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  • Tackling second Covid wave

    The article suggests ways to deal with the second wave of Covid in India.

    What explains the bigger second wave

    • The size of any epidemic is a function of three things:
    • 1) The size of the pool of the susceptible population.
    • 2) The pattern of contact between the members of the population (frequency, mix, closeness and duration).
    • 3) Probability of spread during that contact (infectiousness of the agent).

    Let us have a look at these 3 factors in the current context

    • As many people have already been infected in the first wave, the pool of susceptibles should be smaller.
    • Serosurveys also support this as they found that about 25 per cent of people had already been infected nationally.
    • However, this is an average and hides significant variations by state, age and place of residence.
    • Populations with lower seroprevalence become the potential pool for the second wave.
    • Given India’s large population base, the actual number of people are sufficiently large to enable multiple waves till we achieve a more even spread of protected people.
    • The persistence of protectiveness of antibodies of those already infected and their cross-protectiveness to newer strains is not well established.
    • Vaccination would reduce the pool of susceptibles.
    • However, the current level of vaccination coverage is not sufficient to make a significant difference to this wave, given the fact that we are already riding it.
    • It is a good strategy to prevent the next wave, if we can achieve substantial coverage with it.
    • Vaccination also prevents severe disease, and hence reduces the death toll.
    • With the removal of most restrictions, the probability of contact between individuals has risen sharply.

    Way forward

    • What can and should be avoided are super-spreader events like a crowded park, the Kumbh mela, election rallies, etc.
    • A much stronger community engagement with a robust communication strategy and lesser emphasis on “criminalising” inappropriate behaviour is required.
    • A nuanced communication campaign is the need of the hour and is conspicuous by its complete absence.
    • What is urgently needed is a robust evidence-based communication campaign.
    • Such a campaign would involve proactive serial assessment of the community perceptions and concerns, testing and refining messages through an evolving campaign.
    •  A district-specific strategy of “test, trace, treat” along with containment measures (isolation and quarantine) is still the best way to deal with the situation.
    • We also need to put a stop to political bickering; it erodes public trust and confidence.

    Conclusion

    Dealing with the second wave should be based on the experience drawn from dealing with the first wave and complemented by a better communication strategy.

  • All gold jewellery to bear hallmark

    The Centre will go ahead with its plan to mandate hallmarking of gold jewellery from June 1. The plan had been delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

    Note: Gold hallmarking is a purity certification and is voluntary at present.

    What is Hallmark Gold?

    • The process of certifying the purity and fineness of gold is called hallmarking.
    • Bureau of Indian Standards, the National Standards Body of India, is responsible for hallmarking gold as well as silver jewellery under the BIS Act.
    • If you see the BIS hallmark on the gold jewellery/gold coin, it means it conforms to a set of standards laid by the BIS. Hallmarking gives consumers assurance regarding the purity of the gold they bought.
    • That is, if you are buying hallmarked 18K gold jewellery, it will actually mean that 18/24 parts are gold and the rest is alloy.

    Here are the four components one must look at the time of buying gold (they are mentioned in the laser engraving of a hallmark seal):

    1. BIS Hallmark: Indicates that its purity is verified in one of its licensed laboratories
    2. Purity in carat and fineness (corresponding to given caratage KT)
      •     22K916 (91.6% Purity)
      •     18K750 (75% Purity)
      •     14K585 (58.5% Purity)
    3. Assaying & Hallmarking Centre’s mark
    4. Jeweler’s unique identification mark

    Try this PYQ from CSP 2017:

    Q. Consider the following statements:
    1. The Standard Mark of the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is mandatory for automotive tyres and tubes.
    2. AGMARK is a quality Certification Mark issued by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO).

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

    Why such a move now?

    • As per the new rules, if jewellery or an artefact made of 14-, 18- or 22-carat gold is sold without the BIS hallmark, the jeweller could be penalized five times the cost of the object or imprisoned for up to one year.
    • About 40% of gold jewellery is sold with a hallmark.
    • Mandatory hallmarking would protect the public against lower caratage and ensure consumers did not get cheated while buying gold ornaments and got the purity as marked on the ornaments.

