Prelims Only – Page 206

Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

[pib] Rashtriya Ekta Diwas

28 October 2024 | Prelims Only | History

Mains Paper 1: GS1-02.Modern Indian History- Mid-18th century – Present (significant events, personalities, issues);

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Rashtriya Ekta Diwas

Why in the News?

The ‘Rashtriya Ekta Diwas’ (National Unity Day) the birth anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, will be held on 31st October.

About National Unity Day

National Unity Day is celebrated every year in India on 31 October since 2014.
It marks the birth anniversary of Vallabhbhai Patel who had a major role in the political integration of India.
- 31 October is also celebrated as Rashtriya Sankalp Diwas or National Pledge Day as it marks the day of assassination of Indira Gandhi.

Contributions made by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel:

	Details
Who Was He?	Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950) was an Indian independence activist, lawyer, and a prominent leader of the Indian National Congress. He served as India’s first Deputy PM and Home Minister.
Role in the Freedom Struggle	• Kheda Satyagraha (1918): Led a non-violent campaign against unjust land revenue tax during a famine. • Bardoli Satyagraha (1928): Organized protests against increased land revenue, earning the title “Sardar.”
Integration of Princely States	Played a crucial role in integrating over 565 princely states into the Indian Union post-independence using diplomatic skills and firm leadership.
Establishment of All India Services	Advocated for a unified administrative framework, establishing the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), known as India’s “steel frame.”
Leadership in the Indian National Congress	Served as President during the Karachi session in 1931, where significant resolutions on Fundamental Rights were passed.
Constitutional Contributions	Headed committees of the Constituent Assembly on Fundamental Rights and minority rights, contributing to the framing of the Indian Constitution.
Promotion of National Unity	Advocated “*Ek Bharat, Shresth Bharat*” (One India, Great India), emphasizing unity in diversity to build a cohesive nation.
Social Reforms	Worked against caste discrimination, untouchability, and alcohol consumption, promoting social justice and women’s rights.

PYQ:

[2011] What was the reason for Mahatma Gandhi to organize a satyagraha on behalf of the peasants of Kheda?

1. The Administration did not suspend the land revenue collection in spite of a drought.

2. The Administration proposed to introduce Permanent Settlement in Gujarat.

Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(d) Neither 1 or 2

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Cyber Security – CERTs, Policy, etc

What are the Digital Arrest Scams?

28 October 2024 | Prelims Only | Internal Security

Mains Paper 3: Cyber Security

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Digital Arrest Scams

digital arrest

Why in the News?

The Prime Minister in his recent broadcast of “Mann Ki Baat” warned about the ‘Digital Arrest’ scams in India.

What is Digital Arrest?

	Details
What are they?	A fraudulent scheme where scammers impersonate law enforcement officials to extort money from victims under the false pretence of an arrest.
Modus Operandi	• Scammers use audio or video calls to intimidate victims. • Claim involvement in illegal activities (e.g., drugs, contraband). • Victims are kept under constant visual surveillance until demands are met.
Common Tactics	• Use of deepfake videos and fake arrest warrants. • Threats regarding family members being involved in crimes. • Fake claims about parcels containing illegal goods.
Victim Impact	Victims may face significant financial losses, emotional distress, and a sense of vulnerability due to the intimidation tactics employed by scammers.
Recent Trends	• Increase in reported cases; over 11 lakh complaints of financial cyber fraud in 2023. • Rising incidents attributed to the expansion of internet users.
Prevention Measures	• Awareness of scams and verification of callers’ identities. • Immediate disconnection of suspicious calls. • Reporting incidents to local police and cybercrime helplines.
Legal Framework	• Governed by the Information Technology Act, 2000. • Reports can be filed through the National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal (www.cybercrime.gov.in).

PYQ:

[2017] In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cyber security incidents?

1. Service providers

2. Data centres

3. Body corporate

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 1 and 2 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

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Forest Conservation Efforts – NFP, Western Ghats, etc.

What is the Hasdeo Arand Forest?

