Labour, Jobs and Employment – Harmonization of labour laws, gender gap, unemployment, etc.

[pib] Changes in Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) from 2025

DOMR PIB | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Issues relating growth and development, employment

Why in the News?

The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) has announced major changes to the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS).

About Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS):

Purpose: To measure employment and unemployment nationwide.
Conducted by: National Statistical Office (NSO) under the MoSPI, it has been active since 2017.
Estimate 3 core indicators: Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR), Worker Population Ratio (WPR), and Unemployment Rate (UR).
Frequency: It provides Quarterly estimates for Urban areas and Annual estimates for both Rural and Urban areas.
Methodology: Employment is measured using 2 reference periods — Usual Status (activity in the last 365 days) and Current Weekly Status (activity in the last 7 days).

Note:

Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR): It is defined as the percentage of persons in labour force (i.e. working or seeking or available for work) in the population.
Worker Population Ratio (WPR): It is defined as the percentage of employed persons in the population.
Unemployment Rate (UR): It is defined as the percentage of persons unemployed among the persons in the labour force.

[UPSC 2022] In India, which one of the following compiles information on industrial disputes, closures, retrenchments and lay-offs in factories employing workers?

Options: (a) Central Statistics Office (b) Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (c) Labour Bureau * (d) National Technical Manpower Information System

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Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

[pib] 10 Years of 3 Jansuraksha Schemes

PIB Schemes | Social Justice | Mains Paper 2: Government Scheme/Policies

Why in the News?

The 3 Jansuraksha Schemes— Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY), Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY) and Atal Pension Yojana (APY) launched by PM Modi on May 9, 2015, have completed 10 years of providing social security coverage to citizens.

About the Jansuraksha Schemes:

	Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY)	Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY)	Atal Pension Yojana (APY)
Type	Accidental Insurance	Life Insurance	Pension Scheme
Eligibility Age	18 to 70 years	18 to 50 years	18 to 40 years (non-taxpayers)
Premium	₹20 per annum	₹436 per annum	Varies by age and pension amount
Coverage/Benefit	₹2 lakh (death/total disability), ₹1 lakh (partial)	₹2 lakh (death due to any cause)	₹1,000–₹5,000 monthly pension after age 60
Policy Term	1 year (June 1 – May 31), renewable	1 year (June 1 – May 31), renewable	Contribution till age 60; pension begins post-60
Premiums Payment	Auto-Debit: Yes (from bank/post office account)	Auto-Debit: Yes (from bank/post office account)	Auto-Debit: Yes (monthly/quarterly/half-yearly options)
Administered By	Public Sector General Insurance Companies (PSGICs) and other insurers in partnership with participating banks or post offices	Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and other participating life insurers, through tie-ups with banks or post offices	Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA), implemented through banks and post offices
Achievements (as of 2025)	51.06 crore enrolments; ₹3,121.02 crore paid for 1,57,155 claims; 23.87 crore female and 17.12 crore PMJDY enrolments	23.63 crore enrolments; ₹18,397.92 crore paid for 9,19,896 claims; 10.66 crore female and 7.08 crore PMJDY enrolments	7.66 crore enrolments; ~47% are women subscribers

[UPSC 2016] Regarding ‘Atal Pension Yojana’, which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. It is a minimum guaranteed pension scheme mainly targeted at unorganized sector workers.

2. Only one member of a family can join the scheme.

3. Same amount of pension is guaranteed for the spouse for life after subscriber’s death.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only* (d) 1, 2 and 3

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Indian Army Updates

[pib] Exercise Tiger Triumph

PIB | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Various Security Forces, Agencies & Their Mandates

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Exercise Tiger Triumph

Why in the News?

The 4th edition of Exercise Tiger Triumph, a bilateral tri-service Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) exercise, will be held on the Eastern Seaboard of India, with activities taking place in Visakhapatnam and Kakinada.

About Exercise Tiger Triumph

The exercise was first announced by then U.S. President Donald Trump during the Howdy Modi event in Houston on September 22, 2019.
The inaugural exercise took place from November 13 to 21, 2019.
It involved approximately 1,200 Indian personnel and 500 U.S. military members, with key participation from the Indian Army, Navy, Air Force, and U.S. Marine Corps Forces, Pacific.
- Harbour Phase: Held in Visakhapatnam, including training visits, expert exchanges, and social interactions.
- Sea Phase: Conducted in Kakinada, focusing on practical HADR operations like field hospital setups and evacuation drills.

