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GS Paper: GS1

  • Collapse of the Gulf Stream System

    gulf stream

    Central Idea

    • Recent research warns that the Gulf Stream System, known as the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), faces a critical threat of collapse due to unabated global carbon emissions.
    • If left unchecked, this collapse could occur between 2025 and 2095, with a central estimate of 2050.

    What is Gulf Stream System?

    Description
    Origin Begins in the Gulf of Mexico, merging warm waters from the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico.
    Flow Flows northward along the eastern coast of the United States.
    Current Carries warm waters from the tropics towards higher latitudes.
    Speed and Volume Swift ocean currents with speeds of 2 to 5 miles per hour, transporting 30 million cubic meters per second.
    Function Redistributes heat towards the North Atlantic region, influencing climate and weather patterns.
    Climate Impact Moderates the climate of Western Europe, keeping it relatively warmer than other regions at similar latitudes.
    Interaction with Atmosphere Releases heat and moisture, influencing weather and precipitation.
    Importance for Marine Life Supports diverse marine life, serving as a migratory route for fish and marine mammals.

    Gulf Stream’s Vulnerability

    • Gulf Stream, currently at its feeblest point in 1,600 years, is grappling with the consequences of global heating.
    • Alarming signals of a tipping point were already observed back in 2021.
    • Past collapses during ice ages have triggered rapid temperature shifts of up to 10 degrees Celsius in just a few decades, underlining the immense climatic impact it holds.

    Implications of Collapse

    The potential collapse of Gulf Stream could lead to dire consequences worldwide, including:

    • Disrupted Rainfall Patterns: Billions of people in regions like India, South America, and West Africa, reliant on these patterns for food production, would face food insecurity.
    • Intensified Storms and Colder Temperatures: Europe would experience increased storm activity and colder temperatures.
    • Rising Sea Levels: The eastern coast of North America would be at risk of rising sea levels, posing threats to coastal communities.
    • Endangered Ecosystems: The Amazon rainforest and Antarctic ice sheets could face severe endangerment.

  • Why fashion industry’s ‘recycling’ methods are not saving the planet?

    fashion

    Introduction

    • From fast-fashion giants to luxury brands, many have embraced recycled fabrics and eco-friendly messaging as part of their marketing strategies.
    • However, a closer look reveals that these recycling methods often fall short of delivering meaningful environmental benefits.

    Challenges in Fashion Industry Recycling

    [1] Greenhouse Gas Emissions:

    • Polyester, a ubiquitous fabric, contributes substantially to emissions, with 28.2 million tonnes used in 2016 alone, emitting nearly triple the CO2 compared to cotton.
    • Nylon production generates nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas, exacerbating climate change.

    [2] Water Intensity:

    • Cotton cultivation, vital for clothing production, consumes vast amounts of water, with estimates suggesting up to 20,000 liters required for a pair of jeans and a t-shirt.
    • Predictions indicate potential water crises by 2030 due to escalating water consumption in clothing production.

    [3] Water Pollution:

    • Chemical dyeing, essential for vibrant textiles, ranks as the second-largest polluter of clean water globally, introducing harmful substances into waterways.
    • Cotton cultivation’s heavy reliance on chemicals poses health risks and environmental degradation.

    [4] Plastics and Microfibers:

    • Polyester clothing sheds microfibers during washing, contaminating oceans and endangering marine life, with significant quantities entering waterways annually.
    • Non-biodegradable microfibers pose risks to human health and ecosystems, persisting in the environment indefinitely.

    [5] Landfill Waste:

    • The fashion industry contributes substantially to landfill waste, with discarded clothing doubling over the past two decades due to fast fashion trends.
    • Limited textile recycling exacerbates the landfill problem, with less than 1% of clothing material being reused.

    [6] Inability to Recycle:

    • Complex fabric blends and non-biodegradable materials like polyester and nylon present challenges to recycling technologies, hindering effective reuse.
    • China’s ban on recycled textile imports exacerbates recycling issues, limiting disposal options.

    [7] Economic and Ethical Considerations:

    • Economic incentives often prioritize short-term profits over sustainability, perpetuating greenwashing tactics and undermining genuine recycling efforts.
    • Unethical labor practices compound sustainability challenges, highlighting systemic issues in the fashion industry’s supply chain.

