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GS Paper: GS2-13.Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.

  • Appropriate local community-level healthcare intervention is a prerequisite to achieve ‘Health for All ‘ in India. Explain.

    The goal of ‘Health for All’, as envisioned in the Alma-Ata Declaration (1978) and reinforced through National Health Policy 2017, emphasizes universal, equitable, and accessible healthcare.

    Importance of Local Community-Level Healthcare Interventions

    Accessibility and Inclusivity – Brings primary healthcare closer to grassroot and reduces dependency on overburdened tertiary hospitals. Eg- Ayushman Bharat – Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs)

    Preventive and Promotive Health – Community health workers (e.g., ASHA, Anganwadi, ANM) enable early detection, immunization, maternal and child care.

    Local interventions are more trust-based, improving adoption of health services. Eg- ASHA workers act as a bridge between local communities and formal healthcare systems

    Cost-Effectiveness – Community-based preventive healthcare reduces out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE). (Presently at 40%)

    Empowering Local Governance – Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Committees (VHSNCs) ensure decentralized planning and monitoring.

    Integration of Traditional and Modern Systems – Incorporates AYUSH practices alongside allopathy to widen reach and enhance preventive health.

    Empowering Women and Local Workforce – ASHAs and Anganwadi workers-over 10 lakh women-act as frontline caregivers.

    Community health networks enable rapid disease surveillance and emergency response. Eg- ASHAs and PRIs played a critical role in contact tracing during COVID-19

    Continuous community engagement increases awareness of disease prevention, hygiene, family planning, and nutrition.

    Key Challenges

    Shortage of trained manpower and high attrition among ASHA and ANM workers.

    Inadequate infrastructure at Sub-Centres and PHCs.

    Weak inter-sectoral convergence (between health, sanitation, and nutrition departments).

    Limited community participation due to lack of awareness and ownership.

    Way Forward

    Strengthen Primary Health Infrastructure: Upgrade all 1.5 lakh HWCs with telemedicine and diagnostics.

    Capacity Building: Continuous training and performance-based incentives for ASHA and ANM workers.

    Community Ownership: Empower Panchayats and SHGs in planning and monitoring local health outcomes.

    Technology Integration: Use eSanjeevani, digital health IDs, and mobile-based health tracking.

    Social Determinants Approach: Integrate health with nutrition, sanitation (Swachh Bharat), and clean energy (Ujjwala Yojana).

    Achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) by strengthening local healthcare will help realize the vision of “Swasth Bharat – Samriddh Bharat.”

  • Despite Consistent experience of High growth, India still goes with the lowest indicators of human development. Examine the issues that make balanced and inclusive development elusive.

    India is Fastest Growing Economy in the world (IMF) but low HDI rank (130 out of 193, UNDP 2025) highlight that growth has not translated into inclusive development.

    Indicators of human development

    Poverty Headcount Ratio – 11.28% (2022-23)

    Malnutrition – NFHS-5

    35.5% stunting,

    19.3% wasting,

    32.1% underweight in children under five

    Inequality – the richest 1% owning over 40% of the nation’s wealth, while the bottom 50% hold a mere 3-6%.

    Issues that make balanced and inclusive development elusive.

    Political Factors

    Policy Fragmentation: scheme overlaps and lack of convergence dilute impact.

    Short-Term Populism: Focus on vote-bank subsidies over long-term human capital investments. Eg- low spending on Health (1.98% of GDP) and Education (2.9% of GDP)

    Weak Decentralization: Eg- Only 40% of States have functional District Planning Committees.

    Economic Factors

    Jobless Growth: Services contribute 55% of GDP but employ less than 30% of workforce.

    Agrarian Distress: 42% of workforce in agriculture contributes just 17% to GDP

    Social Factors

    Gender Inequality: low Female Labour Force Participation due to

    Triple Burden – Household, Children, Job

    Patriarchal Mindset – Eg- Sarpanch Pati

    Law of asset ownership – only 11% land ownership

    Education and Health Deficits

    High out of pocket expenditure (40%)

    Digital Apartheid in education during Covid

    Environmental Stress: Unsustainable urbanization, pollution, and water scarcity aggravate human deprivation.