  • Register of Indigenous Inhabitants of Nagaland (RIIN)

    An apex body of Naga tribes has asked the Nagaland government not to be hasty with the exercise to prepare the Register of Indigenous Inhabitants of Nagaland (RIIN), seen as a variant of Assam’s National Register of Citizens.

    Register of Indigenous Inhabitants of Nagaland (RIIN)

    • The Government of Nagaland has decided to set up a Register of Indigenous Inhabitants of Nagaland (RIIN) with the aim of preventing fake indigenous inhabitants’ certificates.
    • The RIIN will be the master list of all indigenous inhabitants of the state.

    How will the list be prepared?

    • The RIIN list will be based on “an extensive survey”.
    • It will involve official records of indigenous residents from rural and (urban) wards and would be prepared under the supervision of the district administration.
    • The preparation of the list will start from July 10, 2019, and the whole process will be completed within 60 days from the start.
    • Designated teams of surveyors will be formed within seven days from the date of publication of the notification, and thereafter these teams will be sent across each village and ward.
    • The database will note each family’s original residence, current residence as well as the concerned Aadhaar

    What is the review procedure?

    • Respondents will be given an opportunity to make their case before the authorities.
    • Eventually, respective Dy. Commissioners will adjudicate on the claims and objections based on official records and the evidence produced.
    • This process will be completed before December 10, 2019.

    Unique identity through Indigenous Inhabitant Certificate

    • Based on the adjudication and verification, a list of indigenous inhabitants will be finalised and each person will be given a unique ID.
    • The final list or the RIIN will be created and its copies will be placed in all villages and ward.
    • Electronic copies of the list will also be stored in the State Data Centre. A mechanism or electronic and SMS-based authentication will be put in place.
    • All indigenous inhabitants of the state would be issued a barcoded and numbered Indigenous Inhabitant Certificate.
    • The process will be conducted across Nagaland and will be done as part of the online system of Inner Line Permit (ILP), which is already in force in Nagaland.

    Back2Basics: Inner Line Permit (ILP)

    • ILP is an official travel document required by Indian citizens residing outside certain “protected” states while entering them.
    • The ILP is issued by the Govt. of India and is obligatory for all those who reside outside the protected states.
    • With the ILP, the government aims to regulate movement to certain areas located near the international border of India.
    • ILP’s origin dates back to the Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulations, 1873, which protected the British Crown’s interest in tea, oil and elephant trade.
    • It prohibited “British subjects” or Indians from entering these protected areas.
    • After Independence, in 1950, the word “British subjects” was replaced by Citizens of India and the focus of the ban on free movement was explained as a bid to protect tribal cultures in northeastern India.

  • Indian Rhino Vision 2020

    The ambitious Indian Rhino Vision 2020 (IRV 2020) came to a close with the release of two rhinos — an adult male and a female — in Assam’s Manas National Park transported from Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary about 185 km east.

    Try this PYQ:

    Q.Recently there was a proposal to translocate some of the lions from their natural habitat in Gujarat to which one of the following sites?

    (a) Corbett National Park

    (b) Kuno Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary

    (c) Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary

    (d) Sariska National Park

    What is IRV 2020?

    • In 2005, conservationists, alongside the Bodoland Territorial Council and the Government of Assam, came together to develop a long-term strategy to manage the species.
    • Their vision was ambitious; to build a 3,000-strong wild population of Greater one-horned rhinos by 2020, spread across seven sites in the state of Assam.
    • Thus the “Indian Rhino Vision 2020” (IRV2020) was born.

    Success of the IRV

    • Designed in 2005, the IRV2020 is believed to have achieved its target of attaining a population of 3,000 rhinos in Assam.
    • But the plan to spread the Rhinoceros unicornis across four protected areas beyond Kaziranga National Park, Orang National Park and Pobitora could not materialise.
    • Assam had at least five rhino-bearing areas till the 1980s.
    • Manas, in focus for the near-extinction of the pygmy hog, lost the World Heritage Site tag it received in 1985 along with Kaziranga from the UNESCO.
    • The translocated rhinos helped Manas National Park get back its World Heritage Site status in 2011.