    Methods for Recycling

    • Mechanical recycling: It breaks down textiles into fibers without altering their chemical composition, suitable for natural fibers like cotton.
    • Chemical recycling: It breaks down textiles into basic chemical components, ideal for synthetic fibers like polyester.
    • Steps involved: Both methods involve sorting, shredding, cleaning, processing, and quality control to produce new fabrics or products, reducing waste in the fashion industry.

    Moving Towards True Sustainability

    • Research and Development: Invest in innovative recycling technologies capable of processing complex fabric blends.
    • Transparency and Standards: Implement transparent supply chains and rigorous recycling standards to ensure accountability.
    • Consumer Education: Educate consumers about the true environmental and ethical impact of their clothing choices.
    • Regulation and Accountability: Enforce regulations and industry standards to hold fashion brands accountable for sustainability commitments.
    • Circular Economy Promotion: Embrace circular economy principles, such as extended producer responsibility and product lifecycle management, to minimize waste and resource consumption.

    Conclusion

    • While recycling initiatives in the fashion industry offer some benefits, they fall short of addressing the sector’s overarching environmental and ethical challenges.
    • Achieving true sustainability demands systemic changes, including technological innovation, transparent practices, consumer awareness, regulatory enforcement, and circular economy promotion.
    • By embracing these principles, the fashion industry can pave the way towards a genuinely sustainable and equitable future.

  • Hastsal Minaret: The Mini Qutub Minar

    Hastsal minar

    Introduction

    • The Hastsal Minar, also known as the Mini Qutub Minar or Chhota Qutub Minar, stands as a Grade A heritage monument in Delhi, silently narrating stories of an era marked by grandeur and mystery amidst ruins and encroachment.

    About Hastsal Minaret

    Description
    Name Mini Qutub Minar (Chhota Qutub Minar, Mini Minar, Kaushal Minar, Hastsal ki Laat)
    Location Hastsal village in Uttam Nagar, West Delhi, India
    Built 1650
    Builder Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan
    Original Height 5 storeys, topped with a domed Chhatri pavilion
    Current Height 3 storeys, 16.87 meters (55 feet) tall
    Structure Built with Lakhori bricks and clad with red sandstone
    Significance Grade A listed, protected heritage monument with the Department of Archaeology, India
    History Originally built as a hunting lodge tower for Shah Jahan

    Used to have a tunnel connecting it to the royal hunting lodge nearby
    Architecture Resembles Qutub Minar in Delhi, octagonal platform, narrow staircase
    Threats Endangered due to neglect, lack of conservation, encroachment by new constructions, surrounded by urbanization

  • #AccessibleIndia: Can Mughal History Inspire Modern Inclusion?

    Accessible Tours of Agra and Fatehpur Sikri for Differently Abled Travelers | Alphonso Stories

    Central Idea:

    The article highlights the importance of accessibility and inclusion for individuals with disabilities in public spaces, using personal experiences and examples from Fatehpur Sikri, a 16th-century monument, to underscore the need for adherence to international standards and the implementation of inclusive practices across India. It emphasizes the urgent need for prioritizing accessibility in the built environment, including ramps and other accommodations, to enable full participation and empowerment of all citizens, regardless of their physical limitations.

    Key Highlights:

    • Personal experiences at Fatehpur Sikri illustrate the significance of proper accessibility measures.
    • Lack of adherence to international standards poses challenges for individuals with disabilities in navigating public spaces.
    • The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (RPWD) is mentioned as a framework for promoting accessibility, but implementation lags.
    • Inclusive design is essential for ensuring equal access to public buildings, transport, and information technology.
    • The absence of accurate disability data in India raises questions about the extent of inclusivity and the need for targeted policies.

    Key Challenges:

    • Inconsistent adherence to international accessibility standards in public spaces.
    • Limited implementation of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (RPWD) despite its enactment.
    • Lack of accurate disability data hampers effective policy formulation and planning.
    • Heterogeneity of disabilities poses challenges in designing inclusive solutions.
    • Socioeconomic disparities contribute to unequal access to accessible infrastructure and support services.