28 October 2024 | Prelims Only | Environment

Mains Paper 3: GS3-18.Conservation, Environmental Pollution and Degradation, Environmental Impact Assessment.

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Hasdeo Arand Forest

Why in the News?

In Chhattisgarh’s Hasdeo Arand forest, tribals ambushed the police after tree-felling resumed for coal mining in the area.

What is the Hasdeo Arand Forest?

Hasdeo Arand Forest is known as the “lungs of Chhattisgarh” due to its rich biodiversity.
It is the largest unfragmented forest in Central India with pristine Sal and teak forests.
It spans 1,879.6 sq km across the Sarguja, Korba, and Surajpur districts in Chhattisgarh.
- The Hasdeo River runs through the forest.
It is home to nine protected species under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, including:
- Elephants, leopards, sloth bears, Indian grey wolves, and Indian pangolins.
It supports 92 bird species, 25 mammals, 16 types of snakes, and serves as a corridor for elephants and tigers.
It hosts 640 plant species, including 128 medicinal plants and 40 timber-yielding species.

Why are the People Protesting for its ‘Protection’?

Environmental Impact: Mining threatens to destroy the forest cover, impacting biodiversity and wildlife corridors.
Livelihood Concerns: Local communities depend on the forest for farming and forest produce.
Displacement Issues: Villagers report inadequate compensation and resettlement offers, which do not match the size of their current homes.
Alleged Forgery: Villagers allege that fake gram sabha resolutions were used to secure clearances for mining projects.
Demand for Cancellations: Activists want the Parsa coal block cancelled and assurances that the 1,995 sq km Lemru Reserve Forest will be protected from future mining.

PYQ:

[2012] A particular State in India has the following characteristics:

1. It is located on the same latitude which passes through northern Rajasthan.

2. It has over 70% of its area under forest cover.

3. Over 12% of forest cover constitutes Protected Area Network in this State.

Which one among the following States has all the above characteristics?

(a) Arunachal Pradesh

(b) Assam

(d) Uttarakhand

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Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

How Tardigrades are able to resist high levels of radiation?

28 October 2024 | Prelims Only | Science and Technology
Mains Paper 3: GS3-17.Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, Robotics, Nano-technology, Bio-technology and issues relating to Intellectual Property Rights.

Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:
Prelims level: Tardigrades
Why in the News?
- A team of researchers has discovered the genetic mechanisms that allow a newly identified tardigrades species—Hypsibius henanensis—to withstand high levels of radiation.
About Tardigrades
- Tardigrades, often called “water bears” or “moss piglets,” are tiny, water-dwelling microorganisms known for their remarkable ability to survive extreme conditions.
- They can withstand environments that would be lethal for most life forms, including:
  - Extremely high and low temperatures (from near absolute zero to over 150°C),
  - High levels of radiation and vacuum conditions found in space,
  - Extreme dehydration (losing nearly all water in their bodies),
  - High pressures (up to six times that of the ocean’s deepest trenches).
- This adaptability makes them a subject of interest for scientists, especially in understanding survival mechanisms in extreme conditions.
How Tardigrades resist High Radiations?

The researchers identified 2,801 genes involved in DNA repair. Three key factors contributing to radiation tolerance include:
- DNA Repair Protein (TRID1): Enabled the species to repair double-strand DNA breaks due to radiation.
- Gene Activation for Mitochondrial Proteins: Radiation exposure activated a gene that produced two proteins vital for mitochondrial synthesis and DNA repair.
- Antioxidant Pigments (Betalains): These pigments neutralize harmful chemicals generated by radiation within cells.
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Civil Services Reforms

[pib] Karmayogi Saptah

26 October 2024 | Prelims Only | Governance

Mains Paper 2: GS2-16.Role of Civil Services in a democracy.

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Mission Karmayogi

Why in the News?

Prime Minister recently launched the ‘Karmayogi Saptah’ – National Learning Week to strengthen individual and organizational capacity among civil servants.