  • [pib] E-SANTA: Electronic marketplace to connect Aqua farmers and buyers

    Union Commerce and Industry Ministry has inaugurated E-SANTA, an electronic marketplace providing a platform to connect aqua farmers and buyers.

    Note:

    Aquaculture also known as aquafarming is the farming of fish, crustaceans, mollusks, aquatic plants, algae, and other organisms. It involves cultivating freshwater and saltwater populations under controlled conditions, and can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is the harvesting of wild fish.

    Mariculture commonly known as marine farming refers to aquaculture practiced in marine environments and in underwater habitats, opposed to in freshwater.

    E-SANTA

    • The term e-SANTA was coined for the web portal, meaning Electronic Solution for Augmenting NaCSA farmers’ Trade-in Aquaculture.
    • It will enable the farmers to get a better price and the exporters to directly purchase quality products from the farmers enhancing traceability, a key factor in international trade.
    • National Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture (NaCSA) is an extension arm of Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA), Ministry of Commerce & Industry.
    • It will raise income, lifestyle, self-reliance, quality levels, traceability, and provide new options for our aqua farmers.
    • The platform will change the traditional way of carrying out business from a word of mouth basis to become more formalized & legally binding.

    E-SANTA will RAISE the lives & income of farmers by:

    1. Reducing Risk
    2. Awareness of Products & Markets
    3. Increase in Income
    4. Shielding Against Wrong Practice
    5. Ease of Processes

    Its’ utility

    • E-SANTA is a Digital Bridge to end the market divide and will act as an alternative marketing tool between farmers & buyers by eliminating middlemen.
    • It will revolutionize traditional aqua farming by providing cashless, contactless and paperless electronic trade platform between farmers and exporters.
    • It can become a tool to advertise collectively the kind of products the buyers, fishermen & fish producing organisations are harvesting.

    How does it work?

    • E-SANTA is a completely paperless and end-to-end electronic trade platform between Farmers and exporters.
    • The farmers have the freedom to list their products and quote their price while the exporters have the freedom to list their requirements and also to choose the products based on their requirements.
    • This enables the farmers and buyers to have greater control over the trade and enables them to make informed decisions.
    • The platform provides a detailed specification of each product listing and it is backed by an end to end electronic payment system with NaCSA as an Escrow agent.
    • After crop listing and online negotiation, a deal is struck, advance payment is made and an estimated invoice is generated.

  • [pib] MANAS Platform

    The MANAS App to promote wellbeing across age groups was recently launched.

    Name, acronym and the purpose; thats all. The rest of the theory is of less importance.

    MANAS Platform

    • MANAS is an acronym for Mental Health and Normalcy Augmentation System.
    • It is a comprehensive, scalable, and national digital wellbeing platform and an app developed to augment the mental well-being of Indian citizens.
    • MANAS was initiated by the Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India and jointly executed by NIMHANS Bengaluru, AFMC Pune and C-DAC Bengaluru.
    • It was endorsed as a national program by the Prime Minister’s Science, Technology, and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC).
    • It integrates the health and wellness efforts of various government ministries, scientifically validated indigenous tools with gamified interfaces developed/researched by various national bodies and research institutions.

  • NCAHP Bill 2020

    The article highlights the key aspects of NCAHP Bill 2020 which recognises the allied healthcare professionals and seeks to regulate and set the standards of education.

    Regulating allied health professions

    • The National Commission for Allied and Healthcare Professions Bill, 2020 (NCAHP) was passed by Parliament in March.
    • Global evidence demonstrates the vital role of allied professionals in the delivery of healthcare services.
    • They are the first to recognise the problems of the patients and serve as safety nets.
    • Their awareness of patient care accountability adds tremendous value to the healthcare team in both the public and private sectors.
    • The passage of this Bill has the potential to overhaul the entire allied health workforce by establishing institutes of excellence and regulating the scope of practice by focusing on task shifting and task-re distribution.

