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Type: Prelims Only

  • Renewable Energy – Wind, Tidal, Geothermal, etc.

    [pib] International Energy Efficiency Hub

    Prelims Only | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: International Energy Efficiency Hub

    Why in the News?

    The Union Cabinet has approved the signing of a ‘Letter of Intent’ that will enable India to join the International Energy Efficiency Hub (Hub).

    About the International Energy Efficiency Hub

    • The Hub was established in 2020 as the successor to the International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation (IPEEC), of which India was already a member.
    • It is a global platform that promotes collaboration and energy efficiency among governments, international organizations, and the private sector.
    • Members: As of July 2024, 16 countries (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, the European Commission, France, Germany, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Russia, Saudi Arabia, the US, and the UK.)
    • The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), a statutory agency, has been designated as the implementing agency for India’s participation in the Hub.

    Significance for India

    • India will benefit from opportunities to collaborate with other member states as a member.
    • India can share its expertise and learn from international best practices in energy efficiency.
    • The country will also contribute to global efforts to address climate change by promoting energy-efficient technologies and practices.
    • India’s participation will:
      • Accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy.
      • Improve energy security by adopting more efficient energy practices.

    Back2Basics: Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) 

    Details
    Establishment Established in March 2002 under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001
    Objective To promote energy efficiency and conservation, reduce energy intensity, and enhance energy security
    Governing Body Functions under the Ministry of Power, Government of India
    Key Functions • Develops energy efficiency policies and strategies
    • Implements energy conservation programs
    • Coordinates with various sectors like industry, transport, and municipalities on energy efficiency
    • Promotes R&D in energy conservation technologies
    Key Initiatives • Standards and Labeling Program (Star rating system for appliances)
    • Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT) Scheme (for energy-intensive industries)
    • Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) (for commercial buildings)
    • National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE)
    • Energy Efficiency Financing Platform (EEFP)
    Important Programs • National Energy Conservation Awards
    • Demand Side Management (DSM)
    • Street Lighting National Program (SLNP) (LED streetlight replacement)
    Goals • Reduce energy intensity in India
    • Improve energy efficiency in key sectors like agriculture, industry, buildings, and appliances
    • Contribute to sustainable development and reduce greenhouse gas emissions
    International Cooperation Collaborates with UNDP, World Bank, and ADB on energy efficiency projects globally
    Legislative Framework Operates under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001
    Achievements • Significant reduction in carbon emissions
    • Supports India’s climate commitments under the Paris Agreement

     

    PYQ:

    [2016] On which of the following, can you find the Bureau of Energy Efficiency Star Label?

    1. Ceiling fans

    2. Electric geysers

    3. Tubular fluorescent lamps

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 3 only

    (c) 2 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

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  • Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

    Why you should care about Mapping of the Fruit Fly’s Brain?

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Brain mapping of fruit flies and its applications

    Why in the News?

    Researcher have successfully mapped the entire brain of an adult fruit fly, marking the first time researchers have created such a detailed map of an adult animal’s brain.

    How Was the Fruit Fly Brain Mapped?

    • The process of mapping Fruit Flies (Drosophila melanogaster) brain began in 2013.
    • Scientists dunked the brain of an adult fruit fly in a chemical bath, hardening it into a solid block.
    • This process involved 7,050 sections of the brain and produced 21 million photos to map the entire brain.
    • The first high-resolution image of the brain was created more than a decade after the work started.

    Key findings

    • Scientists identified more than 50 million connections between 139,000 neurons (brain nerve cells).
    • They classified the cells into 8,453 distinct types, making it the largest catalogue of cell types in any brain.
    • The research gave insights into how different types of cells function and how the fruit fly’s eyes process motion and color.
    • A group of “hub neurons” was discovered, which may help speed up information flow.

    Significance of the Work

    • Although the human brain is more complex, the logic of how neurons communicate is similar between fruit flies and humans.
    • Fruit flies are a valuable model system for neuroscience. Their brains solve many of the same problems that human brains do.
    • It could help in understanding and treat mental health conditions like Parkinson’s and depression.
    • The mapping of the fruit fly’s brain raises hopes that scientists will eventually be able to map the entire human brain.

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  • Tribes in News

    Tribes in news: Chenchu Tribe

    Prelims Only | Indian Society | Mains Paper 1: Social Empowerment

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Chenchu Tribes and its unique culture

    Why in the News?