    Main Terms:

    • Accessibility
    • Inclusion
    • Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (RPWD)
    • Universal design
    • Public accommodations
    • Built environment
    • International standards
    • Heterogeneity of disabilities
    • Socioeconomic disparities
    • Inclusive practice

    Accessible India Campaign| National Portal of India

    Important Phrases:

    • “International standard for a ramp slope”
    • “Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (RPWD)”
    • “Universal design”
    • “Built environment”
    • “Socio-economic background”
    • “Accurate disability data”
    • “Inclusive environment”
    • “Heterogeneity of disability”
    • “Accessibility of public accommodations and roads”
    • “Participation in civic and socio-economic life”

    Quotes:

    • “If a city built in 1569 AD can be made nearly 95 per cent wheelchair accessible, so can all public accommodations and roads.”
    • “Only by accomplishing this can we realise the full potential of our citizenry, empowering them to actively contribute their professional expertise and diverse skills for the optimal development of the country.”
    • “It is evident that our country has miles to go before genuine inclusivity can be celebrated.”
    • “The absence of ramps is just one example of why the disabled citizenry often finds it challenging to fully participate in civic and socio-economic life, potentially resulting in diminished self-esteem.”
    • “Every Indian deserves the freedom to experience our country’s rich history and heritage along with the rights accorded to all citizens.”

    Anecdotes:

    • The personal experience of the author’s brother tipping over in a wheelchair due to a steep ramp highlights the dangers posed by inadequate accessibility measures.
    • The contrast between the accessible ramps at Fatehpur Sikri and the inaccessible environments encountered in daily life underscores the importance of universal design in public spaces.

    Useful Statements:

    • “Implementing proper accessibility measures is a cost-effective investment in enhancing accessibility for individuals with physical limitations.”
    • “Inclusive design is essential for ensuring equal access to public buildings, transport, and information technology.”
    • “In pursuing true accessibility, involving multiple end-users in the design process is crucial for determining its success.”

    Examples and References:

    • Fatehpur Sikri as an example of successful accessibility implementation.
    • Comparison between international standards and the actual accessibility of public spaces in India.
    • Mention of UN-Habitat’s definition of an inclusive environment.
    • Reference to the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (RPWD) as a framework for promoting accessibility.
    • World Health Organization’s data on global disability prevalence versus India’s reported disability rates.

    Facts and Data:

    • Fatehpur Sikri is mentioned as being nearly 95% wheelchair accessible.
    • The World Health Organization estimates that 16% of the global population experiences significant disabilities.
    • India’s last Census in 2011 reported only 2.2% of the population as having disabilities.

    Critical Analysis: The article effectively combines personal anecdotes with broader observations to highlight the challenges and importance of accessibility and inclusion in India. It critiques the lack of adherence to international standards and the limited implementation of legislative frameworks, emphasizing the need for concrete action to address these issues. However, it also acknowledges the complexities involved, such as the heterogeneity of disabilities and socioeconomic disparities, which require nuanced approaches to ensure meaningful inclusivity.

    Way Forward:

    • Prioritize accessibility and inclusion as national priorities, possibly under a dedicated “mission.”
    • Ensure consistent adherence to international standards in the design and construction of public spaces.
    • Improve implementation of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (RPWD) and enhance data collection on disability prevalence.
    • Promote inclusive design practices and involve end-users in the planning and development of accessible infrastructure.
    • Raise awareness and advocate for the rights of individuals with disabilities to foster a more inclusive society.
  • In news: Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah’s Tomb

    In news: Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah’s Tomb

    Introduction

    • A digital twin of the Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah’s tomb was unveiled by a reality technology company, Hexagon in Hyderabad.

    Who was Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah?

    • Parentage: Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah was born on April 4, 1565, as the third son of Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali and his Hindu mother Bhagirathi.
    • Literary Talent: He was not only an able administrator but also a skilled poet who composed verses in Persian, Telugu, and Urdu.