    Institutional Factors

    Weak Governance Capacity: Poor implementation, leakages, and bureaucratic delays persist. Eg- inclusion-exclusion errors in PDS

    Ineffective Targeting: Outdated socio-economic data hinder evidence-based policy (SECC 2011 still in use).

    Way Forward

    Capability Approach – increase spending on Health (2.5%of GDP) and Education (6% of GDP)

    Adopt Best Practices

    Kerala’s People’s Plan Campaign

    Participatory Budgeting in porto alegre brazil

    Decentralized Governance based on principle of subsidiarity.

    “Growth becomes meaningful only when it expands human freedom and capability.” – Amartya Sen

  • National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement.

    The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, introduced after 34 years, aims to transform the Indian education system to make it equitable, inclusive, and globally competitive.

    NEP 2020 in alignment with SDG-4

    Free and Universal Education

    NEP promotes free primary and secondary education and universal literacy.

    Targets universalisation of education with 100% Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) by 2030.

    Proposes extension of Right to Education up to 18 years.

    Elimination of Discrimination in Education (SDG 4.5) – Focuses on inclusion of 2 crore out-of-school children into mainstream education.

    Equal Access to Quality Pre-primary Education (SDG 4.2)

    Affordable and Quality Vocational Training for Women (SDG 4.3)

    Qualified and Trained Teachers (SDG 4.c) – NEP proposes National Professional Standards for Teachers and regular training.

    Reorientation and Restructuring of the Indian Education System

    School Education Reforms

    5+3+3+4 model aligns learning outcomes with cognitive development stages.

    National Mission on Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (NIPUN Bharat) ensures universal literacy by Grade 3.

    Integration of vocational training from Class 6 bridges the gap between education and employability.

    Higher Education Transformation

    Vision to create a multidisciplinary and research-driven system with HECIs (Higher Education Commission of India) as a single regulator.

    Establishment of National Research Foundation (NRF) to boost innovation.

    Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) target of 50% by 2035-aligns with SDG-4’s focus on higher education accessibility.

    Technology Integration – Creation of National Educational Technology Forum (NETF) and expansion of DIKSHA platform for digital content.

    Focus on Teachers – Teacher education to become integrated and professionalized (B.Ed. as a 4-year degree).

    Challenges

    Federal Issues as Education is a concurrent subject. Eg- TN opposition to 3 language

    Funding Constraints – NEP targets 6% of GDP expenditure on education, but current allocation is around 2.9% (Union Budget 2024-25).

    Digital Divide – over 40% rural households lack internet access (NFHS-5).

    Limited industry-academia linkage hampers employability outcomes of vocational programs. (only 55% employability)

    Learning poverty – Over 70% of Class 3 students cannot read age-appropriate texts (ASER 2025)

    Teacher Shortage – Over 9 lakh vacancies (MoE, 2025); only 15% of teachers trained under NISHTHA

    Poor Infrastructure in Schools – 35% of schools lack reliable electricity and digital tools (UDISE+, 2021-22).

    Way Forward

    Establish State Curriculum Frameworks (SCFs) aligned with NEP timelines.

    Increase Public Investment: Achieve 6% of GDP target with transparent utilization and outcome monitoring.

    Digital Equity: Expand PM eVIDYA, public Wi-Fi, and digital resource centers in rural schools.

    Public-Private Partnerships: Leverage CSR, EdTech collaborations, and local institutions for inclusive access.

    Teacher Empowerment: Strengthen continuous teacher training and monitoring under PARAKH assessment framework.

    If effectively realized, NEP 2020 can transform India from a literacy-focused to a learning and innovation-oriented society, essential for achieving Viksit Bharat @2047.

  • In order to enhance the prospects of social development, sound and adequate health care policies are needed particularly in the fields of geriatric and maternal health care. Discuss.

    ​​Social development rests on improving human well-being, equity, and inclusivity. Health care is a key determinant of human capital formation and social progress.

    Importance of Geriatric Care

    India’s elderly (60+ years) population is projected to reach 19.5% by 2050 (UNFPA).

    A larger elderly population implies growing dependency ratios and burden on families and social welfare

    Healthy and active elderly contribute to knowledge transfer, social cohesion, and community engagement.