    • The Chenchu tribe, a particularly vulnerable tribal group (PVTG) in Andhra Pradesh, faces poverty, unemployment, and worsening living conditions due to the discontinuation of a special MGNREGS project.
      • The government launched the MGNREGS Chenchu Special Project in 2009 to address their specific needs, providing 180 days of employment.

    About Chenchu Tribe

    Details
    Location Primarily found in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, and Odisha
    Habitat Sparse and deciduous Nallamala forest, part of the Eastern Ghats
    Language Chenchu language, belonging to the Dravidian language family
    Traditional Livelihood Hunter-gatherers, relying on forest produce like honey, roots, tubers, soapberries, and gum for sustenance
    Role in Tiger Conservation Involved as tiger protection watchers in the Nagarjuna-Srisailam Tiger Reserve (NSTR)
    Forest Rights Granted land rights under the Forest Rights Act (2006), allowing subsistence farming and forest dwelling
    Challenges Facing displacement, low literacy rate (40.6%), and rehabilitation issues due to relocation from their forest homes
    Cultural Practices Worship Malalamma Vana Devatha (goddess of honey); brew liquor from acacia bark, mahua flower, and jaggery
    Society Community-oriented with close-knit family bonds, practicing traditional subsistence living and deeply connected to forest ecosystems
    Population 64,227 (2011 Census), spread across five districts in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana
    Government Support Special rights granted under the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (FRA)
    Major Threats Displacement due to tiger conservation efforts, lack of modern skills, poverty, and low literacy rates

     

    PYQ:

    [2013] Consider the following pairs :

    Tribe: State

    1. Limboo Limbu : Sikkim

    2. Karbi : Himachal

    3. Dongaria Kondh : Odisha

    4. Bonda : Tamil Nadu

    Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

    (a) 1 and 3 only

    (b) 2 and 4 only

    (c) 1, 3 and 4 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

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  • Languages and Eighth Schedule

    [pib] Cabinet confers Classical Language Status to Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese and Bengali languages

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Classical Languages

    Why in the News?

    The Union Cabinet has approved conferring the status of Classical Language to Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, and Bengali.

    Classical Languages in India:

    Details
    Objective To recognize and preserve Bharat’s profound cultural heritage embodied in these languages and their literary traditions.
    Criteria for Classical Language Status 2004 (when Tamil was declared a Classical Language):

    1. High Antiquity over a thousand years.
    2. A body of ancient literature valued by generations.
    3. Original literary tradition, not borrowed.

    2005 (when Sanskrit was declared a Classical Language):

    1. High Antiquity over 1500-2000 years.
    2. Ancient literature valued by generations.
    3. Original literary tradition, not borrowed.
    4. Distinct from modern forms, with possible discontinuity.

    2024 (as recommended by the Linguistic Experts Committee):

    1. High Antiquity over 1500-2000 years.
    2. Ancient literature valued by generations.
    3. Includes knowledge texts, prose, inscriptions.
    4. Distinct from current forms or may show discontinuity.
    Previously Conferred Status Tamil (2004), Sanskrit (2005), Telugu (2008), Kannada (2008), Malayalam (2013), Odia (2014)
    Implementation Strategy • Establishment of Central Universities for Sanskrit (2020)
    • Promotion of Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam, and Odia through the Central Institute of Indian Languages (Mysuru)
    • National and International awards for Classical Languages
    Impact on Employment • Employment in academia, research, and archiving
    • Jobs in preservation, digitization, translation, and publishing of ancient texts
    States Involved Maharashtra (Marathi), Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh (Pali, Prakrit), West Bengal (Bengali), Assam (Assamese)
    The Eighth Schedule
    • Lists 22 official languages, governed by Articles 344(1) and 351 of the Constitution.
    • Includes Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu
    Chronological Additions to the Eighth Schedule • 1950: Initially included 14 languages
    • 1967: Sindhi added (21st Constitutional Amendment)
    • 1992: Konkani, Manipuri (Meitei), Nepali added (71st Constitutional Amendment)
    • 2003: Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santali added (92nd Constitutional Amendment)
    • 2011: “Oriya” replaced with “Odia” (96th Constitutional Amendment)

     

    PYQ:

    [2015] Which one of the following was given classical language status recently?

    (a) Odia

    (b) Konkani

    (c) Bhojpuri

    (d) Assamese

    [2014] Consider the following languages :

    1. Gujarati

    2. Kannada

    3. Telugu

    Which of the above has/have been declared as ‘Classical Language / Languages’ by the Government?