Subsequent Editions of Exercise Tiger Triumph:

2022 Edition: Emphasized disaster relief coordination, with tabletop simulations to improve operational readiness.
2024 Edition: Focused on refining standard operating procedures (SOPs) and included a battalion group from the Indian Army.

Important Features:

Interoperability Enhancement: The exercise aims to improve the coordination between Indian and U.S. forces during disaster response situations, ensuring rapid deployment and effective collaboration.
Humanitarian Assistance Focus: The exercise simulates responses to natural disasters like super-cyclones, refining diplomatic, operational, and logistical efforts in such crises.
Strengthening Bilateral Ties: Joint drills and exchanges during the exercise serve to fortify the strategic partnership between India and the U.S., focusing on shared best practices and operational capabilities.

[UPSC 2024] Which of the following statements about ‘Exercise Mitra Shakti-2023’ are correct?
1. This was a joint military exercise between India and Bangladesh.
2. It commenced in Aundh (Pune).
3. Joint response during counter-terrorism operations was a goal of this operation.
4. Indian Air Force was a part of this exercise.
Select the answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 4 (c) 1 and 4 (d) 2, 3 and 4

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NITI Aayog’s Assessment

[pib] NITI NCAER States Economic Forum

PIB | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: NITI NCAER States Economic Forum

Why in the News?

The Finance Minister is set to launch the “NITI NCAER States Economic Forum” portal.

About the NITI NCAER States Economic Forum Portal

The “NITI NCAER States Economic Forum” portal is a comprehensive digital platform developed by NITI Aayog in collaboration with the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER).
It serves as a centralized repository of data, research reports, and expert commentary on state-level finances and social, economic, and fiscal parameters spanning from 1990-91 to 2022-23.
The portal aims to facilitate evidence-based policymaking by providing users with easy access to key trends and insights on state performance.

Features of NITI NCAER:

1. State Reports: Summarizes the macro and fiscal landscape of 28 Indian states. Structured around indicators on demography, economic structure, socio-economic, and fiscal parameters.
2. Data Repository: Access to a comprehensive database categorized into 5 verticals: Demography; Economic Structure; Fiscal Data; Health; Education.
3. State Fiscal and Economic Dashboard: Provides graphical representations of key economic variables over time; Includes summary tables and raw data for easy reference.
4. Research and Commentary: Offers in-depth research reports and expert commentary on state finances, fiscal policy, and financial management; Supports long-term academic and policy research.

Significance:

Benchmarking Capabilities: it enables comparison of state performance with national averages, fostering a competitive and cooperative approach to development.
Data Accessibility: it bridges data accessibility gaps, ensuring that policymakers, researchers, and academics can make informed decisions based on reliable and comprehensive data.
Promotes Transparency: By offering open access to detailed data, the portal enhances fiscal transparency and encourages cooperative federalism.

[UPSC 2018] Consider the following statements:

1.The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Review Committee Report has recommended a debt to GDP ratio of 60% for the general (combined) government by 2023, comprising 40% for the Central Government and 20% for the State Governments.

2.The Central Government has domestic liabilities of 21% of GDP as compared to that of 49% of GDP of the State Governments.

3.As per the Constitution of India, it is mandatory for a State to take the Central Government’s consent for raising any loan if the former owes any outstanding liabilities to the latter.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

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Port Infrastructure and Shipping Industry – Sagarmala Project, SDC, CEZ, etc.

[pib] 10 Years of Sagarmala Project

PIB | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Sagarmala Programme

Why in the News?

The Sagarmala Programme, launched in 2015 by the Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways (MoPSW), has completed 10 years of transformative success, positioning India as a maritime powerhouse.

About Sagarmala Programme

The Sagarmala Programme was launched in 2015 by the Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways (MoPSW).
It aims to transform India’s maritime sector by enhancing port-led development, modernizing ports, and promoting sustainable coastal development.
The program is a key part of the Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047 (MAKV), which aims to make India a global maritime leader by 2047.
Five Key Components:

Port Modernization & New Port Development: Upgrading ports to boost efficiency and capacity.
Port Connectivity Enhancement: Improving multimodal logistics and port hinterland connectivity.
Port-Led Industrialization: Establishing industrial clusters near ports to foster economic growth.
Coastal Community Development: Supporting skill development and livelihood opportunities for coastal communities.
Coastal Shipping & Inland Waterways Transport: Promoting eco-friendly coastal shipping and inland waterways to reduce congestion.