About Mission Karmayogi

	Details
What is it?	National Programme for Civil Services Capacity Building (NPCSCB)
Objective	• To prepare civil servants for the future by making them more creative, constructive, and innovative through transparency and technology.
Launch Date	• Launched on 2nd September 2020.
Key Features	• On-Site Learning: Complementing off-site learning with more focus on practical experience. • Integrated Government Online Training (iGOT) platform.
Pillars of NPCSCB	• Policy Framework • Institutional Framework • Competency Framework • Digital Learning Framework (iGOT-Karmayogi) • e-HRMS • Monitoring and Evaluation Framework.
Target Audience	• All civil servants (including contractual employees) across various ministries, departments, organizations, and agencies of the Union Government.
iGOT-Karmayogi Features	• My iGOT: Personalized training courses based on individual capacity-building needs. • Blended Programs: Combines offline classroom learning with online components for equitable access to training. • Curated Programs: Tailored learning paths designed for different ministries and training institutions.
Vision for 2047	• Aims to transform India into a global manufacturing hub and a supplier of skilled human resources by improving governance and civil service efficiency.
Steering Bodies	• Prime Minister’s Public Human Resources Council • Capacity Building Commission • Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) for digital assets • Coordination Unit led by the Cabinet Secretary.
Courses Offered	• The iGOT platform offers over 1400 courses for personalized learning and skill development.
Significance	• Promotes a whole-of-government approach to foster collaboration, break bureaucratic silos, and prepare civil servants for modern governance challenges through continuous capacity building.

How Karmayogi Saptah Aligns with Mission Karmayogi’s Goals?

Karmayogi Saptah promotes a culture of lifelong learning and continuous improvement, key pillars of Mission Karmayogi.
It emphasizes innovation and a citizen-first mindset, encouraging civil servants to engage with new ideas and feedback mechanisms.
By focusing on adapting to new technologies like AI, it aligns with Mission Karmayogi’s goal of a digitally proficient workforce.
It fosters collaboration across departments, supporting the mission’s aim to break silos and promote a “One Government” ethos.
Through individual and organizational development activities, the week contributes to creating a skilled, motivated workforce for a Viksit Bharat by 2047.

PYQ:

[2015] Consider the following statements:

1. The Executive Power of the union of India is vested in the Prime Minister.

2. The Prime Minister is the ex officio Chairman of the Civil Services Board.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

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Indian Navy Updates

[pib] Exercise SIMBEX 2024

26 October 2024 | Prelims Only | Internal Security

Mains Paper 3: GS3-24. Various Security Forces and Agencies and their Mandate.

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Exercise SIMBEX 2024

Why in the News?

The 31st edition of the Singapore India Maritime Bilateral Exercise (SIMBEX) is being held at the Eastern Naval Command in Visakhapatnam.

About Exercise SIMBEX:

	Details
History	Initially known as Exercise Lion King. The exercise has been held annually since 1994.
Evolution	Progressed from anti-submarine warfare to include maritime security, anti-air, and anti-surface warfare.
Objectives	• Strengthen strategic partnership between India and Singapore • Enhance interoperability and maritime domain awareness • Foster cooperation to tackle shared maritime challenges.
Phases	Harbour Phase: • Subject Matter Expert Exchanges (SMEEs) for knowledge sharing • Cross-deck visits and sports fixtures • Pre-sail briefings between both navies Sea Phase: • Advanced naval drills including live weapon firings • Anti-submarine warfare (ASW) training • Anti-surface and anti-air operations • Seamanship evolutions and tactical manoeuvres.
Significance	SIMBEX-2019 was conducted in the South China Sea and involved various maritime combat exercises. Recognized as the longest uninterrupted naval exercise that India conducts with any other country (Indian High Commission statement, 2019).

PYQ:

[2024] Which of the following statements about the Exercise Mitra Shakti-2023 is/ are correct?

This was a joint military exercise between India and Bangladesh.
It commenced in Aundh (Pune).
Joint response during counter-terrorism operations was a goal of this operation.
Indian Air Force was a part of this exercise.