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 3 only

    (c) 2 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

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  • Indian Navy Updates

    Second edition of Navika Sagar Parikrama

    Prelims Only | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Various Security Forces, Agencies & Their Mandates

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Navika Sagar Parikrama

    Why in the News?

    The second edition of Navika Sagar Parikrama, a global circumnavigation by sailboat was flagged off by Navy Chief at INS Mandovi in Goa.

    About Navika Sagar Parikrama:

    Details
    Expedition
    • Navika Sagar Parikrama, a maritime expedition by the Indian Navy, aimed at circumnavigating the globe in a sailboat crewed by women officers.
    • Symbolizes women’s empowerment and Indian maritime traditions.
    Objective Promotes women’s empowerment, gender equality, oceanic research, and Indian maritime traditions.
    First Edition
    • Began on September 10, 2017, with an all-women crew of six officers aboard INSV Tarini.
    • Completed on May 21, 2018.
    Second Edition Launched on October 2, 2024, with two women officers, Lieutenant Commander Dilna K. and Lieutenant Commander Roopa A., setting sail from INS Mandovi, Goa.
    Agencies Involved
    • Indian Navy: Leading the initiative.
    • National Institute of Oceanography (NIO): Marine research on microplastics and ferrous content.
    • Wildlife Institute of India (WII): Research on large sea mammals.
    • Sagar Defence: Providing drones for documentation.
    • Defence Food Research Laboratory (DFRL): Supplying meals.
    • Transform Rural India Foundation (TRIF) and Piramal Foundation: Supporting logistics and research.
    Route Divided into five legs with four stopovers:
    1. Goa to Fremantle, Australia
    2. Fremantle to Lyttleton, New Zealand
    3. Lyttleton to Port Stanley, Falkland Islands
    4. Port Stanley to Cape Town, South Africa
    5. Cape Town to Goa, India

     

    PYQ:

    [2016] Which one of the following is the best description of ‘INS Astradharini’, that was in the news recently?

    (a) Amphibious warfare ship

    (b) Nuclear-powered submarine

    (c) Torpedo launch and recovery vessel

    (d) Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier

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  • Pharma Sector – Drug Pricing, NPPA, FDC, Generics, etc.

    What are Psychedelic Drugs?

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Psychedelic Drugs

    Why in the News?

    Researchers from the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) in collaboration with researchers from Cornell, Yale, and Columbia has uncovered how a psychedelic drug interacts with the brain to alleviate anxiety.

    About Psychedelic Drugs

    • Psychedelic drugs are a class of psychoactive substances that alter perception, mood, and cognitive processes. 
    • These drugs often induce hallucinations, altered states of consciousness, and enhanced sensory experiences.
    • They are typically associated with spiritual experiences and have historically been linked with counterculture movements, but they are now being studied for their potential in medical therapies.
    • Examples of Psychedelic Drugs:
      • LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide): Known for causing intense visual hallucinations and altering thoughts, it is one of the most potent psychedelics.
      • Psilocybin: The active compound found in magic mushrooms, known for creating visual and auditory hallucinations, as well as a deep sense of connection to the environment.
      • MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine): Often associated with recreational use, but is also being researched for its therapeutic potential, especially in treating PTSD.
      • DMT (Dimethyltryptamine): Produces powerful, short-lived hallucinatory experiences, sometimes referred to as the “spirit molecule.”
      • Mescaline: Found in the peyote cactus, mescaline induces hallucinations and altered states of reality.

    How do they work?

    Psychedelics primarily affect the brain by interacting with the serotonin system, a network of neurotransmitters involved in regulating mood, perception, and cognition.

    • Serotonin Receptors: Psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin bind to 5-HT2A receptors, a type of serotonin receptor. This interaction leads to altered perception, enhanced mood, and hallucinations.
    • Brain Connectivity: They increase communication between different regions of the brain, breaking down normal patterns of activity. This leads to heightened creativity, altered sensory experiences, and a sense of connectedness.

    How Psychedelics hold promise for treating Anxiety and Depression?

    • Resetting Neural Circuits: Psychedelics may “reset” dysfunctional brain circuits, helping treat mood disorders.
    • Reduced Anxiety: They reduce overthinking by dampening activity in the brain’s default mode network.
    • Emotional Release: Patients experience emotional breakthroughs during psychedelic therapy sessions.
    • Neuroplasticity: Psychedelics may promote adaptive brain connections, aiding in recovery from chronic stress and depression.
    PYQ:

    [2018] India’s proximity to two of the world’s biggest illicit opium-growing states has enhanced her internal security concerns. Explain the linkages between drug trafficking and other illicit activities such as gunrunning, money laundering and human trafficking. What countermeasures should be taken to prevent the same? (250 Words, 15 Marks)

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  • Wildlife Conservation Efforts

    Species in News: Golden Langur

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Golden Langur

    Golden Langur

    Why in the News?

    The construction of wildlife passages and artificial canopy bridges along the India-Bhutan border has been prompted by increased deaths of the endangered golden langur due to road accidents.

    About Golden Langur

    Details
    Identification
    • Recognizable by the color of their fur, which gives them their name.
    • Fur color changes with the seasons.
    • Young langurs are almost pure white.
    Geographic Range
    • Found in Assam, India, and neighboring Bhutan year-round.
    • Inhabits an area bordered by the foothills of Bhutan (north), Manas river (east), Sankosh river (west), and Brahmaputra river (south).
    Habitat
    • Occupies moist evergreen and tropical deciduous forests, along with some riverine areas and savannahs in Assam and Bhutan.
    • Prefers living in the upper canopy of sub-tropical forests in the south and temperate forests in the north.
    Conservation Status
    • IUCN: Endangered
    • CITES: Appendix I
    • Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I
    Habitat
    • Ripu Reserve Forest and Chakrashila WLS serve as vital habitats.
    • Fragmented habitats face instability and threats.

     

    PYQ:

    [2012] Which one of the following groups of animals belongs to the category of endangered species?

    (a) Great Indian Bustard, Musk Deer, Red Panda and Asiatic Wild Ass

    (b) Kashmir Stag, Cheetal, Blue Bull and Great Indian Bustard

    (c) Snow Leopard, Swamp Deer, Rhesus Monkey and Saras (Crane)

    (d) Lion-tailed Macaque, Blue Bull, Hanuman Langur and Cheetal

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  • Innovations in Sciences, IT, Computers, Robotics and Nanotechnology

    Fluorescent Nano-Diamonds (FND)

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Fluorescent Nano-Diamonds (FND)

    Why in the News?

    Scientists at Purdue University have figured out how to levitate and spin Fluorescent Nanodiamonds (FNDs) in a vacuum.

    What are FNDs?

    • Fluorescent Nanodiamonds (FNDs) are stable, non-toxic carbon nanoparticles that emit consistent fluorescence, have a lifespan over 10 nanoseconds, and can be levitated and spun for advanced quantum research applications.

    What are their Applications?

    • Medical Diagnostics: FNDs are used for high-resolution imaging and tracking cells over extended periods due to their non-toxic nature.
    • Temperature Sensing: FNDs can measure temperatures at the microscale, making them useful for scientific experiments.
    • Correlative Microscopy: Their fluorescent properties make them ideal for combining different types of imaging techniques.
    • Sensor Technologies: Due to their sensitivity to acceleration and electric fields, FNDs can be used in industry sensors and gyroscopes for rotation sensing.
    • Quantum Computing: FNDs doped with nitrogen can be used for quantum superposition experiments and future quantum computing applications.

    PYQ:

    [2022] Which one of the following is the context in which the term “qubit” is mentioned?

    (a) Cloud Services

    (b) Quantum Computing

    (c) Visible Light Communication Technologies

    (d) Wireless Communication Technologies

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  • Capital Markets: Challenges and Developments

    F&O: How will Sebi’s new rules affect traders and brokers?

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: FandO Trading

    Why in the News?

    SEBI has introduced a six-step framework to protect investors and curb speculative trading, specifically targeting futures and options (F&O) trading by reducing volumes on expiry days and limiting retail participation.

    What are the Future and Options (F&O)?

    • Futures are contracts to buy or sell an asset (like stocks, indexes, or commodities) at a predetermined price on a future date.
    • Options give the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an asset at a set price before a certain date.

