💥Join UPSC 2027,2028 Mentorship (August Batch) + XFactor Notes & Microthemes PDF
Talk to Mentor

Civilsdaily

Login

Subject: Science and Technology

  • What are Transient Lunar Phenomena (TLP)?

    Why in the News?

    For centuries, astronomers and observers have recorded strange, short-lived visual events on the Moon’s surface, known as Transient Lunar Phenomena (TLPs).

    Transient Lunar Phenomena (TLPs)

    About Transient Lunar Phenomena (TLPs):

    • What is it: Short-lived flashes, glows, or hazy patches observed on the Moon’s surface, lasting seconds to several hours before fading.
    • Observation History: Reported for over a thousand years, including Apollo 11 astronauts (1969) who noted a luminous lunar glow.
    • Appearance Types: Include reddish glows, star-like flashes, and mist-like obscurations.
    • Active Regions: Concentrated around Aristarchus and Plato craters, considered the most dynamic lunar zones.
    • Scientific Implication: Suggests that the Moon remains geologically active, contradicting earlier assumptions of total dormancy.
    • Theories on Origin: Scientists propose several explanations for TLPs:
      1. Lunar Outgassing: Trapped gases such as radon or argon may escape through fissures, triggered by gravitational stresses or surface heating, causing dust or gas to glow or reflect sunlight.
      2. Meteoroid Impacts: Frequent meteoroid collisions on the Moon’s airless surface produce brief, intense flashes, accounting for many observed TLPs.
      3. Electrostatic Dust Levitation: Charged lunar dust particles, activated by solar radiation, may levitate and scatter light, producing transient luminous effects.
      4. Atmospheric Distortion on Earth: Some TLPs may be optical artifacts, caused by turbulence or refraction in Earth’s atmosphere altering the Moon’s apparent brightness or colour.

    Recent Research and Monitoring:

    • Observation Technology: Use of automated telescopes and CCD (charge-coupled device) imaging systems for real-time detection.
    • Space Missions: NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) and ISRO’s Chandrayaan series monitor gas release and new impact craters.
    • Spectroscopic Evidence: Studies of Aristarchus Plateau show episodic radon emissions, supporting the outgassing theory.
    • Integrated Monitoring: Global programs combine optical, seismic, and spectrometric data to validate events.
    • Scientific Aim: To understand lunar surface dynamics, internal processes, and signs of ongoing geological activity.

  • Arsenic Toxicity in Rice Cultivation

    Why in the News?

    A recent study has revealed that the composition of microbial communities in rice paddies critically determines the buildup of arsenic compounds in rice grains.

    Arsenic Toxicity in Agriculture:

    • Overview: Arsenic (As) is a potent carcinogen and phytotoxin, bioaccumulating in rice and posing severe health and agronomic risks in Asian paddies.
    • Mechanism in Flooded Fields: Under anaerobic conditions, microbes convert arsenic into soluble, bioavailable forms that rice roots readily absorb.
    • Toxic Compounds: Organic forms like dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and dimethylated monothioarsenate (DMMTA) cause straighthead disease, producing sterile, erect panicles and yield losses up to 70 %.
    • Speciation vs. Concentration: Toxicity depends on arsenic speciation, not total soil As levels, even low-As soils may cause poisoning.
    • Geographic Hotspots: Severe in West Bengal, Bihar, and Bangladesh, where arsenic-laden groundwater is used for irrigation.

    About Soil Age and Microbial Composition:

    • Research Insight: Study by Peng Wang (Nanjing Agricultural University) shows soil age dictates microbial dominance and arsenic behaviour.
    • Young Soils (< 700 yrs): Dominated by arsenic-methylating bacteria that convert inorganic As into toxic organic forms (DMA, DMMTA).
    • Old Soils (> 700 yrs): Rich in demethylating archaea that detoxify As by breaking down methylated compounds.
    • Global Microbiome Survey: Across 801 paddy soils, identified 11 methylators and 6 demethylators as key toxicity predictors.
    • Risk Threshold: When methylator: demethylator ratio > 1.5, probability of straighthead disease rises sharply.

    How does Microbial balance govern Arsenic toxicity?