    What the Bill provides for

    • This legislation provides for regulation and maintenance of standards of education and services by allied and healthcare professionals and the maintenance of a central register of such professionals.
    • It recognises over 50 professions such as physiotherapists, optometrists, nutritionists, medical laboratory professionals, radiotherapy technology professionals, which had hitherto lacked a comprehensive regulatory mechanism.
    • This Bill classifies allied professionals using the International System of Classification of Occupations (ISCO code).
    • This facilitates global mobility and enables better opportunities for such professionals.
    • The Act aims to establish a central statutory body as a National Commission for Allied and Healthcare Professions.
    • The Bill has the provision for state councils to execute major functions through autonomous boards.

    Shift in perception and policy in healthcare delivery

    • There has been a paradigm shift in perception, policy, and programmatic interventions in healthcare delivery in India since 2017.
    • In the past, curative healthcare received substantially greater attention than preventive and promotive aspects.
    • Ayushman Bharat as a programmatic intervention, with its two pillars of Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs) and Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY), operationalised certain critical recommendations of the National Health Policy, 2017, emphasising wellness in healthcare.
    • With PMJAY, the neediest are protected from catastrophic expenditure and India took the first step towards delivering comprehensive primary healthcare with HWCs.

    Conclusion

    Caring for patients with mental conditions, the elderly, those in need of palliative services, and enabling professional services for lifestyle change related to physical activity and diets, all require a trained, allied health workforce. The NCAHP is not only timely but critical to this changing paradigm.

  • An aggressive vaccination drive holds the key to economic revival

    The article highlights the challenges posed by the second wave of covid and how aggressive vaccination could help dealing with the issue.

    Severe second covid wave in India

    • India’s daily new cases have surged past 1,50,000, much above the first peak.
    • In India’s first wave, the increase from 50,000 to about 1,00,000 cases took about 50 days; in the second wave, it’s taken just 13.
    • To start with, the second wave was more concentrated, with Maharashtra accounting for 60 per cent of cases.
    • While the top five states still account for about 65 per cent of cases, the reproduction (R) factor in almost 10 states is estimated to be two or higher, creating risks for a wider and more rapid spread, if unaddressed.

    Lessons from the first wave

    • Policymakers, businesses and households have all learnt from the first wave and with the private sector better adapted to “live with the virus”.
    • Therefore, the economic costs should hopefully not be comparable to the first wave. Yet, they may not be trivial either.
    • The five states that account for 65 per cent of new cases also account for almost 36 per cent of GDP.
    • As virus cases have grown and restrictions have been imposed, retail and recreational mobility across these five states, is down 10 per cent since mid-March.
    • Labour market surveys have also begun to show discernable impacts on both participation and unemployment rates.

    Implications of unequal recovery for developing countries

    • The IMF projects India’s FY22 growth at 12.5 per cent, this would still leave India about 8-9 per cent below the level of output that was projected pre-pandemic for the end of 2021-22.
    • The challenge for emerging markets is that, given the quantum of fiscal and monetary space expended in combating the first wave, space to respond to subsequent waves will be constrained.
    •  Owing to the fiscal support and pace of vaccinations the US will be the only large economy, apart from China, to surpass its pre-pandemic path.
    • This, resulted in increased US yields, tightened global financial conditions, induced dollar strength and triggered
    • All this makes it harder for emerging economies to respond expansively to domestic shocks.
    • In effect, the heterogeneity of the recovery across developed and emerging markets is imposing policy constraints on the latter which, ironically, will simply compound the economic divergence.

    Challenges for India

    • India’s fiscal space to respond to a second wave appears constrained due to the following two factors:
    • 1) In India’s case, consolidated public debt will approach 90 per cent of GDP.
    • 2) The consolidated public sector borrowing requirements are budgeted above 11 per cent of GDP in FY22.
    • The dependence on budgeted asset sales has only increased, both as a hedge to tax revenues that could be impacted from a second wave, and as a means of protecting expenditures.
    • It will be equally crucial to leaving enough space for higher MGNREGA demand and other safety nets on account of a second wave, even while protecting capital expenditures — which generate large multiplier effects on the economy.
    • Similarly, monetary policy is already very accommodative, and with core inflation sticky and elevated, global deflationary pressures entrenched, there are natural limits to the degree of more monetary accommodation.