Select the answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3

(b) 1 and 4

(d) 2, 3 and 4

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Historical and Archaeological Findings in News

National Manuscript Mission

26 October 2024 | Prelims Only | History

Mains Paper 1: GS1-01.Indian Culture- Salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: National Manuscript Mission

Why in the News?

The Union Ministry of Culture is planning to revive and relaunch the National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM) and is considering the formation of an autonomous body to help preserve India’s ancient texts.

Why Center is again re-evolving this scheme?

Currently, the NMM operates as part of the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts.
The new entity, expected to be named the National Manuscripts Authority, will likely function as an autonomous body under the Ministry of Tourism and Culture.

About the National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM):

Formed in 2003 by the Ministry of Tourism and Culture.
It is managed by the National Archives of India.
Objective:
- To document, conserve, digitize, and disseminate India’s manuscript heritage.
- The mission has set up over 100 Manuscripts Resource Centres and Manuscripts Conservation Centres across India.
- India has an estimated 10 million manuscripts, covering a range of themes, languages, scripts, and illustrations.
What is a Manuscript?
- A manuscript is a handwritten document on materials like paper, bark, cloth, metal, or palm leaf.
- These documents are at least 75 years old and hold scientific, historical, or aesthetic value.
- Manuscripts primarily contain knowledge content, unlike historical records that provide direct historical information.

Achievements and Challenges:

The NMM has documented metadata for 5.2 million manuscripts and digitized 300,000 titles, though only a third have been uploaded.
Concerns were raised over mismatches between digitized data and original manuscripts, requiring correction.
Of the 130,000 manuscripts uploaded, only 70,000 are accessible for viewing due to the absence of an access policy, which limits public availability, especially since 80% of manuscripts are privately owned.
NMM has conducted preventive and curative conservation of 9 crore folios over the past 21 years.

PYQ:

[2008] Recently, the manuscripts of which one of the following have been included in the UNESCO’s Memory of World Register?

(a) Abhidhamma Pitaka

(b) Mahabharata

(c) Ramayana

(d) Rig-Veda

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Animal Husbandry, Dairy & Fisheries Sector – Pashudhan Sanjivani, E- Pashudhan Haat, etc

21st National Livestock Census 2024, begins

26 October 2024 | Prelims Only | Agriculture

Mains Paper 3: GS3-09.Economics of Animal Rearing

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Livestock Census

Why in the News?

The Centre has launched the 21st National Livestock Census (LC), the five-yearly exercise of counting the country’s livestock.

Innovations in the 21st Livestock Census:

For the first time, data collection is being done via a mobile app, enhancing accuracy and timeliness.
The census will cover 15 species of animals (excluding poultry) such as cattle, buffalo, mithun, yak, sheep, goat, pig, camel, horse, donkey, and elephant.
Information on 219 Indigenous breeds and livestock holdings by pastoralists will also be recorded, along with data on the gender of individuals involved in livestock rearing.

About Livestock Census (LC)

The Livestock Census (LC) is a nationwide survey conducted every 5 years to count all domesticated animals across households, enterprises, and institutions in rural and urban areas.
- The National Livestock Census provides detailed data on the population, breeds, and distribution of livestock like cattle, buffalo, goats, sheep, pigs, and others.
Conducted by the Ministry of Animal Husbandry and Dairying in collaboration with State/UT governments since 1919.
The 21st Livestock Census (2024) is the latest in the series and includes data collected using a dedicated mobile app for improved accuracy and real-time monitoring.

Significance of the Livestock Census:

Policy Formulation: Helps the government develop policies for livestock sector growth, covering aspects like breed improvement, disease control, and feed management.
Rural Economy Support: Provides insights into the role of livestock in enhancing rural incomes, nutrition, and employment.
Livestock Development Programs: Data supports initiatives like the National Livestock Mission (NLM), which focuses on breed development, feed and fodder improvement, and innovation in livestock practices.
Indigenous Breed Conservation: Tracks indigenous livestock breeds to support breed-specific conservation and sustainable practices.

