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  • [pib] India’s Tiger Census sets a New Guinness Record

    The fourth cycle of the All India Tiger Estimation 2018, results of which were declared to the nation on Global Tiger Day last year has entered the Guinness World Record for being the world’s largest camera trap wildlife survey.

    Before reading this newscard, try these PYQs:

    Q. The term ‘M-STrIPES’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of: (CSP 2017)

    (a) Captive breeding of Wild Fauna

    (b) Maintenance of Tiger Reserves

    (c) Indigenous Satellite Navigation System

    (d) Security of National Highways

    Q.Consider the following protected areas: (CSP 2012)

    1. Bandipur
    2. Bhitarkanika
    3. Manas
    4. Sunderbans

    Which of the above are declared Tiger Reserves?

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 1, 3 and 4 only

    (c) 2, 3 and 4 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

    About All India Tiger Estimation

    • The tiger count is prepared after every four years by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) provides details on the number of tigers in the 18 tiger reign states with 50 tiger reserves.
    • However, this time, the census also included data collected from the rough terrains of north-eastern states which were not possible due to logistic constraints before.
    • The entire exercise spanned over four years is considered to be the world’s largest wildlife survey effort in terms of coverage and intensity of sampling.
    • Over 15, 000 cameras were installed at various strategic points to capture the movement of tigers. This was supported by extensive data collected by field personnel and satellite mapping.

    Highlights of the 2018 estimation

    • India has 2,967 tigers, a third more than in 2014, according to results of a tiger census.
    • India has achieved the target of doubling tiger population four years before the 2022 deadline.
    • According to the census, Madhya Pradesh saw the highest number of tigers at 526, closely followed by Karnataka at 524 and Uttarakhand at number 3 with 442 tigers.
    • While Pench Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh recorded the highest number of tigers, Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve in Tamil Nadu registered the “maximum improvement” since 2014.
    • Chhattisgarh and Mizoram saw a decline in their tiger numbers while tiger numbers in Odisha remained constant. All other states witnessed a positive trend.

    Back2Basics: Project Tiger

    • Project Tiger is a tiger conservation programme launched in April 1973 during PM Indira Gandhi’s tenure.
    • In 1970 India had only 1800 tigers and Project Tiger was launched in Jim Corbett National Park.
    • The project is administrated by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).
    • It aims at ensuring a viable population of Bengal tigers in their natural habitats, protecting them from extinction etc.
    • Under this project the govt. has set up a Tiger Protection Force to combat poachers and funded relocation of villagers to minimize human-tiger conflicts.

  • Do we need Fiscal Council

    Why there is a need for Fiscal Council?

    • With a complex polity and manifold development challenges, India need institutional mechanisms for prudent fiscal practices.
    • An independent fiscal council can bring about much needed transparency and accountability in fiscal processes across the federal polity.
    • International experience suggests that a fiscal council improves the quality of debate on public finance, and that, in turn, helps build public opinion favourable to fiscal discipline.
    • In a globalised world of enormous capital flows, market volatility across the world and especially in emerging markets, in response to monetary policy changes in major economies, and geopolitical tensions that ebb and flow, causing currencies and commodity prices to swing, countries like India need macroeconomic management as an active function round the year.
    • Also, it is supposed to report to the parliament regarding the practicability of government forecasts in the budget. This will make executive more responsible in budget preparation.
    • For the last eight years the projections of the government has fallen short by a consistent 10 percent, leading to fund cuts in the middle of the year. Thus, an independent Fiscal council would evaluate budget proposals and forecasts using objective criteria.
    • This would also boost confidence in global credit rating agencies about government’s fiscal commitment.

  • [pib] ASEEM Portal

    Union Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship has launched Aatmanirbhar Skilled Employee-Employer Mapping (ASEEM) portal to help skilled people find sustainable livelihood opportunities.

    There are various web/portals/apps with peculiar names such as YUKTI, DISHA, SWAYAM etc. Their core purpose is similar with slight differences. Pen them down on a separate sheet.