    Reduces healthcare expenditure through preventive and primary care, enhancing productivity of caregivers.

    Healthy ageing aligns with the SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being) and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities).

    Key Interventions

    National Programme for Health Care of the Elderly (NPHCE) – dedicated geriatric units in district hospitals.

    Atal Vayo Abhyuday Yojana (AVYAY) – integrated senior citizen welfare.

    Ayushman Bharat – provides insurance for elderly with chronic diseases.

    Importance of Maternal Healthcare

    Foundation of Human Development – Maternal health directly influences infant mortality, child nutrition, and family welfare.

    Promotes inter-generational well-being, preventing malnutrition and anaemia cycles.

    Economic Impact – Reduces healthcare costs, improves labour participation of women,

    Healthier mothers mean healthier children and better learning outcomes, strengthening the human capital base.

    Key Interventions

    Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) and Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY) – incentives for institutional deliveries and nutrition.

    POSHAN 2.0 – integration of health and nutrition for pregnant and lactating women.

    LaQshya and SUMAN – focus on quality maternal and newborn care.

    Challenges in Maternal and Geriatric Healthcare

    Shortage of geriatric specialists, gynaecologists, and ASHA workers in rural areas.

    Regional Disparities – Maternal mortality in Assam (195) vs. Kerala (19).

    Out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) remains 40%, pushing poor households into poverty.

    Focus remains on curative rather than preventive health.

    Social and Cultural Barriers

    Patriarchal norms restrict women’s access to healthcare and nutrition.

    Elderly often face neglect, isolation, and financial insecurity.

    Way Forward

    Increase Public Health Expenditure to 2.5% of GDP as per National Health Policy 2017.

    Strengthen Home-Based Care Models and palliative services for the elderly.

    Decentralize Planning and Monitoring via Panchayati Raj Institutions. (Kerala Model)

    Strengthen ASHAs, ANMs, and geriatric caregivers at village level.

    Use of telemedicine (eSanjeevani) and digital records for continuum of care.

    A life-cycle approach to health is essential to achieve equitable and sustainable development and achieve Viksit Bharat @2047.

  • “Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyse.(150 words)

    The Directive Principles of State Policy (Articles 38, 39, 42, and 47) mandate the State to ensure the health and well-being of all citizens.

    Moral Imperative of the Welfare State

    Right to Health forms part of Article 21 (Right to Life)

    Ensuring accessible, affordable, and equitable healthcare upholds social justice and human dignity.

    Primary healthcare represents state accountability towards vulnerable groups, fulfilling the ethos of “Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas.”

    Reduces out of pocket expenditure and vicious cycle of poverty

    Primary Health as a Precondition for Sustainable Development

    SDG-3 emphasizes ensuring healthy lives and well-being for all.

    Social Development – Reduces disease burden, enhances productivity, and improves quality of life. Eg- Reduction in IMR (24) and MMR (97)

    Economic Development – World Bank (2023):

    Strong primary healthcare ensures better productivity, improved livelihoods, and universal healthcare access.

    Institutional Sustainability – Strengthens local governance and community participation in health planning. Eg- ASHA workers

    Supported by the Astana Declaration and National Health Policy 2017, which envisions comprehensive and affordable healthcare.

    Key Challenges

    India spends only 1.9% of GDP on healthcare (Economic Survey 2024), far below the WHO’s recommendation of 2.5%.

    Overemphasis on tertiary care- only 15% of public funds go to primary care

    Human resource shortage: Shortfall of 76% doctors at PHCs (RHS 2023).

    Urban-Rural Disparities (Spatial Inequity) – only 33% of doctors and 25% of hospital beds in rural areas.

    Way Forward

    Increase Public Health Expenditure to 2.5% of GDP as per National Health Policy 2017.

    Decentralize Planning and Monitoring via Panchayati Raj Institutions. (Kerala Model)

    Strengthen ASHAs, ANMs, and geriatric caregivers at village level.

    Use of telemedicine (eSanjeevani) and digital records for continuum of care.

    Strong primary and preventive healthcare is essential to achieve equitable and sustainable development and achieve Viksit Bharat @2047.

