term. This is not to say that India does not aim for the moon, Mars or beyond. But India’s top priority is to substantially increase its satellite and launch capabilities in earth orbits and catch up with other spacefaring nations such as China.
    • The asymmetry in capabilities: The U.S. has the highest number of registered satellites in space. It also has a range of launch vehicles serving both commercial and national-security needs.
    • Private sector, for instance: Private entity SpaceX, for example, managed to achieve a record 61 launches in 2022, far higher than the number of launches undertaken by any other commercial entity or country. The American private sector has also assumed the challenge of replacing the International Space Station by 2030 with many smaller stations.
    • The greatest challenge for India here is lack of capacity: The country has just over 60 satellites in orbit and cannot undertake double-digit launches annually. The Indian government also opened the space industry to the private sector only in 2020. Since the U.S. already has an extensive network of partners for space cooperation, it has few technical incentives to cooperate with India.
    • Disagreements on govern space activities: Compounding these problems are disagreements on how best to govern space activities on the moon and other celestial bodies. Even though countries have a mindset to collaborate, the structural factors overpower diplomatic incentives to pursue long-term cooperation.

    cooperation

    Have you read about “NISAR”?

    • NISAR has been built by space agencies of the US and India under a partnership agreement signed in 2014.
    • The 2,800 kilograms satellite consists of both L-band and S-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) instruments, which makes it a dual-frequency imaging radar satellite.
    • While NASA has provided the L-band radar, GPS, a high-capacity solid-state recorder to store data, and a payload data subsystem, ISRO has provided the S-band radar, the GSLV launch system and spacecraft.
    • Another important component of the satellite is its large 39-foot stationary antenna reflector.
    • Made of a gold-plated wire mesh, the reflector will be used to focus the radar signals emitted and received by the upward-facing feed on the instrument structure.

    cooperation

    Some novel solutions

    • Sustained engagement: The standard solution to induce long-term cooperation is to sustain the engagement between academics, the private sector and state-led entities in the two countries. Sustained engagement could also take the form of collaborating on highly specialised projects such as the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission.
    • Cooperation and collaboration between state and private entities: One form of cooperation is a partnership between state and private entities; or, as agreed in the most recent meeting, a convention of American and Indian aerospace companies to advance collaboration under the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) programme. Such an arrangement could be taken further.
    • Reducing dependence: India could send its astronauts to train at American private companies. This could help India reduce its dependence on Russia while ISRO builds its own astronaut training centre.
    • Government-owned New Space India Limited: Another novel arrangement could be a consortium led by the government-owned New Space India Limited which involves private companies in the U.S. This setup could accelerate India’s human spaceflight programme and give the U.S. an opportunity to accommodate Indian interests in earth orbits.

    Conclusion

    • The US and India have taken significant strides in advancing the private space sector. Together, these endeavors have the capability to shape and impact U.S. and Indian space policies and programmes over the next decade.

    Mains question

    Q. The US and India have taken significant strides in space cooperation. Discuss the limiting factors and suggest probable solutions.

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  • Scientists discover new ‘Quasicrystals’

    quasicrystals

    Scientists have discovered a new type of quasicrystal, one with 12-fold symmetry, in the Sand Hills of north central Nebraska, USA.

    What is a Quasicrystal?

    • Quasicrystal is essentially a crystal-like substance.
    • However, unlike a crystal, in which atoms are arranged in a repeating pattern, a quasicrystal consists of atoms that are arranged in a pattern that doesn’t repeat itself regularly.
    • For the longest time, physicists believed every crystalline arrangement of atoms must have a pattern that repeats itself perfectly over and over again.
    • However, this changed in 1982, when material scientist Dan Shechtman discovered crystal structures that are mathematically regular, but that do not repeat themselves.

    How are they formed?

    • Electrical discharge triggered quasicrystal formation in the recent finding.
    • It’s also the first time that researchers have found a quasicrystal somewhere other than meteorites or the debris from nuclear blasts.

    Applications of quasicrystals

    • There is no major commercial applications yet exploit properties of the quasicrystalline state directly.
    • Quasicrystals form in compounds noted for their high strength and light weight, suggesting potential applications in aerospace and other industries.
    • They can be used in surgical instruments, LED lights and non-stick frying pans.

     

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  • In news: Agasthyarkoodam Observatory

    agasthyarkoodam

    Agasthyarkoodam was once home to a forgotten and long-lost 19th-century observatory established by Scottish meteorologist John Allan Broun.

    Agasthyarkoodam Observatory

    • The Agasthyarkoodam Observatory is an astronomical research observatory located in the state of Kerala.
    • The observatory is situated at an altitude of 1600 meters above sea level and is owned and operated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA).
    • The observatory is equipped with a 1-meter optical telescope and various other instruments for studying the night sky.
    • The observatory is used for research and educational purposes and is open to the public for viewing night-sky objects.

    Why in news?

    • Agasthyarkoodam in the Western Ghats once housed a magnetic observatory that was established by Scottish meteorologist John Allan Broun.
    • Broun used it to record magnetic and meteorological observations in tandem with the Thiruvananthapuram astronomical observatory.
    • Broun’s astronomical research in India began after he was invited by the ruler of the erstwhile Travancore Uthram Tirunal Marthanda Varma to helm the Thiruvananthapuram observatory following the death of its first director John Caldecott in 1849.
    • The observatory started recording observations in July 1855.
    • However, it was closed in 1881 by the then Madras Governor Sir William Denison.

    What are magnetic observatories?

    • Magnetic observatories continuously measure and record Earth’s magnetic field at a number of locations.
    • In an observatory of this sort, magnetized needles with reflecting mirrors are suspended by quartz fibres.
    • Light beams reflected from the mirrors are imaged on a photographic negative mounted on a rotating drum.
    • Variations in the field cause corresponding deflections on the negative.
    • Their magnetograms are photographed on microfilm and submitted to world data centres, where they are available for scientific or practical use.

     

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  • What is Solar Prominence?

    solar

    Recently, the sun puzzled many scientists with a large prominence near its north pole.

    What is Solar Prominence?

    • A solar prominence (also known as a filament when viewed against the solar disk) is a large, bright feature extending outward from the Sun’s surface.
    • Prominences are anchored to the Sun’s surface in the photosphere, and extend outwards into the Sun’s hot outer atmosphere, called the corona.
    • A prominence forms over timescales of about a day, and stable prominences may persist in the corona for several months, looping hundreds of thousands of miles into space.

    How are they formed?

    • Scientists are still researching how and why prominences are formed.
    • The red-glowing looped material is plasma, a hot gas comprised of electrically charged hydrogen and helium.
    • The prominence plasma flows along a tangled and twisted structure of magnetic fields generated by the sun’s internal dynamo.
    • An erupting prominence occurs when such a structure becomes unstable and bursts outward, releasing the plasma.

     

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