    ASEEM Portal

    • ASEEM refers to all the data, trends and analytics which describe the workforce market and map demand of skilled workforce to supply.
    • It is developed and managed by National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) in collaboration with Bengaluru-based Company named Betterplace.
    • It is an AI-based portal which will map details of workers based on regions and local industry demands and will bridge the demand-supply gap of skilled workforce across sectors.
    • It will provide employers with a platform to assess the availability of a skilled workforce and formulate their hiring plans.
    • It will also provide real-time granular information by identifying relevant skilling requirements and employment prospects.

  • Rabari, Bharvad and Charan Tribes of Gujarat

    The Gujarat government will constitute a commission to identify the members of Rabari, Bharvad and Charan communities who are eligible to get the benefits of Schedule Tribe (ST) status.

    Try this question from CSP 2017:

    Q.Every year, a monthlong ecologically important campaign/festival is held during which certain communities/ tribes plant saplings of fruit-bearing trees. Which of the following are such communities/ tribes?

    (a) Bhutia and Lepcha

    (b) Gond and Korku

    (c) lrula and Toda

    (d) Sahariya and Agariya

    About the Tribes

    (1) Rabari

    • The Rabari, also called the Rewari are an indigenous tribal caste of nomadic cattle and camel herders and shepherds that live throughout northwest India, primarily in the states of Gujarat, Punjab and Rajasthan.
    • The word “Rabari” translates as “outsiders”, a fair description of their primary occupation and status within Indian society.
    • They speak ‘Bhopa’ which is a mixture of Gujarati, Kachchi, Marwari words and Pharasi (Persian) and use Gujarati script.
    • The Rabari are known for their distinctive art, particularly the mirrored and whitewashed mud sculpture-work that adorns their homes and villages.
    • Rabari women are responsible for this artwork and also traditionally spin the wool from their sheep and goats, and give it to local weavers to make their woollen skirts, veils, blankets and turbans.

    (2) Bharvad

    • The Bharwad are tribals primarily engaged in herding livestock.
    • The Bharwad name may derive from the Gujarati word badawad, constructed from bada (sheep) and wada (a compound or enclosure).
    • The Bharwads have numerous subgroups known as ataks or guls (clans) whose main purpose is to determine eligibility for marriage.
    • Constrained exogamy is practised between clans.

    (3) Charan

    • The Charan, also called Gadhvi, is a small tribe in Gujarat and the name Charan is derived from the word ‘Char’ which means grazing.
    • Members of the caste are considered to be divine by a large section of society.
    • Women of the caste are adored as mother goddesses by other major communities of this region.

  • Judiciary and criminalisation in politics

    This article discusses the issue of criminalisation in politics and the reasons for its persistence despite several judgements by the Supreme Courts to deal with the issue.

    The Feb 2020 SC order

    • In a February 2020 judgement the Supreme Court has asked the political parties to state the reasons for the selection of candidates.
    • The Court also asked to specify as also as to why other individuals without criminal antecedents could not be selected as candidates.
    • If a political party fails to comply, it would be “… in contempt of this Court’s orders/directions.”
    • The political party and its leadership would for the first time have to publicly own up to criminalisation of politics.
    • The judgment notes that “ in 2019 as many as 43% of MPs had criminal cases pending against them”.
    •  India is the only democratic country with a free press where we find a problem of this dimension.

    What did the earlier orders require?

    • (a) each candidate shall submit a sworn affidavit giving financial details and criminal cases.
    • (b) each candidate shall inform the political party in writing of criminal cases against him or her.
    • (c) the party shall put up on its website and on social media as well as publish in newspapers the names and details of such candidates.

    Why the problem persists

    • Survey after survey show that people around the country are unhappy with the quality of governance.
    • Given limited choices, they vote as best as they can.
    • Meanwhile, electoral bonds bring secrecy back into political funding.
    • Several laws and court judgments have not helped much, as the data show.
    • There lack of enforcement of laws and judgments.
    • It is also not clear what penalty would be imposed if the recent orders are not followed.