    • Biological Equilibrium: Arsenic toxicity depends on balance between methylating bacteria (risk) and demethylating archaea (detoxification).
    • Environmental Triggers: Flood duration, oxygen, temperature, and hydrological shifts can tilt this balance toward higher toxicity.
    • Mitigation Measures: Mid-season drainage, silicon fertilisation, and microbial community management restore redox balance and reduce As uptake.
    [UPSC 2013] Which of the following can be found as pollutants in the drinking water in some parts of India?

    1. Arsenic 2. Sorbitol 3. Fluoride 4. Formaldehyde 5. Uranium

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

    Options: (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2, 4 and 5 only (c) 1, 3 and 5 only* (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

     

  • Tejas Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)-Mk1A

    Why in the News?

    Defence Minister inaugurated the third production line of Tejas Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Mk1A at Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Nashik.

    About Tejas Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)-Mk1A:

    • Overview: Single-engine, 4.5-generation, supersonic multirole fighter aircraft developed indigenously under India’s LCA programme.
    • Developers: Designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) of DRDO and produced by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).
    • Purpose: Conceived in the late 1980s to replace the ageing MiG-21 and Su-7 fleets of the Indian Air Force.
    • Operational Induction: Entered production for the Indian Air Force (IAF) in 2024 after extensive flight trials and certification.
    • Roles: Designed for air superiority, ground attack, close air support, and interception missions.
    • Manufacturing Hubs: Produced at HAL Bengaluru and HAL Nashik, with parallel assembly lines to meet IAF delivery targets.

    Key Features of Tejas LCA-Mk1A:

    • Design: Tailless compound delta-wing configuration ensuring high agility, aerodynamic efficiency, and reduced radar cross-section.
    • Engine: Powered by General Electric F404-GE-IN20 turbofan, enabling speeds up to Mach 1.8.
    • Avionics: Equipped with Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar, Electronic Warfare Suite, and Onboard Oxygen Generation System (OBOGS).
    • Flight Control: Features Digital Fly-by-Wire System for enhanced stability and pilot control.
    • Weapons Integration: Can carry air-to-air, air-to-ground, and precision-guided munitions, including Beyond Visual Range (BVR) missiles.
    • Cockpit: Modern glass cockpit with Helmet Mounted Display (HMD) and Hands-On-Throttle-And-Stick (HOTAS) controls.
    • Payload & Range: Payload capacity over 4,000 kg across eight external hardpoints; combat radius around 500 km, ferry range up to 1,700 km.
    • Network Capability: Integrated with secure data link systems for real-time communication and situational awareness.
    • Maintenance: Modular design allowing easy servicing, high turnaround rate, and improved mission readiness for sustained operations.
    [UPSC 2024] Consider the following aircraft:
    1. Rafael 2. MiG-29 3. Tejas MK-1
    How many of the above are considered fifth-generation fighter aircraft?
    Options: (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None*

     

  • Akash Missile System 

    Why in the News?

    India has pitched for the supply of the Akash missile system to Brazil.

    akash

    About Akash Missile System:

    • Overview: Developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and manufactured by Bharat Dynamics Ltd (BDL).
    • Type: A short-range Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) designed to defend against aircraft, UAVs, and helicopters.
    • Operational Users: Inducted by both the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force, forming part of India’s layered air defence grid.
    • Purpose: Protects vital assets from aerial threats within the short to medium range segment.
    • Deployment Mode: Mounted on mobile launchers for rapid positioning, flexibility, and operational agility.
    • Comparison: Functionally comparable to Israel’s Iron Dome, though Akash focuses on intercepting larger aerial targets rather than small projectiles.

    Key Features:

    • Range & Altitude: Effective range 4.5–25 km; altitude coverage 100 m–20 km.
    • Engagement Capacity: A single firing unit can engage four targets simultaneously in both autonomous and group modes.
    • Speed & Accuracy: Capable of high-speed interceptions with radar-guided precision.
    • Propulsion & Dimensions: Length 5.87 m, diameter 350 mm, weight 710 kg; powered by solid-fuel propulsion.
    • Automation: Fully automated system ensuring rapid reaction time from detection to neutralization.
    • ECCM Capability: Built-in Electronic Counter-Counter Measures (ECCM) to resist enemy jamming
    [UPSC 2023] Consider the following statements:

    1. Ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at subsonic speeds throughout their fights, while cruise missiles are rocket-powered only in the initial phase of flight.

    2. Agni-V is a medium-range supersonic cruise missile, while BrahMos is a solid-fuelled intercontinental ballistic missile.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2*

     

  • Mission Drishti: World’s First Multi-sensor EO Satellite

    Why in the News?

    Indian space-tech start-up GalaxEye, based in Bengaluru, has announced the upcoming launch of Mission Drishti, the world’s first multi-sensor Earth Observation (EO) satellite, in the first quarter of 2026.

    About Mission Drishti:

    • Objective: To provide high-resolution, real-time geospatial intelligence for governments, defence, and industries across critical domains such as disaster management, infrastructure, agriculture, and national security.
    • Developer: Conceived by Bengaluru-based GalaxEye Space, an Indian space-tech start-up founded by IIT Madras alumni.
    • Nature: World’s first multi-sensor Earth Observation (EO) satellite, capable of integrating multiple imaging technologies on a single platform.
    • Launch Timeline: Scheduled for first quarter of 2026, serving as the first step in GalaxEye’s plan to deploy a constellation of 8–12 satellites by 2029.
    • Innovation: Combines Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and optical sensors for multi-dimensional imaging across all weather and lighting conditions.
    • Significance: Marks India’s largest privately built satellite and establishes India’s position in the global EO market with indigenous, high-precision imaging technology.

    Key Features:

    • Multi-Sensor Payload: Integrates SAR and optical imaging systems on one platform, a first in global satellite technology.
    • Resolution and Capacity: Offers 1.5-metre resolution, providing ultra-clear imagery for tactical and analytical applications.
    • All-Weather Operation: SAR enables imaging day and night, through cloud cover and adverse weather, ensuring continuous monitoring capability.
    • Satellite Specifications: Weighs 160 kg, making it India’s heaviest privately developed EO satellite, designed for spatial, spectral, and temporal precision.
    • Constellation Vision: Part of GalaxEye’s long-term plan to deploy 8–12 satellites by 2029 for near-real-time global coverage.
    • Applications: Defence surveillance, disaster management, infrastructure auditing, agriculture analytics, and environmental monitoring.
    [UPSC 2019] For the measurement/estimation of which of the following are satellite images/remote sensing data used?

    1. Chlorophyll content in the vegetation of a specific location 2. Greenhouse gas emissions from rice paddies of a specific location 3. Land surface temperatures of a specific location

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3*

     

  • DRDO to extend Astra Mark 2’s range to 200 km

    Why in the News?

    The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is developing an extended-range variant of the Astra Mark 2 beyond-visual-range (BVR) air-to-air missile.

    Astra Mark 2 Missile:

    • Overview: An indigenously developed Beyond Visual Range (BVR) air-to-air missile by the DRDO, enhancing the Indian Air Force’s long-range interception capability.
    • Lineage: Successor to Astra Mark 1 (range ~100 km); marks a leap in India’s self-reliance in advanced air combat systems.
    • Integration: Compatible with Su-30 MKI and LCA Tejas, with future integration planned for Rafale, AMCA, and TEDBF.
    • Industry Collaboration: Co-developed with over 50 industries, including Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) and Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL).

    Key Features:

    • Dual-Pulse Propulsion: Incorporates dual-pulse solid rocket motor (vs. single-pulse in Mk-1) for sustained thrust and high terminal energy.
    • Range & Speed: Operational range of 150–200+ km, speed up to Mach 4.5, enabling engagement of fast aerial targets.
    • Guidance & Seeker: Equipped with indigenous RF seeker and Electronic Counter-Countermeasures (ECCM) for precision and survivability.
    • All-Weather & Agile: Works in day/night, adverse conditions; supports off-boresight targeting and mid-course data-link updates.
    • Stealth & Safety: Uses smokeless propulsion for reduced detectability during launch.