  • “Earn while you learn’ scheme needs to be strengthened to make vocational education and skill training meaningful.” Comment. (150 words)

    India’s demographic dividend can be fully realized only through quality skill development. The scheme provides students opportunities for on-the-job training and financial independence.

    Significance of the Scheme

    Bridging Education-Employment Gap: (55% employability)

    Promoting Financial Inclusion: Encourages economically weaker students to continue education.

    Industry-Ready Workforce: Provides hands-on skills needed for job readiness and entrepreneurship.

    Encouraging Dignity of Labour: Changes social perception towards blue-collar jobs.

    Education – College drop-out rates can come down.

    Exposure and experience- To their subject and field.

    Inculcate soft skills, business acumen in students.

    Challenges in Implementation

    Limited Industry – academia Linkages

    Vocational education is often treated as inferior to mainstream courses.

    Lack of Standardization: Weak alignment with National Skill Qualification Framework (NSQF).

    Funding Constraints: Poor financial incentives for students and industries to participate.

    Monitoring and Quality Issues: Weak oversight of apprenticeships and training outcomes.

    Gender Disparities due to mobility constraints, safety concerns, and societal norms

    Way Forward

    Strengthen Industry-Academia Linkages: Implement the Dual System of Training (DST) as in Germany.

    Integrate with PMKVY and National Skill Development Mission for convergence.

    Incentivize Employers: Tax benefits and recognition for industries providing apprenticeship.

    Embed Life Skills & Entrepreneurship Training to enhance employability.

    The ‘Earn While You Learn’ model embodies the vision of NEP 2020 and SDG-4 by promoting skill-based, inclusive education. “Skilling is building a better India. ” – PM Narendra Modi

  • The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 remains inadequate in promoting incentive-based system for children’s education without generating awareness about the importance of schooling. Analyse.

    Enacted under Article 21A, the RTE Act (2009) aims to provide free and compulsory elementary education to all children aged 6-14 years.

    Key Features of RTE Act

    Fundamental Right: Makes eight years of quality elementary education a justiciable right.

    25% Reservation: Mandates private unaided schools to reserve seats for disadvantaged groups.

    Infrastructure Norms: Sets binding standards for Pupil-Teacher Ratio, buildings, and toilets.

    No-Detention Policy: Prohibits failing or expelling students until Class 8 (subject to later state-level amendments).

    Zero Screening: Bans capitation fees and interview-based admissions for children or parents.

    Teacher Standards: Mandates minimum professional qualifications and clearing of the Teacher Eligibility Test (TET).

    Major Incentives Provided

    Mid-Day Meals: Ensures nutritional support to improve attendance and concentration.

    Free Uniforms and Textbooks: Eliminates the direct out-of-pocket costs of schooling.

    Transport Allowances: Provided to children in remote areas lacking a neighborhood school.

    Special Training: Bridge courses for out-of-school children to join age-appropriate classes.

    Infrastructure Grants: Funding for functional girls’ toilets and drinking water facilities.

    Scholarships: Target-based financial aid for SC, ST, and minority students.

    Major Issues in Promoting Incentive-Based System

    Prevalence of Child Labour and lack of awareness about Education importance – Eg- High seasonal dropouts in agriculture-heavy districts of Bihar/UP in 2025. (ASER 2025)

    Marginalized families remain unaware of the 25% EWS quota and online application portals.

    Perverse Incentives: Focus on attendance for meals/books rather than actual learning engagement or outcomes.

    The “Class 9” Cliff: Incentives stop at Class 8, leading to massive dropouts once fees are introduced.

    Learning Poverty Paradox: ASER 2024 reports that only ~43% of Class V students can read a Class II-level text.

    Geographical Exclusion: Over 8.1 million children from urban slums remained out of school in early 2026. (NAC Implementation Report)

    Stigmatization: EWS children in elite schools face social alienation

    Way Forward

    Awareness Campaigns: Use “Nukkad Nataks” and local influencers to explain the “value” of education beyond meals. Eg- “Vidyanjali 2.0” community volunteer programs.

    Extension of Mandate: Extend free education up to Class 12 to prevent the “Class 9 dropout” crisis. (NEP 2020)

    Outcome-Based Incentives: Transition from “enrollment incentives” to “outcome-linked” benefits for schools and students. Eg- NIPUN Bharat performance-linked grants

    Documentation Camps: Organize “on-the-spot” certificate camps in schools for EWS/Caste certificate verification.