    Way forward

    •  Monitoring the affidavits of candidates can help in compliance.
    • Working with the EC to ensure that information is promptly available on their websites.
    • Widely circulating this information to voters using all the social media tools available.
    • Monitoring the compliance with the Supreme Court judgment to see if details of tainted candidates are promptly put up on their websites, and on their social media handles, along with proper reasons for giving them ticket.
    • Voters also need to be vigilant about misuse of money, gifts and other inducements during elections.
    • The waters will be muddied with fake news, trolling, and fanciful claims, concerted efforts to tackle the menace of fake news are required.

    Consider the question “Despite several judgements from the Supreme Court the issue of criminalisation in politics still persists. Examine the reasons for the persistence of the issues. Suggest the measures to deal with the issues.”

    Conclusion

    we may not see dramatic changes in the quality of candidates. Campaigns may continue to be more and more personal and even abusive. But all these steps are required, however insignificant they may seem.

    Original link

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/owning-up-to-criminalisation-in-politics/article32035186.ece

  • Malabar Naval Exercise to include Australia

    India has finally planned to invite Australia to join the annual Malabar naval exercise that has so far included just Japan and the U.S., in a move that could risk China’s ire.

    Go through the list for once. UPSC may ask a match the pair type question asking exercise name and countries involved.

    [Prelims Spotlight] Defence Exercises

    About Ex. Malabar

    • Exercise Malabar is a trilateral naval exercise involving the United States, Japan and India as permanent partners.
    • Originally begun in 1992 as a bilateral exercise between India and the United States, Japan became a permanent partner in 2015.
    • Past non-permanent participants are Australia and Singapore.
    • The annual Malabar series began in 1992 and includes diverse activities, ranging from fighter combat operations from aircraft carriers through Maritime Interdiction Operations Exercises.

    Significance of Australia’s inclusion

    • Earlier, India had concerns that it would give the appearance of a “quadrilateral military alliance” aimed at China.
    • Now both look forward to the cooperation in the ‘Indo-Pacific’ and the strengthening of defence ties.
    • This has led to a convergence of mutual interest in many areas for a better understanding of regional and global issues.
    • Both are expected to conclude the long-pending Mutual Logistics Support Agreement (MLSA) as part of measures to elevate the strategic partnership.

    Back2Basics: Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QSD)

    • The QSD is an informal strategic forum between the United States, Japan, Australia and India that is maintained by semi-regular summits, information exchanges and military drills between member countries.
    • The forum was initiated as a dialogue in 2007 by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe of Japan, with the support of Vice President Dick Cheney of the US, PM John Howard of Australia and PM Manmohan Singh of India.
    • The dialogue was paralleled by joint military exercises of an unprecedented scale, titled Exercise Malabar.
    • The diplomatic and military arrangement was widely viewed as a response to increased Chinese economic and military power, and the Chinese government responded to it by issuing formal diplomatic protest.
    • The QSD was recently revived considering the tensions in the South China Sea caused primarily by China and its territorial ambitions.

  • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)

    United Nations (UN) Special Rapporteurs have made public their third communication forwarded to India expressing concern over alleged excessive use of force, ill-treatment during arrests and detentions.

    Practice question for mains:

    Q.There is an urgent need for reforming the criminal justice system in India in light of rising cases of custodial torture and killings. Comment.

    What is the issue?

    The UN urged the Indian government to conduct a prompt and impartial investigation into the allegations of arbitrary killings, torture and ill-treatment and to prosecute suspected perpetrators under articles 6 and of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and articles 7 and 12 of the Committee Against Torture (CAT).

    What are the conventions cited by the UN?

    1) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)

    • The ICCPR is a multilateral treaty adopted by UN General Assembly Resolution on 16 December 1966, and in force from 23 March 1976.
    • The covenant commits its parties to respect the civil and political rights of individuals, including the right to life, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, electoral rights and rights to due process and a fair trial.
    • As of September 2019, the Covenant has 173 parties and six more signatories without ratification.
    • It is part of the International Bill of Human Rights, along with the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR).
    • It is monitored by the UN Human Rights Committee (a separate body to the UN Human Rights Council).