Previous Census Observations in India:

[1] 20th Livestock Census (2019):

Total Livestock Population: Recorded at 535.78 million, marking a 4.6% increase from the previous census in 2012.
Bovine Population: Counted at 302.79 million (includes cattle, buffalo, mithun, and yak).
Indigenous vs. Exotic Breeds:
- Indigenous cattle population declined by 6%, indicating a shift toward crossbred and exotic breeds.
- Exotic and crossbred cattle increased by 29.3%, driven by rising demand for high milk-yielding breeds.
Buffalo Population: Increased by 1% to 109.85 million, contributing significantly to India’s milk production.
Sheep and Goat Populations:
- Sheep population rose by 14.1%, reaching 74.26 million.
- Goat population grew by 10.1%, totaling 148.88 million.
Poultry Population: Experienced a substantial growth of 16.8%, with a total of 851.81 million birds, reflecting the expansion of commercial poultry farming.
Female Livestock Population: Increase in female cattle (18%) and female buffaloes (8%), underscoring the focus on dairy production.

[2] 19th Livestock Census (2012):

Highlighted an increase in buffalo populations and decline in indigenous cattle.
Marked significant growth in poultry numbers, reflecting changing agricultural and economic patterns.

PYQ:

[2015] Livestock rearing has a big potential for providing non-farm employment and income in rural areas. Discuss suggesting suitable measures to promote this sector in India.

[2012] Which of the following is the chief characteristic of ‘mixed farming’?
(a) Cultivation of both cash crops and food crops
(b) Cultivation of two or more crops in the same field
(c) Rearing of animals and cultivation of crops together
(d) None of the above

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Global Geological And Climatic Events

Cyclone Dana

25 October 2024 | Prelims Only | Environment

Mains Paper 1: GS1-15.Geographical features and their location- Changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Tropical Cyclone, Landfall

Why in the News?

West Bengal and Odisha experienced heavy rainfall as Tropical Cyclone Dana is anticipated to make landfall later tonight.

What are Cyclones?

Cyclones are wind systems rotating inwardly towards an area of low atmospheric pressure. They are categorised into Tropical (Temperature-induced) and Temperate (extra-tropical) cyclones (airmass-induced).
Formation Conditions: Tropical cyclones originate in warm regions, requiring conditions such as

Warm sea surface (> 27°C),
Coriolis Force,
Pre-existing low-pressure systems,
Small vertical wind speed differences, and
Upper air divergence.

Characteristics of Tropical Cyclones:

They form over warm water bodies due to energy derived from the condensation of warm water within cumulonimbus clouds.
Wind rotation is influenced by the Coriolis force, resulting in anti-clockwise rotation in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere.
By 30° latitude, the diminished warmth halts cyclone activity.

What is the “Landfall” of a Cyclone?

Landfall occurs when a tropical cyclone moves from the sea onto the land.
As per the IMD, a cyclone makes landfall when the centre of the storm, or its eye, crosses the coast.
Landfall should not be confused with a “direct hit”, where the eyewall (area of high winds) hits land but the eye of the cyclone remains offshore.
According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), a cyclone’s strongest winds may still impact land even if the centre of the storm does not reach the coast.

How long does a Cyclone Landfall last?

The duration of landfall typically lasts a few hours, depending on the wind speed and size of the storm.
For cyclone Dana, the landfall process is expected to last five to six hours with wind speeds around 125 km/h, impacting a wide region.
Cyclones usually weaken after landfall as they lose their moisture supply and experience increased surface friction.
While landfall is often the most destructive phase of a cyclone, it also signals the beginning of the cyclone’s dissipation.

PYQ:

[2015] In the South Atlantic and South Eastern Pacific regions in tropical latitudes, cyclone does not originate. What is the main reason behind this?