    SEBI’s Six-Step F&O Framework (Effective November 2024 – April 2025):

    In response to concerns about rising speculative trading, SEBI has outlined six key measures aimed at reducing retail interest in F&O trading:

    1. Upfront collection of options premiums
    2. Intraday monitoring of position limits
    3. Removing calendar spread benefits on expiry day
    4. Increasing the contract size for index derivatives
    5. Rationalizing weekly index derivatives to one benchmark per exchange
    6. Enhancing margin requirements on options expiry days

    Key Changes for Retail Investors:

    • Upfront Collection of Options Premiums: Retail investors must now pay the full premium upfront, limiting their ability to use high leverage in options trading.
    • Increased Contract Size: The minimum contract size for index derivatives is raised to ₹15 lakhs, reducing speculative retail participation by making it costlier to enter.
    • Rationalization of Weekly Expiries: Only one benchmark index per exchange can have weekly expiries, lowering speculative trading opportunities and intraday volatility.
    • Removal of Calendar Spread Benefits: Calendar spreads are no longer allowed on expiry days, discouraging aggressive trading strategies.

    Impact on Brokers and Revenue:

    • Decline in Trading Volumes: Brokers reliant on F&O trading will see reduced volumes due to fewer retail participants and higher barriers to entry.
    • Revenue Drop in Options Trading: Firms like Zerodha may face a 30-50% revenue drop as retail participation in options decreases.
    • Shift to Equity Trading: Retail investors may move towards equity trading, causing brokers to adapt their offerings.
    • Adaptation for Brokers: Brokers with a balanced mix of cash and derivatives will be less impacted, while those focused on F&O need to shift strategies.

    PYQ:

    [2021] With reference to India, consider the following statements:​

    1. Retail investors through demat account can invest in ‘Treasury Bills’ and ‘Government of India Debt Bonds’ in primary market.​

    2. The ‘Negotiated Dealing System-Order Matching’ is a government securities trading platform of the Reserve Bank of India. ​

    3. The ‘Central Depository Services Ltd.’ Is jointly promoted by the Reserve Bank of India and the Bombay Stock Exchange. ​

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?​

    (a) 1 only ​

    (b) 1 and 2 only ​

    (c) 3 only ​

    (d) 2 and 3 only ​

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  • Panchayati Raj Institutions: Issues and Challenges

    Special Gram Sabhas on Gandhi Jayanti

    Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Panchayats & Local Bodies

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Gram Sabha

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Panchayati Raj is organizing special Gram Sabhas across 750 Gram Panchayats on 2nd October 2024, marking Gandhi Jayanti.

    Vision to Achieve Gram Swaraj Through People’s Participation

    • These special Gram Sabhas will embody Mahatma Gandhi’s vision of Gram Swaraj—a vision of self-reliant villages driven by people’s participation in decision-making.
    • It emphasizes community-led governance, where elders, women, and youth collaborate to develop Gram Panchayat Development Plans (GPDP).

    Lal Bahadur Shastri’s Legacy

    • The event also coincides with the birth anniversary of Lal Bahadur Shastri, India’s second Prime Minister.
    • Shastri championed the values of simplicity, self-reliance, and community development.
    • Shastri’s slogan, “Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan,” emphasized the strength of India’s rural economy and its farmers, making his vision a key component of this grassroots initiative.

    About Gram Sabha

    Details
    Role and Significance • Centerpiece of the Panchayati Raj system
    • Responsible for village development and local governance
    Constitutional Provision • Defined under Article 243(b) of the Indian Constitution
    • Primary body in the Panchayati Raj system
    • A permanent body
    Members • Individuals above 18 years of age
    • Must be residing in the village
    • Listed in the electoral rolls
    Meetings • Must meet 2 to 4 times annually as per State Panchayat Raj Acts
    • Common meeting dates:
    1. Republic Day (26th Jan)
    2. Labour Day (1st May)
    3. Independence Day (15th Aug)
    4. Gandhi Jayanti (2nd Oct)
    • Panchayats may choose other dates for meetings
    Organizing Body • Organized by the Panchayat Secretary (Gram Sevak)
    • Done with approval of the Sarpanch
    Conditions for Convening • 10% of members or 50 people (whichever is greater) can request a meeting
    • A written request must be submitted 5 days prior to the meeting
    Decision-Making Process • All decisions of the Panchayat require the approval and validation of the Gram Sabha
    Purpose • Discuss local governance and development issues
    • Make need-based plans for the village

     

    PYQ:

    [2012] In the areas covered under the Panchayat (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996, what is the role/power of Gram Sabha?

    1. Gram Sabha has the power to prevent alienation of land in the Scheduled Areas.
    2. Gram Sabha has the ownership of minor forest produce.
    3. Recommendation of Gram Sabha is required for granting prospecting licence or mining lease for any mineral in the Scheduled Areas.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 1 and 2 only

    (c) 2 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

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