    Aggressive vaccination is the key

    • Israel, the UK and the US have all demonstrated how aggressive vaccinations can bend the COVID-curve.
    • Therefore, the Indian government’s decision to approve a third vaccine and fast-track emergency approval for foreign-produced vaccines is unambiguously positive.
    • On the demand side, of an estimated 100-110 million population of seniors (60-plus) in India, only about 40 million have taken the vaccine over the last six weeks, suggesting a reluctance to get vaccinated.
    • But, in fact, it’s crucial to ensure the vulnerable — those whose probability of hospitalisation is the highest — are fully vaccinated to reduce pressure on the health infrastructure.

    Consider the question “What are the challenges posed to the developing countries by heterogeneity of recovery across the developed and developing countries?

    Conclusion

    Vaccinations should be construed as simultaneously delivering both a positive demand and supply shock (for the economy), and a negative demand shock (for health infrastructure), thereby providing the best chance to decisively break the trade-offs between lives and livelihoods that bedevilled emerging markets all of last year.

  • Why the Personal Data Protection Bill matters

    The existing data protection framework based on IT Act 2000 falls short on several counts. The Personal Data Protection Bill seeks to deal with the shortcoming in it. The article explains how the two differs.

    Need for new data protection regime

    • The need for a more robust data protection legislation came to the fore in 2017 post the Supreme Court’s landmark judgment in Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd) v. Union of India.
    • In the judgment, the Court called for a data protection law that can effectively protect users’ privacy over their personal data.
    • Consequently, the Committee of Experts was formed under the Chairmanship of Justice (Retd) B.N. Srikrishna to suggest a draft data protection law.
    • The Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, in its current form, is a revised version of the draft legislative document proposed by the Committee.

    Issues with the existing data protection framework

    • The Information Technology Act, 2000 governs how different entities collect and process users’ personal data in India.
    • However, entities could override the protections in the regime by taking users’ consent to processing personal data under broad terms and conditions.
    • This is problematic given that users might not understand the terms and conditions or the implications of giving consent.
    •  Further, the frameworks emphasise data security but do not place enough emphasis on data privacy.
    • As a result, entities could use the data for purposes different to those that the user consented to.
    •  The data protection provisions under the IT Act also do not apply to government agencies.
    • Finally, the regime seems to have become antiquated and inadequate in addressing risks emerging from new developments in data processing technology.

    How the new regime under Data Protection Bill 2019 is different

    • First, the Bill seeks to apply the data protection regime to both government and private entities across all sectors.
    • Second, the Bill seeks to emphasise data security and data privacy.
    • While entities will have to maintain security safeguards to protect personal data, they will also have to fulfill a set of data protection obligations and transparency and accountability measures.
    • Third, the Bill seeks to give users a set of rights over their personal data and means to exercise those rights.
    • Fourth, the Bill seeks to create an independent and powerful regulator known as the Data Protection Authority (DPA).
    • The DPA will monitor and regulate data processing activities to ensure their compliance with the regime.

    Concerns

    • Under clause 35, the Central government can exempt any government agency from complying with the Bill.
    • Similarly, users could find it difficult to enforce various user protection safeguards (such as rights and remedies) in the Bill.
    • For instance, the Bill threatens legal consequences for users who withdraw their consent for a data processing activity.
    • Additional concerns also emerge for the DPA as an independent effective regulator that can uphold users’ interests.

    Consider the question “What are the issues with the present framework in India for data and privacy protection? How the Personal Data Protection Bill seeks to address these issues?”

    Conclusion

    The Joint Parliamentary Committee that is scrutinising the Bill is expected to submit its final report in the Monsoon Session of Parliament in 2021 Taking this time to make some changes in the Bill targeted towards addressing various concerns in it could make a stronger and more effective data protection regime.

  • Person in news: Jyotirao Phule (1827 –1890)

    The Prime Minister has paid tribute to the great social reformer, thinker, philosopher and writer Mahatma Jyotiba Phule on his birth anniversary.