    Social Integration Training: Sensitize private school teachers to prevent the stigmatization of EWS students in classrooms.

    Strengthening SMCs: Empower School Management Committees to conduct local social audits of learning quality.

    Public School Revamp: Elevate government school quality (PM SHRI) to make them the “first choice” for parents.

    RTE must shift from a “Right to Enrollment” to a “Right to Learning” by prioritizing awareness over mere fiscal incentives.

  • The crucial aspect of development process has been the inadequate attention paid to Human Resource Development in India. Suggest measures that can address this adequacy.

    Human Resource Development refers to the strategic investment in education, health, and skills to empower individuals, foster productivity, and ensure sustainable national growth.

    Inadequate Attention to HRD in India

    Stagnant Public Spending: Education spending is ~2.9% of GDP (2024-25), far below the 6% target set by NEP 2020. (Economic Survey 2025-26)

    Learning Poverty Paradox: ASER 2024 reports that only ~43% of Class V students can read a Class II-level text.

    Acute Skill Mismatch: Only 56.35% of Indian graduates were found employable by industry standards in 2026. (India Skills Report 2026)

    Chronic Nutrition Crisis: 35.5% of children under five are stunted, affecting long-term human capital. (NFHS-5)

    Gender Participation Gap: Female Labour Force Participation Rate (FLFPR) stands at 32.7% compared to over 75% for males. (PLFS 2024-25)

    The Persistence of Digital Divide: Unequal access to tech-enabled learning alienates rural and economically vulnerable students.

    Vocational Stigma: Less than 5% of the workforce has formal vocational training. (NSDC 2024)

    Healthcare Infrastructure Gaps: Public health spending remains around 2.1% of GDP. (NHP recommended 2.5%)

    Mental Health Neglect: Rising student anxiety and workplace burnout are modern HRD barriers.

    Brain Drain: Failure to provide high-end research infrastructure leads to the flight of top-tier talent.

    Measures to Address HRD Inadequacy

    Capability Approach – increase spending on Health (2.5%of GDP) and Education (6% of GDP)

    Foundational Literacy Focus: Prioritize the NIPUN Bharat Mission to ensure every child achieves grade-level competency

    Vocational-Academic Integration: Mandate vocational training in secondary schools to bridge the gap between schooling and work. (NEP, 2020)

    Strengthening Primary Health: Expand the Ayushman Bharat Health and Wellness Centres to ensure preventative care is a “right.”

    Bridging the Digital Gap: Use BharatNet Phase-III to provide high-speed fiber connectivity to every rural school.

    Empowering Women Workers: Provide safe transport, childcare, and flexible work to boost female participation. Eg: Karnataka’s Shakti Yojan and free higher education for girls.

    Institutionalizing Mental Wellness: Make Socio-Emotional Learning (SEL) a core part of the school and office curriculum.

    R&D and Innovation Hubs: Establish the National Research Foundation (NRF) to fund deep-tech innovation and retain high-end talent.

    By integrating health, education, and skills into a holistic HRD framework, India can achieve inclusive growth and the vision of a developed nation by 2047.

  • Skill development programs have succeed in increasing human resources supply to various sectors. In the context of the statement analyze the linkages between education, skill and employment.

    Education, skill, and employment form the triad of human capital formation, driving productivity and inclusive growth.

    Education-Skill-Employment Linkages

    Education as Foundation: provides cognitive abilities, literacy, and numeracy, forming the base for advanced skill acquisition. Eg- NEP 2020 integrates vocational exposure from Class 6

    Formal education develops critical thinking, problem-solving abilities, and soft skills like communication and teamwork, essential for the workplace.

    Skill as Bridge: transforms theoretical knowledge into practical competence needed by industries. Schemes like PMKVY and DDU-GKY create job-ready youth.

    Employment as Outcome: Skilled and educated individuals meet the sectoral demands in manufacturing, services, and digital sectors, ensuring sustainable livelihoods.

    Circular Relationship:

    Employment reinforces education and upskilling through continuous learning.