    Contemporaries of Quli Qutb Shah

     

    • Akbar (1556–1605): Mughal Emperor known for his religious tolerance and administrative reforms.
    • Rani Durgavati (1550–1564): Queen of the Gondwana Kingdom in central India, renowned for her bravery in resisting Mughal expansion.
    • Maharana Pratap (1572–1597): Rajput ruler of Mewar, famous for his defiance against Mughal Emperor Akbar and his valor in battles.
    • Chand Bibi (1550–1599): Regent of the Ahmednagar Sultanate in Deccan, known for her role in defending Ahmadnagar against Mughal forces.
    • Guru Ram Das (1574–1581): Fourth Sikh Guru who established the city of Amritsar and contributed significantly to Sikhism’s growth.
    • Sher Shah Suri (1540–1545): Founder of the Sur Empire in North India, celebrated for his administrative reforms and construction of the Grand Trunk Road.

    Key Accomplishments

    [A] Reign and Accomplishments

    • Ascension to the Throne: Muhammad Quli succeeded his father in 1580 at the age of 15 and ruled for 31 years.
    • Military Campaigns: Despite facing rebellions, he effectively led troops and quelled disturbances, ensuring stability in his realm.

    [B] Foundation of Hyderabad

    • Urban Planning: Concerned about overcrowding in Golkonda, Muhammad Quli initiated the construction of Hyderabad in 1591.
    • Land Selection: While folklore suggests a romanticized version of land selection, Muhammad Quli’s vision for Hyderabad’s development aimed at relieving congestion and promoting growth.

    [C] Architectural Marvels and City Planning

    • Charminar: As the architectural centrepiece, Charminar was built under Muhammad Quli’s patronage, symbolizing the city’s grandeur.
    • City Layout: Hyderabad was meticulously planned with a gridiron layout, featuring significant landmarks like Darulshafa, Mecca Masjid, and Badshahi Ashurkhana.

    [D] Support for Arts and Literature

    • Calligraphic Art: Under Muhammad Quli’s rule, calligraphy flourished, with various scripts adorning buildings such as the Mecca Masjid.
    • Literary Contributions: Muhammad Quli’s poetic works in Urdu and Dakhni languages reflected his diverse interests and cultural appreciation.
    • Taraqqi: He was a poet himself and composed poetry in Persian and Telugu under the pen name “Taraqqi”.

    [E] Medical and Literary Contributions

    • Intellectual Hub: Hyderabad became a centre for medical and literary pursuits, with scholars producing notable works during Muhammad Quli’s reign.
    • Preservation of Culture: Muhammad Quli’s literary legacy, including his Diwan, is preserved in institutions like the Salar Jung Museum, showcasing his contribution to cultural heritage.

    Legacy and Influence

    • Cultural Integration: Muhammad Quli’s reign represents a period of cultural fusion, blending Hindu and Islamic traditions in the Deccan region.
    • Symbol of Unity: His efforts to promote harmony and coexistence endure as a testament to the inclusive ethos of his administration.

  • A global alliance to bridge the gender equity gap

    India scripts breakthrough at Davos on global gender equality; Minister Irani stitches mega alliance

    Central Idea:

    The article highlights India’s commitment to gender equity and equality, emphasizing initiatives taken by both the government and industry to advance women’s empowerment. It discusses key achievements, challenges, and the launch of the ‘Alliance for Global Good – Gender Equity and Equality’ to drive inclusive development globally.

    Key Highlights:

    • India’s dedication to equality and inclusion as pillars of development, evidenced by initiatives like the New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration and the Women’s Reservation Bill.
    • Increase in female participation in various sectors, including politics, education, and entrepreneurship.
    • Launch of the ‘Alliance for Global Good – Gender Equity and Equality’ at the World Economic Forum, aiming to accelerate socio-economic progress on a global scale.
    • India’s leadership in areas such as ed-tech, healthcare, and entrepreneurship, reflected in the Alliance’s goals.
    • The Alliance’s partnership with stakeholders like the CII, Ministry of Women and Child Development, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, along with support from the World Economic Forum.

    Key Challenges:

    • Addressing persistent gender disparities in various sectors despite progress.
    • Ensuring effective implementation of policies and initiatives to promote gender equity.
    • Overcoming societal and cultural barriers that hinder women’s advancement.
    • Mobilizing resources and sustaining momentum for inclusive development efforts.
    • Encouraging broader global participation and collaboration to drive meaningful change.