    Mahatma Phule

    • Jotirao Govindrao Phule was an Indian social activist, thinker, anti-caste social reformer and writer from Maharashtra.
    • His work extended to many fields, including the eradication of untouchability and the caste system and for his efforts in educating women and exploited caste people.
    • He and his wife, Savitribai Phule, were pioneers of women’s education in India. Phule started his first school for girls in 1848 in Pune at Tatyasaheb Bhide’s residence or Bhidewada.
    • He, along with his followers, formed the Satyashodhak Samaj (Society of Truth Seekers) to attain equal rights for people from exploited castes.
    • People from all religions and castes could become a part of this association which worked for the upliftment of the oppressed classes.
    • Phule is regarded as an important figure in the social reform movement in Maharashtra. He was bestowed with an honorific Mahātmā title by Maharashtrian social activist Vithalrao Krishnaji Vandekar in 1888.

    His social work

    Phule’s social activism included many fields, including the eradication of untouchability and the caste system, education of women and the Dalits, and welfare of downtrodden women.

    1. Education
    • In 1848, aged 21, Phule visited a girls’ school in Ahmadnagar, run by Christian missionaries.
    • He realized that exploited castes and women were at a disadvantage in Indian society, and also that education of these sections was vital to their emancipation
    • Phule first taught reading and writing to his wife, Savitribai, and then the couple started the first indigenously run school for girls in Pune.
    • The conservative upper caste society of Pune didn’t approve of his work. But many Indians and Europeans helped him generously.
    1. Women’s welfare
    • Phule watched how untouchables were not permitted to pollute anyone with their shadows and that they had to attach a broom to their backs to wipe the path on which they had travelled.
    • He saw young widows shaving their heads, refraining from any sort of joy in their life. He saw how untouchable women had been forced to dance naked.
    • He made the decision to educate women by witnessing all these social evils that encouraged inequality.
    • He championed widow remarriage and started a home for dominant caste pregnant widows to give birth in a safe and secure place in 1863.
    • His orphanage was established in an attempt to reduce the rate of infanticide.
    • Along with his longtime friend Sadashiv Ballal Govande and Savitribai, he started an infanticide prevention centre.
    • Phule tried to eliminate the stigma of social untouchability surrounding the exploited castes by opening his house and the use of his water-well to the members of the exploited castes.
    1. Views on religion and caste
    • Phule recast Aryan invasion theory, proposing that the Aryan conquerors of India, were in fact barbaric suppressors of the indigenous people.
    • He believed that they had instituted the caste system as a framework for subjugation and social division that ensured the pre-eminence of their Brahmin successors.
    • He saw the subsequent Muslim conquests of the Indian subcontinent as more of the same sort of thing, being a repressive alien regime.
    • But he considered the British to be relatively enlightened and not supportive of the varnashrama dharma system instigated and then perpetuated by those previous invaders.
    • In his book, Gulamgiri, he thanked Christian missionaries and the British colonists for making the exploited castes realise that they are worthy of all human rights.
    • His critique of the caste system began with an attack on the Vedas, the most fundamental texts of Hindus. He considered them to be a form of false consciousness.
    • He is credited with introducing the Marathi word ‘Dalit’ (broken, crushed) as a descriptor for those people who were outside the traditional varna system.
    • He advocated making primary education compulsory in villages. He also asked for special incentives to get more lower-caste people in high schools and colleges.

    Satyashodhak Samaj

    • On 24 September 1873, Phule formed Satyashodhak Samaj to focus on the rights of depressed groups such as women, the Shudra, and the Dalit.
    • Through this the samaj opposed idolatry and denounced the caste system.
    • Satyashodhak Samaj campaigned for the spread of rational thinking and rejected the need for priests.
    • Phule established Satyashodhak Samaj with the ideals of human well-being, happiness, unity, equality, and easy religious principles and rituals.
    • A Pune-based newspaper, Deenbandhu, provided the voice for the views of the Samaj.
    • The membership of the samaj included Muslims, Brahmins and government officials. Phule’s own Mali caste provided the leading members and financial supporters for the organization.

    Published works

    • Tritiya Ratna, 1855
    • Manav Mahammand (Muhammad) (Abhang)
    • Gulamgiri, 1873
    • Sarvajanik Satya Dharma Poostak, April 1889
    • Sarvajanic Satya Dharmapustak, 1891