    Promotes innovation, productivity, and entrepreneurship, especially in MSME and start-up ecosystems.

    Challenges

    Mismatch between academic curricula and industry needs.

    Regional disparity in training infrastructure.

    Lack of soft skills and digital literacy.

    Lack of continuous updating of curriculum to match evolving industry needs.

    Challenges in ensuring high-quality training and certification aligned with industry standards.

    Fragmented implementation (In-silos approach) of schemes like PMKVY, PM-NAPS, and JSS

    Low Formal Skill Penetration – Only 4.7% of India’s workforce has received formal vocational training (NSDC, 2025), compared to 52% in the U.S. and 80% in South Korea.

    Limited Apprenticeship Penetration – Only ~0.1% of the workforce is engaged in formal apprenticeships, due to low awareness and regulatory burdens for employers.

    Way Forward

    Evidence-Based Interventions – Enhance skill mapping to align training programs with evolving job market needs.

    Adopt Result-Based Financing (RBF) and Skill Impact Bonds to link funds with placement, wage gain, and retention outcomes.

    Strengthen industry-academia collaboration through apprenticeship models. Adopt Germany’s dual vocational system.

    Align education with the National Skills Qualification Framework (NSQF).

    Promote lifelong learning and digital reskilling.

    Strengthening this linkage is essential for realizing India’s demographic dividend and building an Atmanirbhar Bharat.

  • In a crucial domain like the public healthcare system, the Indian State should play a vital role to contain the adverse impact of marketisation of the system. Suggest some measures through which the State can enhance the reach of public healthcare at the grassroots level.

    The Directive Principles of State Policy (Articles 38, 39, 42, and 47) mandate the State to ensure the health and well-being of all citizens. However, increasing marketisation of healthcare has led to inequality and exclusion, necessitating proactive state intervention.

    Adverse Impacts of Marketisation

    High OOPE: Nearly 47% of health expenditure in India is borne out-of-pocket (NHA 2023).

    Around 75% of private hospitals are located in urban areas, creating rural-urban disparities

    Profit Orientation: Commercial motives undermine equity and quality.

    Violation of Right to Health under Article 21 (Olga Tellis Case)

    Neglect of Preventive and Primary Care – Private sector prioritises curative and high-profit specialities

    Erosion of Equity and Ethics: Healthcare becomes a commodity

    Weak Regulation and Accountability leads to price inflation, quackery, and malpractice.

    Brain Drain from Public Sector due to better pay and infrastructure in private sector

    Role of the State

    As per Article 38 and 47, the State must promote public health and ensure equitable access.

    Ensuring Universal Health Coverage (UHC): State intervention is key to fulfilling SDG-3 (Good Health and Well-being) and ensuring healthcare equity.

    Correcting Market Failures: Government must act as a regulator and service provider, ensuring affordability, quality, and inclusivity.

    Measures to Enhance Reach of Public Healthcare at the Grassroots Level

    Upgrade Sub-Centres, PHCs, and CHCs under the Ayushman Bharat. Ensure diagnostic labs, maternity wards, and telemedicine facilities at PHC level.

    Raise public health spending to 2.5% of GDP (National Health Policy 2017). Prioritise spending on rural and preventive healthcare.

    Recruit and train ASHA, ANM, and community health officers with proper incentives and infrastructure.

    Implement transparent PPPs for tertiary healthcare in district hospitals (NITI Aayog)

    Expand Pradhan Mantri Jan Aushadhi Kendras for affordable drugs. Mandate prescription of generic medicines.

    Decentralised Health Governance – Empower Panchayati Raj Institutions and urban local bodies for health planning, awareness, and monitoring. (Kerala Model)

    Preventive Health – Strengthen immunisation, sanitation, and nutrition programmes (e.g., POSHAN Abhiyaan, Swachh Bharat).

    Promote health literacy through ASHA-led campaigns.

    Expand telemedicine (eSanjeevani) to connect rural PHCs with urban specialists.

    Integrate AYUSH systems with allopathic care at PHC level for holistic wellness.

    By strengthening primary care, the State can transform healthcare into a rights-based, inclusive, and sustainable system, achieving the goal of “Swastha Bharat, Samriddh Bharat.”

    Issues Related to Poverty and Hunger