    2) United Nations Convention Against Torture (UNCAT)

    • The UNCAT is an international human rights treaty, under the review of the UN and was adopted in 1984.
    • It aims to prevent torture and other acts of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment around the world.
    • The convention requires states to take effective measures to prevent torture in any territory under their jurisdiction and forbids states to transport people to any country where there is reason to believe they will be tortured.
    • Since the convention’s entry into force, the absolute prohibition against torture and other acts of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment has become accepted as a principle of customary international law.

    3) The Committee against Torture (CAT)

    • It is a body of human rights experts that monitors implementation of the Convention by State parties.
    • The Committee is one of eight UN-linked human rights treaty bodies.
    • All state parties are obliged under the Convention to submit regular reports to the CAT on how rights are being implemented.
    • Upon ratifying the Convention, states must submit a report within one year, after which they are obliged to report every four years.
    • The Committee examines each report and addresses its concerns and recommendations to the State party in the form of “concluding observations.”
    • Under certain circumstances, the CAT may consider complaints or communications from individuals claiming that their rights under the Convention have been violated.

  • UAE in support of Open Skies Agreement with India

    The UAE is keen to have an open sky agreement with India.

    Open Skies Agreement! Look how confusing does it sound compared to the Open Skies Treaty between the US and Russia.

    What is the Open Skies Agreement?

    • The National Civil Aviation Policy, 2016, allows the government to enter into an ‘open sky’ air services agreement on a reciprocal basis with SAARC nations as well as countries beyond a 5,000-kilometre radius from New Delhi.
    • This implies that nations within this distance need to enter into a bilateral agreement and mutually determine the number of flights that their airlines can operate between the two countries.
    • India has open sky agreements with Japan, Greece, Jamaica, Guyana, Czech Republic, Finland, Spain and Sri Lanka.
    • India also has an open sky agreement with the US, among other countries.

    Why UAE wants such an agreement with India?

    • There are about 1,068 flights a week between India and the UAE operated by the airlines of the two countries under the bilateral Air Service Agreement.
    • India has open skies policy with SAARC countries and those beyond the 5,000-km radius.
    • UAE wants India to revisit this policy.

    Must read:

    U.S. set to exit the ‘Open Skies Treaty’ Copy

  • Rewriting the social contract to deal with the pandemic

    The article examines the theoretical basis on which the governments exercise power. That basis is encapsulated in the ‘social contract theory’. The role of government, however, came under the scanner in the pandemic in which the impact of pandemic was different for the different people.

    Social contract theory: Then and now

    • In the course of evolution, formed the concept of social groups and resultant rules they would abide by.
    • This is the most rudimentary form of what is known as the ‘social contract theory’.
    • When monarchies and empires prevailed, it was easy to understand a social contract.
    • But democratically elected governments have found it more difficult to derive the same legitimacy.
    • Modern society and modern governments also use the social contract theory to claim legitimacy for their actions.
    • The social contract comprises people agreeing to live as one under common laws and in enforcing those common laws justly.

    Modern-day governments’ approach

    • Modern-day governments fundamental credo is that society is best served if a government takes on an executive or sovereign power, with the consent of the people.
    • Governments also use the power democratically invested in them to decide what is in the best interest of the people.
    • Thus, there is a bending of individual free will towards the collective will.
    • So, the social contract is being used by modern governments to justify greater aggrandisement of power in the hands of the sovereign.

    Governments role in pandemic and social contract

    • The novel coronavirus pandemic has laid bare the falsity of this image.
    • Access to information about this pandemic has not been equal.
    • Access to resources to avoid the disease has not been equal.
    • And, of course, access to treatment has not been equal.
    • All this led to uneven impact of the pandemic on people belonging to the different strata of the society.

    Inequality and the impact of pandemic

    •  All societies have some measure of inequality.
    • However, in deeply unequal societies, where the Gini Coefficient exceeds 0.4, for instance, different strata of society will have very different needs to deal with a crisis of this nature.
    • We have seen societies with lower Gini Coefficients deal with the crisis far better.
    • This is because a uniform approach works perfectly when society is perfectly equal.

    Centralised or decentralised approach: Which is better to deal with pandemic?