(a) Sea Surface temperature are low

(b) Inter Tropical Convergence Zone seldom occurs

(d) Absence of land in those regions

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International Space Agencies – Missions and Discoveries

Betelgeuse, one of the Brightest Stars predicted to Explode

25 October 2024 | Prelims Only | Science and Technology

Mains Paper 3: GS3-17.Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, Robotics, Nano-technology, Bio-technology and issues relating to Intellectual Property Rights.

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Betelgeuse

Recent research has revealed a surprising finding about Betelgeuse (which was believed to explode): the star’s unusual brightening and dimming patterns may be influenced by an unseen companion star.

Why in the News?

Recent research has revealed a surprising finding about Betelgeuse (which was believed to explode): the star’s unusual brightening and dimming patterns may be influenced by an unseen companion star.

About Betelgeuse

Betelgeuse is a red supergiant star in the Orion constellation, marking Orion’s left shoulder.
It is among the brightest and largest stars visible in the night sky, located about 650 light-years from Earth.
The star is nearing the end of its life, and when it dies, its explosion is expected to be visible during the day for several weeks.
Betelgeuse is vast, measuring more than 700 million miles (1.2 billion kilometers) in diameter.
Known for its periodic dimming and brightening, Betelgeuse has two distinct pulsation cycles:
- A short-term cycle of about one year.
- A longer six-year cycle called a long secondary period.
Researchers believe this longer cycle may be caused by Betelbuddy (an unseen companion star) moving through the dust surrounding Betelgeuse.

Indicators and Scientific Evidence

Betelgeuse’s cyclic dimming and brightening patterns indicate it is nearing the end of its life.
Its massive size and expansion as a red supergiant suggest it is in a late stellar stage.
Cooling surface temperature and mass loss through stellar winds signal increasing instability.
Spectral analysis shows heavy elements in Betelgeuse’s layers, typical of late-stage fusion.
An unseen companion star, or “Betelbuddy,” may be influencing its brightness and internal structure.

Potential Effects of Betelgeuse’s Supernova on Earth and Our Solar System

Betelgeuse’s supernova will likely be visible in daylight for weeks and brighter than the Moon at night.
At 650 light-years away, dangerous radiation would dissipate before reaching Earth, posing no harm.
Space missions and satellites may experience minor interference from increased cosmic rays.
The explosion will enrich the interstellar medium with heavy elements, contributing to new star formation.
The supernova will provide valuable scientific insights into stellar life cycles and cosmic element formation.

PYQ:

[2017] The terms ‘Event Horizon’, ‘Singularity’, ‘String Theory’ and ‘Standard Model’ are sometimes seen in the news in the context of:

(a) Observation and understanding of the Universe

(b) Study of the solar and the lunar eclipses

(d) Origin and evolution of living organisms on the Earth

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Type: Prelims Only

Why in the News?

About National Unity Day

Contributions made by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel:

PYQ:

Why in the News?

What is Digital Arrest?

PYQ:

Why in the News?

What is the Hasdeo Arand Forest?

Why are the People Protesting for its ‘Protection’?

PYQ:

Why in the News?

About Tardigrades

How Tardigrades resist High Radiations?

Why in the News?

About Mission Karmayogi

How Karmayogi Saptah Aligns with Mission Karmayogi’s Goals?

PYQ:

Why in the News?

About Exercise SIMBEX:

PYQ:

Why in the News?

Why Center is again re-evolving this scheme?

About the National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM):

Achievements and Challenges:

PYQ:

Why in the News?

Innovations in the 21st Livestock Census:

About Livestock Census (LC)

Significance of the Livestock Census:

Previous Census Observations in India:

[1] 20th Livestock Census (2019):

[2] 19th Livestock Census (2012):

PYQ:

Why in the News?

What are Cyclones?

Characteristics of Tropical Cyclones:

What is the “Landfall” of a Cyclone?

How long does a Cyclone Landfall last?

PYQ:

Why in the News?

About Betelgeuse

Indicators and Scientific Evidence

Potential Effects of Betelgeuse’s Supernova on Earth and Our Solar System

PYQ: