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Subject: Internal Security

  • [23rd October 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Working toward a meaningful ‘victims’ register’ in Bastar

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Naxalism is a social, economic and developmental issue manifesting as a violent internal security threat. In this context, discuss the emerging issues and suggest a multilayered strategy to tackle the menace of Naxalism. (UPSC CSE 2022)

    Q) What are the determinants of left-wing extremism in Eastern part of India? What strategy should the Government of India, civil administration and security forces adopt to counter the threat in the affected areas? (UPSC CSE 2020)

    Q) Effective utilization of public funds is crucial to meet development goals. Critically examine the reasons for under-utilization and mis-utilization of public funds and their implications. (UPSC CSE 2019)

    Q) Left Wing Extremism (LWE) is showing a downward trend, but still affects many parts of the country. Briefly explain the Government of India’s approach to counter the challenges posed by LWE. (UPSC CSE 2018)

    Mentor’s Comment: Data indicates a decline in Naxal-related violence over the past decade, with a reported 76% decrease in incidents by 2022 compared to 2010. Yet, the ‘Naxalite’ issue in India represents a significant challenge to internal security, rooted in socio-economic disparities and historical grievances.

    Bastar (Chattisgarh) has been a focal point of conflict due to ongoing violence between Security forces and Maoist insurgents. This conflict has led to numerous civilian casualties and widespread trauma among the local population. Without proper victims’ data/registry, many individuals suffer in silence, lacking access to necessary support and recognition.

    Today’s editorial addresses the pressing need for a comprehensive victims’ register in the Bastar region, an area that is significantly affected by left-wing extremism (LWE). Today, we will study the significance of recognizing and documenting the experiences of victims to facilitate justice and rehabilitation.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Union Home Minister has set a deadline of March 31, 2026, for the complete eradication of Naxalism in India, emphasizing the four districts of the Bastar region.

    • He also announced plans for a welfare scheme to support those affected by Naxal violence, aiming to assist in jobs and healthcare.

    What is the purpose of the victims’ register in Bastar?

    The purpose of the victims’ register in Bastar is to document and recognize individuals affected by violence, particularly those impacted by Maoist activities and state responses. This initiative aims to:

    • To provide formal recognition of the experiences of victims.
    • To enable victims and their families to receive reparations and government support inclusively ensuring no one is overlooked.
    • Serve as a foundation for dialogue and peace-building efforts in the region. (E.g., in Colombia).

    How does the initiative draw from international examples, particularly Colombia?

    • The Colombian model has successfully aided in providing reparations and integrating victims (over 9 million) back into society.
      • The Bastar initiative seeks to establish similar mechanisms for compensating victims through financial aid, land, jobs, and healthcare support.
    • Mirroring Colombia’s inclusive approach that does not differentiate between types of victimization, register aims to include diverse narratives from various groups
    • The process in Bastar involves community participation, allowing victims to share their testimonies in local languages, akin to Colombia’s efforts to ensure that victims’ voices are heard and validated.
    • Colombia’s experience has been successful where such measures contributed to National unity post-conflict.

    How can the government support the ‘New Peace Process’ initiative in Bastar?

    • Facilitating Dialogue: The government needs to actively engage in negotiations with both tribal leaders and Maoist representatives to foster an environment conducive to peace talks. For example, ‘Bastar Dialogues’ to bridge gaps between conflicting parties.
      • Collaborate with local organizations and community groups like the ‘Sarva Adiwasi Samaj’ to amplify grassroots efforts for peace.
    • Implement the Victims’ Register: Establish and maintain a comprehensive victims’ register that aligns with successful models from other countries, such as Colombia.
    • Enhance Rehabilitation Programs: Develop robust rehabilitation policies for both victims and surrendered like job training, education, and healthcare services tailored to their needs, ensuring they can reintegrate into society effectively.
    • By Monitoring the Progress: Establish mechanisms to monitor the progress of peace initiatives and community sentiments regarding the peace process, allowing for adjustments based on feedback from affected populations.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/working-toward-a-meaningful-victims-register-in-bastar/article68784116.ece

  • India-US conclude $3.5bn deal for 31 MQ-9B Armed UAVs

    India and the US concluded a $3.5 bn deal for the procurement of 31 MQ-9B armed High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS).

    Why in the News?

    India and the US concluded a $3.5 bn deal for the procurement of 31 MQ-9B armed High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS).