    Main Terms:

    • Gender equity: Fair treatment and opportunities for all genders.
    • Gender equality: Equal rights, responsibilities, and opportunities for all genders.
    • Women’s empowerment: Enhancing women’s ability to access resources and participate fully in society.
    • Inclusive development: Economic growth that benefits all segments of society, including marginalized groups.
    • Stakeholders: Individuals or organizations with an interest or concern in a particular issue or initiative.

    Important Phrases:

    • “Women-led development”: Development initiatives driven by and focused on women’s empowerment.
    • “Mainstreaming gender equality”: Integrating gender considerations into all aspects of policymaking and development efforts.
    • “Shared direction”: Collaborative approach towards addressing gender-related challenges and promoting inclusion.
    • “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam”: Indian philosophy emphasizing the interconnectedness of all beings and the world.
    • “Sabka Saath, Sabka Prayaas, Sabka Vikaas”: Indian motto promoting inclusive development for all.

    Quotes:

    • “Equality and inclusion are the cornerstones of India’s development journey.”
    • “The enthusiasm around the We-Lead Lounge… saw global interest and curiosity.”
    • “India’s abiding commitment to ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam – One Earth, One Family, One Future’.”

    Anecdotes:

    • Success stories in space exploration, sports, entrepreneurship, and UN peacekeeping operations highlight India’s achievements and influence.
    • The We-Lead Lounge at Davos served as a platform for meaningful discussions on inclusive development.

    Useful Statements:

    • “The Alliance for Global Good – Gender Equity and Equality aims to drive collective actions to augment women empowerment.”
    • “India’s leadership in areas such as ed-tech and healthcare makes it a key contributor to global development efforts.”
    • “Industry has an opportunity to invest in proven programs and initiatives to advance gender inclusion in the workspace.”

    Examples and References:

    • Passage of the Women’s Reservation Bill and increased female labor force participation rates.
    • Participation of over nine crore women in self-help groups in rural India.
    • India’s digital prowess and leadership in healthcare, highlighted through initiatives like the Alliance for Global Good.

    Facts and Data:

    • Increase in India’s female labor force participation rate from 23.3% in 2017-18 to 37% in 2022-23.
    • Allocation of nearly $27 billion under the gender budget in 2023-24.
    • Female enrollment in STEM courses at 43%.
    • Participation of over nine crore women in self-help groups in rural India.

    Critical Analysis:

    • The article showcases India’s progress in promoting gender equity but also acknowledges ongoing challenges.
    • It emphasizes the importance of collaboration between government, industry, and other stakeholders to drive meaningful change.
    • While highlighting achievements, it also recognizes the need for sustained efforts to address persistent gender disparities.

    Way Forward:

    • Strengthening implementation of policies and initiatives aimed at promoting gender equity and inclusion.
    • Continued investment in programs and initiatives to support women’s empowerment across various sectors.
    • Enhancing global collaboration and partnerships to drive inclusive development efforts.
    • Addressing societal and cultural barriers through awareness campaigns and education.
    • Monitoring and evaluation of progress to ensure accountability and sustainability in gender-related initiatives.

  • Launched on International Day For Girls and Women in Science, will SWATI break old habits?

    Govt launches online portal on women in science and technology

    Central Idea:

    The article discusses the efforts of Indian science academies to address the gender gap in STEM fields, focusing on initiatives such as the launch of the SWATI portal. It highlights the evolution of these efforts, challenges faced, and the need for more inclusive and effective strategies.

    Key Highlights:

    • Launch of SWATI portal by Indian science academies to create a database of women in science.
    • Evolution of initiatives starting from the INSA report in 2004, highlighting discrimination and proposing solutions.
    • Efforts like Lilavati’s Daughters compendium and national conferences to address gender gap issues.
    • Gendered perceptions uncovered by sociologists and scientists regarding women leaving academia.
    • Critique of initiatives focusing solely on “fixing” women instead of addressing systemic issues.
    • Newer policies like GATI charter and STIP 2020 adopting more progressive language and inclusive approaches.
    • Concerns about the effectiveness and sustainability of new initiatives like SWATI.

    Key Challenges:

    • Deep-rooted discrimination based on gender, caste, transgender identity, and disability.
    • Lack of accountability for addressing systemic issues within the scientific community.
    • Need for rules and laws to ensure gender equity and address unique challenges faced by marginalized groups.
    • Risk of new initiatives losing momentum and failing to deliver on promises.