    Recent Upgrade:

    • Extended Range Variant: DRDO developing version exceeding 200 km, beyond initial 160 km design.
    • Strategic Parity: Comparable to Chinese PL-15 and US AIM-120D AMRAAM, reinforcing India’s deterrence capability.
    • Future Roadmap: Forms baseline for Astra Mark 3, featuring solid-fuel ducted ramjet propulsion, under Atmanirbhar Bharat in advanced missile systems.
    [UPSC 2023] Consider the following statements

    1. Ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at subsonic speeds throughout their fights, while cruise missiles are rocket-powered only in the initial phase of fight.

    2. Agni-V is a medium-range supersonic cruise missile, while BrahMos is a solid-fuelled intercontinental ballistic missile.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 *

     

  • Crew Escape System (CES) in the Gaganyaan Mission

    Why in the News?

    The Crew Escape System is ISRO’s most critical safety innovation for Gaganyaan. This newscard is an excerpt from the original article published in The Hindu.

    Back2Basics: Gaganyaan Mission:

    • Overview: India’s first human spaceflight mission, initiated in 2007, to send 3 astronauts into Low Earth Orbit (400 km) for 3 days, followed by Arabian Sea splashdown.
    • Rocket: Human-Rated LVM3 (HLVM3), adapted from GSLV Mk3, certified in 2025 for safe human use.
    • Significance: India to become the 4th nation (after US, Russia, China) with crewed spaceflight capability.
    • Latest Timeline (as of Sept 2025):
      • Dec 2025: First uncrewed mission (G1) with humanoid Vyommitra.
      • 2026: Two more uncrewed flights for life-support, avionics, and escape tests.
      • Early 2027: First crewed mission – 3 astronauts in orbit for 3 days.
    • Progress so far:
      • 80–85% development complete: avionics, parachutes, crew safety systems validated.
      • Integrated Air Drop Test (Aug 2025): Confirmed crew module deceleration.
      • Crew Escape System: Multiple ground and flight tests successful.
      • Recovery: Indian Navy and Australian Space Agency conducting splashdown drills.
      • Four IAF test pilots shortlisted: Shubhanshu Shukla, Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair, Angad Pratap, Ajit Krishnan.
      • All trained in Russia, now in advanced Indian training. Final crew of three will be chosen for maiden flight.

    What is Crew Escape System (CES)?

    • Purpose: A critical safety mechanism in ISRO’s Gaganyaan Mission, enabling astronaut rescue in case of launch vehicle failure during the atmospheric ascent phase.
    • Placement & Function: Mounted atop the Human-Rated LVM3 (HLVM3) rocket; rapidly separates the crew module and propels it to safety using high-thrust solid motors.
    • Performance: Escape motors generate acceleration up to 10 g, using high burn-rate propellants for faster thrust than the launcher. Astronauts withstand this briefly in a “child-in-cradle” posture.
    • Safety Systems: Incorporates redundant subsystems, heritage-based design, and real-time health monitoring through the Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) network for millisecond-level response.
    • Types of CES:
      1. Puller-Type: Used in Gaganyaan; solid-fuel motors pull the crew module away. Also adopted by Russia’s Soyuz, China’s Long March, and US Saturn V missions.
      2. Pusher-Type: Used in SpaceX Crew Dragon (Falcon 9); liquid-fuel thrusters push the capsule away.
    • Comparison: Puller systems suit high-thrust, short-duration extractions; pusher systems integrate better with reusable modules.

    Operational Sequence & Recovery:

    1. Automatic Activation: On anomaly detection, IVHM triggers CES instantly; escape motors fire, propelling the crew module clear of the rocket.
    2. Separation & Descent: After reaching safe distance, CES detaches and the module descends under multistage parachutes, drogue, main, and reserve, ensuring controlled speed and stability.
    3. Splashdown & Safety: The module lands in the sea, impact forces within safe physiological limits, allowing quick recovery.
    4. Significance: Serves as the core life-saving system of India’s human spaceflight programme, ensuring crew survival during catastrophic launch failures.
    [UPSC 2025] Consider the following space missions:

    I. Axiom-4 II. SpaDeX III. Gaganyaan

    How many of the space missions given above encourage and support microgravity research?

    (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three* (d) None

     

  • Anna Mani and her contributions in India’s Atmospheric Research

    Anna Mani and her contributions in India’s Atmospheric Research

    Why in the News?

    The National Book Trust has released a book on highlighting physicist Anna Mani’s pioneering ozone and pollution studies in Pune decades before “climate change” entered discourse.

    Who was Anna Mani (1918–2001)?

    • Overview: Indian physicist and meteorologist from Peermade, Kerala; pioneered India’s meteorological instrumentation and atmospheric science.
    • Alma mater: Studied physics at Presidency College, Chennai (1939); trained at Imperial College, London; joined IISc Bengaluru under C.V. Raman, publishing five crystallography papers.
    • Professional Career: Joined the India Meteorological Department (IMD) in 1948; later headed its Instruments Division; earned the title “Weather Woman of India.”

    Key Contributions:

    • Meteorological Instrumentation: Designed and standardized 100+ weather instruments, including India’s first pyranometers and sunshine recorders, ending dependence on imports. Established the Regional Instrumentation Centre, Pune, for nationwide calibration.
    • Measurement Infrastructure: Created a national network of solar, wind, and radiation observatories; introduced WMO-grade calibration; data later used for India’s first Wind Energy Atlas.
    • Ozone & Atmospheric Research: In 1964, developed India’s first ozonesonde balloon measuring ozone up to 35 km; integrated into the WMO Global Ozone Mapping Programme. Her studies on ground-level ozone and urban aerosols anticipated modern air-pollution science.
    • Instrument Design & Ethics: Innovated with glass and Teflon components to remove chemical errors in ozonesondes; upheld the credo “wrong measurements are worse than none.” Her Pune lab became a model of scientific precision.
    • Publications: Authored “Handbook for Solar Radiation Data for India” (1980) and “Wind Energy Resource Survey in India” (1992), both still reference standards for renewable-energy studies.
    • Environmental Vision: Warned early about CFC emissions and ozone depletion; connected industrialization to atmospheric alteration, foreshadowing the Anthropocene concept.
    • Legacy: Her datasets form India’s earliest continuous record of ozone, radiation, and aerosol change, anchoring present-day climate-model validation and policy research.

  • RRI technique yields Certified Randomness with one Qubit

    Why in the News?

    The Raman Research Institute (RRI), Bengaluru team has mastered the Leggett–Garg Inequality (LGI)–based quantum randomness certification technique.

    What is Quantum Randomness?

    • Overview: Quantum randomness means true unpredictability, results that even nature or science cannot predetermine. They arise from the laws of quantum physics, not from computer programs or hidden causes.
    • Ordinary Computers: In normal computers, random numbers come from formulas called pseudorandom generators. They look random but can be predicted if someone knows the starting point (the “seed”).
    • Quantum Systems: In quantum physics, when you measure something tiny, like the spin of an electron or the path of a light particle (photon), the result is decided only at the moment of measurement. No one, not even nature, “knows” the answer before that.
    • Why it Matters: True randomness is important for data security, safe online transactions, scientific research, and encryption, where predictability can lead to hacking or errors.

    What has RRI achieved?

    • Discovery: Scientists at the Raman Research Institute (RRI), Bengaluru, led by Prof. Urbasi Sinha, have found a way to create and verify true quantum randomness using a regular cloud-based IBM quantum computer.
    • Why it’s Important: Earlier, proving quantum randomness needed expensive lab equipment. Now it can be done remotely and cheaply, accessible to anyone with internet and quantum cloud access.
    • How it Works: The RRI team used just one qubit (the quantum version of a computer bit) to show that the randomness came from quantum effects, not from hardware noise or computer errors.
    • Key Finding: This demonstrates that even imperfect quantum computers can still generate trustworthy and verifiable random numbers, a capability that classical computers cannot achieve.

    What is the Leggett–Garg Inequality (LGI)–Based Test?

    • Basic Idea: The Leggett–Garg Inequality (LGI) is a scientific test that checks whether something behaves like everyday objects (predictable) or like quantum systems (unpredictable).
    • How it was Used: The RRI scientists measured one qubit at three different times to see if its behavior followed normal physics or quantum rules.
    • Two Conditions Checked:
      • LGI Violation – confirmed the qubit was behaving in a truly quantum way.
      • No Signalling in Time – ensured that each measurement was independent and not influenced by the previous one.
    • Result: Meeting both tests proved that the numbers generated were certified as truly random, coming purely from quantum physics, not from any background noise or interference.

    Real-life Applications:

    • Cybersecurity: Such randomness can make unbreakable encryption keys, protecting sensitive data from hackers.
    • Cloud Computing: People using quantum computers online can now access trusted random numbers for research or secure systems anywhere in the world.
    • Testing Quantum Machines: Helps scientists check the quality of quantum computers, since randomness shows how genuinely quantum the machine is.
    • Better Science: Used in simulations, artificial intelligence, and data analysis where unpredictability makes results more reliable.
    • Big Scientific Message: Confirms that the quantum world is truly uncertain, proving one of the most fascinating truths of modern science, that randomness is built into nature itself.
    [UPSC 2025] Consider the following statements:

    I. It is expected that Majorana 1 chip will enable quantum computing.

    II. Majorana 1 chip has been introduced by Amazon Web Services (AWS).

    III. Deep learning is machine learning.

    How many of the statements given above are correct?

    (a) I and II only (b) II and III only (c) I and III only * (d) I, II and III

     

  • Maitri II Research Station in Antarctica

    Why in the News?

    The Finance Ministry has approved the establishment of Maitri II, India’s newest Antarctic research station, to be built in eastern Antarctica by January 2029.

    About Maitri II Research Station:

    • Objective: Advance research in climatology, glaciology, seismology, biology, and atmospheric sciences while maintaining eco-compliance.
    • Overview: India’s upcoming 4th Antarctic base, to be completed by January 2029 near Schirmacher Oasis, eastern Antarctica, replacing the aging Maitri (1989) which will operate as a summer camp.
    • Implementing Agency: Executed by National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR), Goa under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES); estimated cost ₹2,000 crore.
    • Design & Technology: Features AI-enabled systems, automated sensors, solar and wind power, and upgraded modular accommodation with strict environmental standards.
    • Construction Phases: Prefabrication in India → shipment via Cape Town → transport to Indian Barrier (120 km from Maitri) → on-site assembly during Antarctic summer.

    Back2Basics: India’s Polar Programmes

    • Antarctica Programme: Began in 1981; coordinated by NCPOR.
      • Dakshin Gangotri (1983) – first base, now decommissioned.
      • Maitri (1989) – inland station near Lake Priyadarshini.
      • Bharati (2012) – modern coastal station 3,000 km east.
      • Maitri II (2029) – to be India’s largest and greenest base.
      • Research covers ice-core climate records, marine ecosystems, space weather, and climate modelling.
    • Arctic Programme (2007): Also led by NCPOR; permanent station Himadri at Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard, Norway) studies Arctic warming, polar-monsoon linkages, biodiversity; India holds Observer Status in the Arctic Council (since 2013).

    Key Laws & Treaties governing Polar Expeditions:

    • India Antarctica Act 2022: Implements the Antarctica Treaty (1959); creates Central Committee on Antarctica Governance; bans mining, nuclear activity, non-native species; introduces permit system and Antarctica Fund; severe penalties (up to 20 years).
    • Antarctica Treaty (1959): 54 members (India joined 1983); ensures peaceful scientific use, bans territorial claims and military activity, upholds environmental cooperation.
    • Madrid Protocol (1991): Declares Antarctica a “natural reserve for peace and science”; forbids mineral extraction; mandates Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA).
    • Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR, 1982): Conserves Antarctic marine biodiversity, regulates fishing and resource use to maintain ecosystem balance.
    [UPSC 2015] The term ‘IndARC’, sometimes seen in the news, is the name of Options: (a) an indigenously developed radar system inducted into Indian Defence

    (b) India’s satellite to provide services to the countries of Indian Ocean Rim

    (c) a scientific establishment set up by India in Antartic region

    (d) India’s underwater observatory to scientifically study the Arctic region *