Implementation & Funding
- Implementation: Managed by Major Ports, central ministries, State Governments, and agencies.
- Funding: Primarily through Public-Private Partnerships (PPP), IEBR, Grant-in-Aid, and Equity (Sagarmala Development Company Limited).

Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision, 2047 (MAKV):

The MAKV sets ambitious targets for India’s maritime sector:

4 million GRT of shipbuilding capacity.
10 billion metric tons of port handling annually.
Aiming for top five shipbuilding nations by 2047.

Progress Till Date:

839 projects identified with ₹5.79 lakh crore investment; 272 completed with ₹1.41 lakh crore investment.
118% growth in coastal shipping over the past decade, reducing logistics costs and emissions.
700% increase in inland waterway cargo, easing road and rail congestion.
Over 40 lakh passengers transported via Ro-Pax ferries.
Nine Indian ports ranked among the top 100 globally.
Sagarmala 2.0 focuses on shipbuilding, repair, recycling, and modernization with a ₹40,000 crore budget.
Sagarmala Startup Innovation Initiative (S2I2) launched in March 2025 to support startups in green shipping and sustainable development.

[UPSC 2019] With reference to India’s projects on connectivity, consider the following statements :

1. East-West Corridor under Golden Quadrilateral Project connects Dibrugarh and Surat.

2. Trilateral Highway connects Moreh in Manipur and Chiang Mai in Thailand via Myanmar.

3. Bangladesh-China -India -Myanmar Economic Corridor connects Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh with Kunming in China.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None

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Animal Husbandry, Dairy & Fisheries Sector – Pashudhan Sanjivani, E- Pashudhan Haat, etc

[pib] Revised National Program for Dairy Development (NPDD)

PIB Schemes | Agriculture | Mains Paper 3: Agriculture and related issues

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: National Program for Dairy Development (NPDD)

Why in the News?

The Union Cabinet has approved the Revised National Programme for Dairy Development (NPDD), enhancing its scope and funding to modernize and expand the dairy sector across India.

About the National Programme for Dairy Development (NPDD)

It is implemented by the Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying (DAHD).

The scheme has been operational since February 2014, initially targeting the development of dairy cooperatives and expanding infrastructure to support dairy activities.
- In July 2021, the scheme was restructured to align with the goals of the 15th Finance Commission cycle (2021-2026), to run from 2021 to 2026 with an enhanced budget.
It focuses on providing technical and financial assistance to improve the dairy infrastructure in India, including enhancing milk procurement, processing, and marketing capabilities.
It also aims to provide training facilities for dairy farmers, improving their skills and fostering rural development.

Revised Components of NPDD Scheme:

The Revised NPDD, a Central Sector Scheme, is designed with two primary components that focus on dairy infrastructure development and cooperative strengthening:

Component A: Dairy Infrastructure Improvement

This component focuses on improving essential dairy infrastructure, such as the installation of milk chilling plants, advanced milk testing laboratories, and certification systems for quality assurance.
Special attention is given to the North Eastern Region (NER), hilly areas, and Union Territories (UTs), where support is provided for the formation of new dairy cooperative societies and the strengthening of milk procurement and processing systems.
Grant support will be provided for the formation of 2 Milk Producer Companies, ensuring a more efficient procurement system.

Component B: Dairying through Cooperatives (DTC)

This component focuses on fostering dairy development through cooperative models in partnership with the Government of Japan and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).
It aims to sustainably develop dairy cooperatives, improve production, processing, and marketing infrastructure in 9 key states: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Telangana, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal.
This component seeks to introduce international best practices in cooperative management and dairy technologies.

PYQ:

[UPSC 2013] Which of the following grants direct credit assistance to the households?

1. Regional Rural Banks

2. National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

3. Land Development Banks

Select the correct answer using codes given below.

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

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Animal Husbandry, Dairy & Fisheries Sector – Pashudhan Sanjivani, E- Pashudhan Haat, etc

[pib] Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI)

PIB | Agriculture | Mains Paper 3: Economics Of Animal-Rearing

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI)

Why in the News?

The Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) recently organized Prani Mitra and Jeev Daya Award Ceremony in New Delhi.