    Main Terms:

    • Gender gap: Disparity between men and women in STEM fields.
    • Discrimination: Unfair treatment based on gender, caste, or other factors.
    • Gender equity: Fair treatment regardless of gender.
    • Inclusive policies: Strategies that consider diverse identities and experiences.
    • STEM: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics.

    Important Phrases:

    • “Gender gap in STEM”
    • “Discrimination in the workplace”
    • “Systemic issues”
    • “Inclusive group”
    • “Gendered perceptions”

    SWATI' Portal- Empowering women in STEMM |ForumIAS

    Quotes:

    • “It is the females who need to be ‘fixed.’”
    • “Equity is not just a women’s issue.”

    Anecdotes:

    • Launch of SWATI portal on International Day for Girls and Women in Science.
    • Announcement of promises by then Science and Technology Minister Kapil Sibal at a national conference in 2008.

    Useful Statements:

    • “Initiatives focusing solely on ‘fixing’ women overlook systemic issues.”
    • “Newer policies like GATI charter and STIP 2020 adopt more progressive language.”

    Examples and References:

    • Indian National Science Academy (INSA) report in 2004.
    • Lilavati’s Daughters compendium by the Indian Academy of Sciences (IASc).
    • Launch of SWATI portal in 2024.

    Facts and Data:

    • Collaboration between scientists and social scientists in the INSA report in 2004.
    • Survey of about 800 scientists revealing gendered perceptions in academia.
    • Announcement of promises for women scientists by Kapil Sibal in 2008.

    Critical Analysis:

    The article provides a comprehensive overview of efforts to address the gender gap in Indian STEM fields, highlighting both progress made and persistent challenges. It critiques initiatives that focus solely on individual women without addressing systemic issues and emphasizes the need for more inclusive and effective strategies.

    Way Forward:

    • Implement and monitor policies that address discrimination and promote gender equity.
    • Engage diverse stakeholders, including marginalized groups, in policy development and implementation.
    • Ensure transparency and accountability in initiatives like SWATI to maintain momentum and effectiveness.
    • Foster a culture of inclusivity and support within the scientific community to retain and empower women in STEM.
  • India set to transition to Hyperlocal Extreme Weather Forecasting

    India set to transition to Hyperlocal Extreme Weather Forecasting

    Introduction

    • Weather forecasting is vital for disaster management and decision-making in India, where extreme weather events like rain, cyclones, heatwaves, and droughts pose significant challenges.
    • The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) specializes in predicting weather patterns using sophisticated observation, modelling, and interpretation techniques.

    About the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD)

    Details
    About
    • National Meteorological Service of India;
    • Principal government agency for meteorology and allied subjects
    Ministry Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India
    Objectives
    1. Provide meteorological observations and forecasts
    2. Warn against severe weather phenomena
    3. Provide meteorological statistics
    4. Conduct and promote research in meteorology
    Evolution
    • Established in 1875 after devastating cyclones;
    • Started with just one individual
    Advancements
    • Significant progress in understanding monsoons;
    • Enhanced cyclone forecasting post-1999 Odisha super cyclone
    Diversified Roles
    • Expanded services beyond weather forecasting;
    • Provides specialized services for various sectors
    Global Recognition
    • Recognized as Regional Climate Centre for South Asia;
    • Contributes to UN’s ‘Early Warning for All’ programme
    Major Initiatives
    1. National Monsoon Mission (NMM)
    2. Mausam App
    3. Doppler Weather Radars

    Challenges in Weather Forecasting

    • Variability in Tropical Regions: Tropical countries like India face inherently higher weather variability.
    • Hurdles: Despite advancements, IMD forecasts still encounter inaccuracies, particularly during winter and summer monsoons.
    • Insufficient Ground Stations: The limited number of ground stations hinders accurate monitoring, with only around 800 automatic weather stations (AWS) and 37 doppler weather radars (DWR) against the required thousands.

    Transition to Modern Technologies

    • Prediction Software: Current forecasting software relies on global forecasting and weather research models, which are not the most modern.
    • Emerging Technologies: Start-ups are adopting artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) for predictions, necessitating an integrated data system to fill existing gaps.