    About MQ-9B HALE UAV

    • The MQ-9B drone is a version of the MQ-9 “Reaper” and has two models: Sky Guardian and Sea Guardian.
    • It is built by the General Atomics.
    • This drone can fly over 40,000 feet high, making it useful for watching the Himalayan border areas.
    • It can stay in the air for up to 40 hours, perfect for long surveillance missions.
    • The MQ-9B has advanced features like automatic take-off and landing, a system to avoid other objects, secure GPS, and encrypted communications.
    • Deployment:
      • The MQ-9B drones are planned to be deployed at four places, including INS Rajaji near Chennai and Porbandar in Gujarat, by the Indian Navy.
      • The other two services will keep them jointly at two bases in Sarsawa and Gorakhpur in Uttar Pradesh at Air Force bases due to long runway requirements.

    Details of the Procurement:

    • India is planning for 15 Sea Guardians for the Indian Navy and 16 Sky Guardians (eight each for the Indian Army and Air Force).
    • The Indian Navy has leased two MQ-9As with the maiden flight taking place on November 21, 2020.
    • As part of the deal, General Atomics will establish a Global Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) facility in India, contributing to offset obligations.

    Significance of the deal

    • The SeaGuardian model can help the Navy patrol large areas more economically than manned aircraft.
    • For the Army and Air Force, these drones will help monitor movements along the borders, especially with China.
    • It can offer 80% of a manned aircraft’s capabilities at 20% of the cost per hour.

    PYQ:

    [2020] What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region.

  • What is THAAD?

    thaad

    Why in the News?

    The US has announced that it will send its advanced THAAD (Terminal High-Altitude Area Defense) missile system to Israel, along with US troops to operate it.

    What is THAAD?

    • THAAD is an advanced missile defense system developed by Lockheed Martin Corporation in the 1990s.
    • It is designed to intercept and destroy short-range (up to 1,000 km), medium-range (1,000–3,000 km), and intermediate-range (3,000–5,000 km) ballistic missile threats during their terminal phase of flight.
    • Key Features of THAAD:
      • Uses “hit-to-kill” technology to destroy missiles.
      • Can defend a larger area than the older Patriot Air and Missile Defense System.
      • Provides a rapidly deployable capability both inside and outside the atmosphere.

    India’s AD-1 missile interceptor under the Phase 2 Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) system, is similar to the THAAD missile system used by the US.

    • AD-1 and AD-2 interceptor missiles are developed to intercept ballistic missiles, including ICBMs, with ranges over 2,000 km.
    • Swordfish LRTR, derived from Israel’s Green Pine radar, has an upgraded detection range of 1,500 km for enhanced missile tracking.
    • The system intercepts both exo-atmospherically and endo-atmospherically, creating a comprehensive missile defence shield.
    • It can manage multiple missile threats simultaneously, ensuring defence against complex attack scenarios.
    • A floating test range is being developed for missile trials over the sea, enabling tests at higher altitudes and ranges up to 1,500 km.
    • INS Dhruv, equipped with advanced radars, monitors missile tests and supports surveillance during defense operations.

    Significance of Sending THAAD to Israel

    The decision to send THAAD to Israel is significant for several reasons:

    • It is part of broader US military adjustments in the region to support Israel’s defense and protect Americans from attacks by Iran and Iranian-aligned militias.
    • The deployment signals increased US involvement in the conflict.
    PYQ:

    [2018] What is “Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)”, sometimes seen in the news?

    (a) An Israeli radar system

    (b) India’s indigenous anti-missile programme

    (c) An American anti-missile system

    (d) A defence collaboration between Japan and South Korea

  • China’s ‘Anaconda Strategy’

    Why in the News?

    Taiwanese authorities recently stated that the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) is using an ‘anaconda strategy’ to put pressure on Taiwan.

    China’s Military Maneuvers around Taiwan

    • China has been steadily increasing its military activities around Taiwan, both by air and sea:
    1. Air incursions into the Taiwan Strait have increased significantly, from 36 incursions in January to 193 in September.
    2. Chinese ships operating around Taiwan has also risen, from 142 in early 2024 to 282 by August.
    • These maneuvers seem designed to wear down Taiwan’s navy and air force, creating constant pressure.

    What is the Anaconda Strategy?

    • The ‘anaconda strategy’ involves a combination of military tactics, psychological pressure, and cyber warfare.
    • The goal is to weaken Taiwan’s defenses and force the island into submission without the need for a full-scale invasion.
    • China’s approach is one of relentless pressure.
    • It is trying to tire out Taiwan and force it into making mistakes, which could then be used as a pretext to launch a blockade.
    • Its ultimate goal appears to be to make Taiwan vulnerable without resorting to direct military conflict, keeping Taiwan’s forces on the defensive.

    Other Unconventional Strategies used by China:

    • Wolf Warrior Diplomacy: A confrontational and assertive style of diplomacy used by Chinese officials, characterized by aggressive rhetoric and nationalistic stances, often aimed at defending China’s interests and countering foreign criticism.
    • Gray-Zone Tactics: A set of covert strategies that fall between war and peace, including actions like cyberattacks, propaganda, and incremental territorial gains, aimed at advancing a nation’s goals without triggering a full-scale military conflict.
    • Salami Slicing: A strategy where small, incremental actions are taken over time to achieve a larger goal without triggering a strong reaction. It is often used to gain control or advantage bit by bit, avoiding immediate confrontation.

     

    PYQ:

    [2021] The US is facing an existential threat in the form of a China that is much more challenging than the erstwhile Soviet Union. Explain.

    [2017] “China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia”. In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbour.

  • How are tanks armouring Ladakh sector?

    Why in the News?

    The Ukraine war has highlighted the versatility of battle tanks, demonstrating that armor remains crucial on modern battlefields, alongside long-range firepower.

    What are the difficulties in Ladakh due to high terrain and altitude? 

    • High Altitude Challenges: At altitudes of 13,000-15,000 feet, oxygen levels are low, causing rarefied air, which affects the performance of engines and machines, including tanks. Temperatures can dip to as low as -40 degrees Celsius.
    • Logistics and Transportation: Transporting tanks and heavy machinery to these high-altitude regions is a Herculean task due to the terrain. Once deployed, they are kept operational throughout, with maintenance facilities set up in forward areas like Nyoma and Daulat Beg Oldi.

    Threat from China: 

    • Chinese Deployment: The Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has enhanced its firepower and mechanised units along the Line of Actual Control (LAC). This includes the deployment of the ZTQ 15 (Type 15) light tanks and Type 96A second-generation tanks.
    • Modernisation and Mobilisation: China has also introduced modern wheeled Armoured Personnel Carriers (APCs) and assault vehicles such as the CSK series to the region, indicating a significant military upgrade along the LAC.
    • Tactical Proximity: During the 2020 stand-off, Chinese and Indian tanks came within 100 metres of each other, demonstrating the heightened tensions and the tactical threats in Eastern Ladakh.

    What are the Indian Army’s future plans to fortify the border areas?

    • Indigenous Development: The Indian Army is developing the Zorawar light tank, specifically designed for high-altitude warfare.
    • T-90 and BMP Upgrades: India is enhancing the capabilities of existing T-90 tanks and BMP-2 armoured carriers
    • Long-term Projects: Plans are underway for Future Ready Combat Vehicles (FRCV) and Future Infantry Combat Vehicles (FICV) to replace current tanks and BMPs, with induction expected by 2030.
    • Procurement Plans: The Army is also evaluating the U.S. Stryker infantry combat vehicle and has initiated the process to procure 100 more K9 Vajra Howitzers to bolster long-range firepower.
    • Enhancing Infrastructure: Since 2012, India has significantly improved its infrastructure along the LAC, enabling long-term deployment of troops, tanks, and artillery in the region.

    Conclusion: The government should continue expanding logistical infrastructure along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), improving transportation, maintenance facilities, and supply chains to support long-term troop and equipment deployment in challenging terrain.

  • Second edition of Navika Sagar Parikrama

    Why in the News?

    The second edition of Navika Sagar Parikrama, a global circumnavigation by sailboat was flagged off by Navy Chief at INS Mandovi in Goa.

    About Navika Sagar Parikrama:

    Details
    Expedition
    • Navika Sagar Parikrama, a maritime expedition by the Indian Navy, aimed at circumnavigating the globe in a sailboat crewed by women officers.
    • Symbolizes women’s empowerment and Indian maritime traditions.
    Objective Promotes women’s empowerment, gender equality, oceanic research, and Indian maritime traditions.
    First Edition
    • Began on September 10, 2017, with an all-women crew of six officers aboard INSV Tarini.
    • Completed on May 21, 2018.
    Second Edition Launched on October 2, 2024, with two women officers, Lieutenant Commander Dilna K. and Lieutenant Commander Roopa A., setting sail from INS Mandovi, Goa.
    Agencies Involved
    • Indian Navy: Leading the initiative.
    • National Institute of Oceanography (NIO): Marine research on microplastics and ferrous content.
    • Wildlife Institute of India (WII): Research on large sea mammals.
    • Sagar Defence: Providing drones for documentation.
    • Defence Food Research Laboratory (DFRL): Supplying meals.
    • Transform Rural India Foundation (TRIF) and Piramal Foundation: Supporting logistics and research.
    Route Divided into five legs with four stopovers:
    1. Goa to Fremantle, Australia
    2. Fremantle to Lyttleton, New Zealand
    3. Lyttleton to Port Stanley, Falkland Islands
    4. Port Stanley to Cape Town, South Africa
    5. Cape Town to Goa, India

     

    PYQ:

    [2016] Which one of the following is the best description of ‘INS Astradharini’, that was in the news recently?

    (a) Amphibious warfare ship

    (b) Nuclear-powered submarine

    (c) Torpedo launch and recovery vessel

    (d) Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier

  • [pib] Exercise KAZIND-2024

    Why in the News?

    The 8th edition of Exercise KAZIND-2024 has commenced in Uttarakhand.

    About Exercise KAZIND-2024

    • Exercise KAZIND is an annual joint military exercise between India and Kazakhstan.
    • It was first initiated as Exercise PRABAL DOSTYK in 2016 and later renamed Exercise KAZIND after the second edition.
    • The exercise involves Army contingents from both countries and, since 2023, also includes Air Force personnel, making it a Bi-service Exercise.
    • Focus Areas:
      • It focuses on Counter Terrorism operations in sub-conventional environments under the United Nations mandate.
      • Tactical drills practiced include Raid, Search and Destroy Operations, Small Team Insertion and Extraction, and Counter Unmanned Aerial System Operations.
    • Significance:
      • The exercise aims to develop skills, resilience, and coordination for joint military operations in semi-urban and urban environments.
      • It allows both countries to share best practices, enhance mutual cooperation, and strengthen military ties.

    PYQ:

    [2024] Which of the following statements about the Exercise Mitra Shakti-2023 is/ are correct?

    1. This was a joint military exercise between India and Bangladesh.
    2. It commenced in Aundh (Pune).
    3. Joint response during counter-terrorism operations was a goal of this operation.
    4. Indian Air Force was a part of this exercise.

    Select the answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1, 2 and 3

    (b) 1 and 4

    (c) 1 and 4

    (d) 2, 3 and 4

  • AH-64E Apache Helicopters

    AH-64E Apache Helicopters

    Why in the News?

    The Indian Army is set to receive its first batch of three AH-64E Apache attack helicopters from Boeing in December.

    About AH-64E Apache Attack Helicopters:

    Details
    Name and Origin AH-64E Apache (Apache Guardian) is a highly advanced multi-role combat helicopter and lies in a heavy category.

    Manufactured by Boeing, originating from the US.
    India’s Acquisition In February 2020, India signed a deal for six AH-64E helicopters, with an additional six contracted later.
    Countries Operating Operated by India, Egypt, Israel, Japan, South Korea, UAE, UK, and others.
    Indigenous Production Tata Boeing Aerospace Limited (TBAL), a joint venture, produces fuselages in Hyderabad, set to become the sole global producer, sourcing 90% of parts from India.
    Combat Features Features open architecture for advanced systems, enhanced thrust and lift, digital interoperability, improved survivability, and advanced infrared and night vision capabilities.

    Deployment Plans for Apache 

    • The Apaches are primarily suited for countering armour and will be deployed in desert regions.
    • However, due to their operational limitations at high altitudes, they won’t be used in regions like Ladakh.
    • Instead, the indigenous Light Combat Helicopter (LCH), manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd., will be deployed in Ladakh by 2024-25.
      • The LCH is designed specifically for high-altitude conditions.

    PYQ:

    [2016] Which one of the following is the best description of ‘INS Astradharini’, that was in the news recently?

    (a) Amphibious warfare ship

    (b) Nuclear-powered submarine

    (c) Torpedo launch and recovery vessel

    (d) Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier

  • Global Cybersecurity Index, 2024

    Why in the News?

    • India has achieved Tier 1 status in the Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) 2024, published by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
      • With a score of 98.49 out of 100, India is now among the top nations demonstrating role-model cybersecurity practices.

    About Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI):

    Details
    Launch  2015, by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

    About ITU

    • Founded on 17 May 1865 as the International Telegraph Union
    • Presently has 193 member states, with South Sudan joining most recently in 2011
    • India became a member in 1869
    Objective • Measures the commitment of countries to cybersecurity based on five pillars.
    • Helps identify areas for improvement and encourages capacity and capability building.
    Five Pillars • Legal: Laws and regulations on cybercrime and cybersecurity
    • Technical: Implementation of technical capabilities via national and sector-specific agencies
    • Organizational: National strategies and organizations implementing cybersecurity
    • Capacity Development: Awareness, training, education, and incentives for cybersecurity
    • Cooperation: Partnerships between agencies, firms, and countries
    Strengths and Weaknesses • Most countries are strongest in the Legal pillar.
    • The Capacity Development and Technical pillars are where most countries are weakest.
    GCI 2024 Five-Tier Analysis • Tier 1 (Role-modelling): Score of 95-100
    • Tier 2 (Advancing): Score of 85-95
    • Tier 3 (Establishing): Score of 55-85
    • Tier 4 (Evolving):

     

    PYQ:

    [2020] In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits?

    1. Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one’s computer

    2. Cost of a new computer if some miscreant willfully damages it, if proved so.

    3. Cost of hiring a specialized consultant to minimize the loss in case of cyber extortion

    4. Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third-party files a suit

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1, 2 and 4 only

    (b) 1, 3 and 4 only

    (c) 2 and 4 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3, and 4

  • FATF on India: Effective Money Laundering system, low prosecution

    Why in the News?

    The FATF placed India in the “regular follow-up” category for having an “effective” anti-money laundering and counter-terror financing system but highlighted the need for significant improvements in prosecuting such cases.

    Key Highlights of the FATF Mutual Evaluation Report on India:

    • “Regular Follow-up” Category: India has been placed in the “regular follow-up” category, signifying that its system for combating money laundering and terror financing is effective.
      • Financial institutions need better risk profiling of customers, and the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) registry needs improved monitoring for accurate ownership information.
    • Money Laundering Risks: The primary sources of money laundering in India come from fraud, cyber-enabled fraud, corruption, and drug trafficking.
      • Terror threats are mainly linked to Islamic State or al-Qaeda groups in Jammu and Kashmir.
    • Non-Profit Organisations (NPOs): India should strengthen measures to prevent abuse of the NPO sector for terror financing, and enhance outreach to NPOs at risk.
    • Improvements in Sanctions Framework: India needs to improve its targeted financial sanctions framework to ensure the timely freezing of funds and assets related to terror financing.
    • Domestic Politically Exposed Persons (PEPs): The report urged India to define domestic PEPs under its anti-money laundering laws and improve identification and risk-based measures related to them.
    • Delay in prosecution: The report noted delays in prosecution due to review petitions are still pending, which delays the resolution of cases under the PMLA.

    Challenges faced by the Indian Government:

    • Prosecution and Conviction Delays: Despite an increase in investigations, the number of prosecutions and convictions remains low, with significant delays in concluding trials, especially under the PMLA.
    • Constitutionality Issues: Legal challenges to the constitutionality of the PMLA between 2014-2022 disrupted the momentum in terror financing and money laundering prosecutions.
    • Risk Profiling of Financial Customers: There is a need for better risk profiling of customers in financial institutions to address money laundering more effectively.
    • Inaccurate Ownership Information: Ensuring accurate owner information in the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) registry remains a challenge, especially concerning investments from tax havens.
    • Non-Profit Organisations: Ensuring that non-profits are not abused for terror financing requires better coordination and focused outreach by authorities.
    • Lack of Definition for Domestic PEPs: While India has defined foreign PEPs, the absence of a clear definition for domestic PEPs under PMLA creates a gap in the anti-money laundering framework.
    • Fast-Tracking Trials: The need to fast-track trials in money laundering and terror financing cases is recognized, but progress in addressing this challenge remains slow.

    Way Forward: 

    • Strengthen Legal and Institutional Framework: India should establish clear definitions for domestic Politically Exposed Persons (PEPs) under anti-money laundering laws and enhance targeted financial sanctions to ensure timely asset freezing.
    • Enhance Risk Management and Monitoring: Financial institutions should improve risk profiling and implement stricter Know Your Customer (KYC) processes, while the Ministry of Corporate Affairs should ensure accurate ownership data, especially for investments from tax havens.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Discuss how emerging technologies and globalisation contribute to money laundering. Elaborate measures to tackle the problem of money laundering both at national and international levels. (UPSC IAS/2021)