    • The social contract which imbues a centralised sovereign with overreaching powers has clearly failed on this occasion.
    • The centralised sovereign will work well against a mighty external aggressor, but not against a microscopic pathogen.
    • What is required is not just a decentralised approach but also a state which is sensitive.

    Consider the question “The COVID pandemic has impacted the people with varying intensity and its impact was more on societies with more inequality. This highlights the centrality of the government. Critically examine.”

    Conclusion

    The novel coronavirus cannot be defeated by a centralised government. COVID-19 can only be defeated by an empowered populace. The social contract requires to be rewritten. It does not require anything drastic such as a revolution or anarchy. Rather, it only needs fundamental introspection and rethinking by the governing classes including bureaucrats.

    Oped-snap

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-social-contract-needs-to-be-rewritten/article32025342.ece

  • Digitising the state

    This article examines the issues with governments account problems and their implications. It also suggests the ways to deal with the problems with data management in India.It is is line with the suggestions made by the CAG in this regard.

    Problem with government account keeping

    • The Union budget grew from Rs 197 crore in 1947 to Rs 30 lakh crore last year.
    • Total government expenditure may be higher than Rs 70 lakh crore. (states+union)
    • But the form and manner of keeping accounts have more or less remained unchanged since Independence.
    • Manual transactions and manual payments often lead to manually entered data at different stages in different databases on different systems.
    • This makes data unreliable, violates the principle of “single source of truth”.
    • This also sabotages transparency and good governance.

    Issues with computerisation by government

    • Government “computerisation” has often mechanised manual processes rather than “re-engineered processes”.
    • This has created siloed IT systems.
    • It has created various separate databases that lack modern data sharing protocols for organic linking like APIs (Application Programming Interfaces).
    • It leaves fiscal data being incomparable as basic as salary expenditure across states.
    • It creates the problem of obscurity in which large expenditures are booked under omnibus head called other.
    • Non-traceable actual expenditure against temporary advances drawn or funds drawn on contingent bills.
    • It creates the problem of misclassification so that grants in aid is classified as capital expenditure and bookings under suspense heads.

    3 Steps to deal with the issues

    1)  100% end-to-end data capture

    • All receipts and expenditure transactions including demands, assessment, and invoices should be received, processed, and paid electronically.

    2)  Data governance for standards

    •  Data standards are rules for describing and recording data elements with precise meanings that enable integration, sharing, and interoperability.
    • Prescribing data elements for all transactions will ensure standardisation.
    • This standardisation will clarify ambiguity, minimise redundant data, and create protocols for integration across different databases across entities receiving government funds.
    • It will also integrate entities collecting revenues on behalf of the government, and those discharging core functions on behalf of the government.
    • Government-wide data standards coupled with real-time data captured end-to-end will enable the use of cognitive intelligence tools like analytics, artificial intelligence, machine learning.
    • These tools, will support the establishment of budget baselines, detecting anomalies, data-driven project/activity costing, performance comparisons across departments and agencies, and benchmarking.

    3) Technology architecture

    • The element of technology architecture must ensure that all IT government systems should conform to a prescribed open architecture framework.
    • This framework should ensure robust security and maintaining privacy.

    How will these 3 steps help

    • It will help in recognising off-budget transactions, the last Union budget took steps towards this fiscal transparency and consolidation.
    • These steps will ensure business continuity: electronic records cannot be lost or misplaced like files or paper records.
    • It will also provide an incontrovertible audit trail.
    • It will enable Parliament and legislatures to draw “assurance” that each rupee due to the government has been collected, and each rupee has been spent for the purpose it was allocated.

    Consider the question “Government expenditure has increased manifold since 1947 but the form and manner of keeping data have remained more or less the same. In light of this examine the issues with payments, accounting and transactions data system of the government. Suggest the measures to improve it.”

    Conclusion

    A citizen-centric view of a single source of truth encompassing every rupee of public money would make the 299 remarkable people who wrote India’s Constitution proud of this 21st-century citizen empowerment innovation.

    Original Op-ed

    https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/digitising-the-state-6496692/