Prani Mitra Awards were established in 1966 to honor individuals excelling in animal welfare and protection.
- Since 1966, 54 individuals have received this award for their remarkable service.
Jeev Daya Awards, instituted in 2001, acknowledge efforts in animal rescue, rehabilitation, and welfare education.

About the Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI)

The AWBI is a statutory advisory body under the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying.
It was established in 1962 under Section 4 of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (PCA) Act, 1960, with Rukmini Devi Arundale as its first chairperson.
Headquarters: Ballabhgarh, Haryana (previously in Chennai).
Composition: 28 members serving for a period of three years.
Jurisdiction: Initially under the Ministry of Food and Agriculture, later moved to the Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change, and is now managed by the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying.

Functions of AWBI:

- Recognition of Animal Welfare Organizations (AWOs): Grants recognition to organizations meeting the Board’s guidelines.
- Financial Assistance: Provides funds for shelters, cattle rescue, ambulances, and birth control programs.
- Policy and Legal Advocacy: Proposes changes in animal welfare laws and offers guidance to law enforcement agencies.
- Awareness and Education: Conducts educational programs, workshops, and publications on animal welfare.
- Monitoring Animals in Research & Entertainment: Instrumental in setting up CPCSEA (Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals) and implementing Performing Animals Rules (2001, amended 2005).
- Activism & Legal Rights for Animals: Successfully fought in 2014 (AWBI vs. Nagaraja case) for recognizing fundamental rights of animals under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.

PYQ:

[2014] Consider the following statements:

1. Animal Welfare Board of India is established under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.

2. National Tiger Conservation Authority is a statutory body.

3. National Ganga River Basin Authority is chaired by the Prime Minister.

Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

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Port Infrastructure and Shipping Industry – Sagarmala Project, SDC, CEZ, etc.

One Nation One Port Initiative

PIB | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:
Prelims level: One Nation One Port Initiative
Why in the News?

The Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways (MoPSW) has launched the “One Nation, One Port Process” (ONOP) initiative to standardize and streamline operations across India’s major ports.

What is the One Nation, One Port Initiative?
- The One Nation, One Port Process initiative, launched by the Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways (MoPSW), aims to standardize and streamline port operations across India.
- It seeks to eliminate inefficiencies, reduce documentation, and enhance trade competitiveness, aligning with India’s vision of becoming a global maritime hub.
Key Features:
- Standardized Port Operations: Uniform documentation, customs, and clearance processes across all ports to improve efficiency.
- Reduction in Documentation: Container operation documents reduced by 33% (from 143 to 96); bulk cargo documents cut by 29% (from 150 to 106).
- Sagar Ankalan Logistics Port Performance Index (LPPI): Tracks port efficiency and competitiveness to align with global logistics standards.
- MAITRI Digital Platform: Integrates AI and Blockchain for automated trade approvals, supporting Virtual Trade Corridors (VTC) with UAE, BIMSTEC, and ASEAN.
- Green and Smart Port Infrastructure: Encourages low-carbon logistics, sustainable shipping, and modernized port facilities.
- Maritime Development Fund & Shipbuilding Support: Provides financial incentives for domestic shipyards and strengthens India’s maritime industry.
PYQ:

[2009] In India, the ports are categorized as major and nonmajor ports. Which one of the following is a nonmajor port?

(a) Kochi (Cochin)
(b) Dahej
(c) Paradip
(d) New Mangalore
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Land Reforms

[pib] Project NAKSHA

PIB Prelims Only Schemes | Governance | Mains Paper 2: E-Governance

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Project NAKSHA

Why in the News?

Union Minister of Rural Development has inaugurated the National Geospatial Knowledge-based Land Survey of Urban Habitations (NAKSHA) in 152 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) across 26 States and 3 Union Territories (UTs).

What is Project NAKSHA?

It is an AI-driven urban land survey and digitization initiative launched by the Department of Land Resources under the Ministry of Rural Development.
Announced in the Union Budget 2024-25, the project aims to modernize urban land records through geospatial mapping, drone technology, and AI.
Launched in February 2025, the initiative will digitize and update land records in 152 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) across 26 States and 3 Union Territories (UTs) in its pilot phase.
Survey of India is the technical partner, conducting aerial mapping and high-resolution imaging to create accurate, tamper-proof property records.
The Madhya Pradesh State Electronic Development Corporation (MPSEDC) is developing an end-to-end web-GIS platform.
- National Informatics Centre Services Inc. (NICSI) will provide storage and data security.
- The Survey of India will provide orthorectified imagery for accurate mapping.
Project NAKSHA builds on:

Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP) for digitizing rural land records.
SVAMITVA Scheme, using drone technology to map village properties.

Budgetary Provisions:

- Pilot phase funding: ₹194 crore, fully financed by the Government of India.
- Overall Phase 1 budget: ₹5,000 crore for nationwide expansion.

Aims and Objectives of Project NAKSHA:

Standardizing urban property ownership details to eliminate land disputes.
Ensuring fraud-proof, legally valid land documentation.
Drone surveys and satellite imagery for precision mapping.
Detecting encroachments, illegal constructions, and land use changes.
Providing spatial data for urban expansion and infrastructure projects.
Digital land records enable seamless property transactions and ownership transfers.

Features and Provisions:

150+ cities covered in the first year, with full urban coverage in five years.
AI-enabled classification to identify disputed, encroached, or illegal land parcels.
Web-GIS Platform for Land Record Management to be developed by MPSEDC, ensuring real-time data access and updates.
States and UTs to conduct field surveys and ground verification.

PYQ:

[2019] With reference to land reforms in independent India, which one of the following statements is correct?

(a) The ceiling laws were aimed at family holdings and not individual holdings.

(b) The major aim of land reforms was providing agricultural land to all the landless.

(d) Land reforms permitted no exemptions to the ceiling limits.

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Indian Navy Updates

[pib] TROPEX-25

PIB | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Various Security Forces, Agencies & Their Mandates

Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:
Prelims level: TROPEX-25
Why in the News?

The 2025 edition of TROPEX is currently underway in the Indian Ocean Region, involving all operational Indian Naval units along with significant participation from the Indian Army, Indian Air Force (IAF), and the Indian Coast Guard (ICG).

About Theatre Level Operational Exercise (TROPEX)
- TROPEX is the Indian Navy’s flagship biennial operational-level exercise, designed to test and enhance India’s maritime defense capabilities.
- It is conducted in the Indian Ocean Region with participation from the Indian Navy, Indian Army, Indian Air Force (IAF), and Indian Coast Guard (ICG).
- It was first held in April 2005.
- TROPEX-25 is being conducted over a three-month period from January to March 2025 in multiple phases:
1. Harbour Phase: Focuses on strategic planning, joint training, and coordination before moving to sea operations.
2. Sea Phase: Simulates real-time combat scenarios to assess the Navy’s operational readiness.
3. Cyber and Electronic Warfare Operations: Integrates modern cybersecurity and electronic warfare tactics to counter digital threats.
4. Live Weapon Firings: Includes real-world missile and torpedo firings to test combat effectiveness.
5. Amphibious Exercise (AMPHEX): Conducts joint land-sea operations, involving amphibious landings and coastal defence drills.
Mandate and Significance of TROPEX-25

TROPEX-25 plays a pivotal role in:
- Strengthening India’s maritime dominance in the Indian Ocean Region.
- Enhancing interoperability and joint warfighting capabilities among the Navy, Army, Air Force, and Coast Guard.
- Testing real-world combat readiness in dynamic operational environments.
- Securing national maritime interests through proactive military preparedness.
- Projecting India’s naval power to safeguard maritime trade routes and counter emerging threats.
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Type: PIB

Why in the News?

About Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS):

Why in the News?

About the Jansuraksha Schemes:

Why in the News?

About Exercise Tiger Triumph

Subsequent Editions of Exercise Tiger Triumph:

Important Features:

Why in the News?

About the NITI NCAER States Economic Forum Portal

Features of NITI NCAER:

Significance:

Why in the News?

About Sagarmala Programme

Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision, 2047 (MAKV):

Progress Till Date:

Why in the News?

About the National Programme for Dairy Development (NPDD)

Revised Components of NPDD Scheme:

PYQ:

Why in the News?

About the Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI)

PYQ:

Why in the News?

What is the One Nation, One Port Initiative?

Key Features:

PYQ:

Why in the News?

What is Project NAKSHA?

Aims and Objectives of Project NAKSHA:

Features and Provisions:

PYQ:

Why in the News?

About Theatre Level Operational Exercise (TROPEX)

Mandate and Significance of TROPEX-25