    Initiatives for Improvement

    • WINDS Program: The Weather Information Network and Data System (WINDS) aim to install over 200,000 ground stations (AWS and ARG) to enhance weather data utilization and promote wider applications in agriculture and other sectors.
    • Air Quality Monitoring: Make in India initiatives facilitate the production of low-cost, reliable sensor-based air quality monitoring systems, aiding in quick installations, particularly in urban areas.

    Addressing Air Pollution Challenges

    • Fog and Air Pollution: Dense fog exacerbates air pollution issues, trapping pollutants and posing health risks. Initiatives to manufacture affordable air quality sensors and establish nationwide networks are underway.
    • Role of AI/ML: Integrated AI/ML-based models leveraging data from new sensors can improve fog prediction and aid in timely decision-making regarding transportation and health impacts.

    Towards a Comprehensive Infrastructure

    • Advancements: India is on track to establish a robust air quality and weather information network.
    • Integration and Collaboration: Seamless data sharing and system integration among stakeholders are crucial for achieving this national infrastructure.
    • Potential Impact: A unified information gateway will play a vital role in addressing climate and environmental challenges.

    Conclusion

    • India’s strides in weather forecasting and air quality monitoring underscore its commitment to enhancing disaster preparedness and environmental sustainability.
    • With concerted efforts and technological advancements, India is poised to establish a world-class infrastructure crucial for tackling climate-related issues.

  • M.S. Swaminathan, P.V. Narasimha Rao, Charan Singh to get Bharat Ratna

    Bharat Ratna

    Introduction

    • The Bharat Ratna will be conferred on former Prime Ministers P. V. Narasimha Rao and Choudhary Charan Singh, as well as Green Revolution pioneer S. Swaminathan.
    • This will add to the two awardees already announced earlier this year — socialist leader Karpoori Thakur and former Deputy Prime Minister L. K. Advani.

    About the Bharat Ratna Laureates

    [1] Dr. M.S. Swaminathan

    Aspect Details
    Early Life
    • Born on August 7, 1925, in Kumbakonam, Madras Presidency.
    • Pursued higher education in zoology and agricultural science.
    • Passed away on 23rd September, 2023 at the age of 98.
    Career Highlights
    • Conducted research on combating potato crop parasites during a UNESCO fellowship (1949-1954).
    • Earned a PhD from the University of Cambridge in 1954.
    • Served as Director-General of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (1979-1982).
    • Appointed as Director General of the International Rice Research Institute in 1982.
    Green Revolution Contributions
    • Pioneered high-yielding variety seeds and improved irrigation methods.
    • Collaborated with Dr. Norman Borlaug to develop high-yielding wheat varieties (1965-1970).
    Challenges and Advocacy Advocated for fair Minimum Support Prices for farmers and highlighted ecological concerns.
    Legacy and Recognition
    • Received numerous international accolades and civilian awards from India and other nations.
    • Honored with Padma Shri (1967), Padma Bhushan (1972), and Padma Vibhushan (1989) awards in India.
    • Awarded over 80 honorary doctorates from universities worldwide.

     

    [2] PV Narasimha Rao

    Details
    Early Life
    • Born on June 28, 1921, in Karimnagar district, Hyderabad State (now Telangana, India).
    • Passed away on December 23, 2004, in New Delhi.
    Education
    • Bachelor of Arts degree from Osmania University.
    • Higher studies at the University of Bombay and Nagpur University.
    Political Career
    • Started in the Indian National Congress.
    • Served as MLA in undivided Andhra Pradesh.
    • Held ministerial positions, including Minister of External Affairs and Minister of Defence.
    Economic Reforms (1991)
    • Initiated significant economic reforms in response to the 1991 crisis.
    • Reforms included dismantling the License Raj, opening up the economy, and initiating privatization.
    Foreign Policy
    • Strengthened ties with the United States and other major powers.
    • Initiated the “Look East Policy” to enhance engagement with Southeast and East Asia.
    South Asian Diplomacy
    • Handled the situation in Jammu and Kashmir and initiated dialogue with Pakistan.
    • Deployed peacekeeping forces to Sri Lanka as part of the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF).
    Political Legacy
    • Credited with laying the foundation for India’s economic liberalization and globalization.
    • Recognized for pragmatic leadership during a critical period in India’s history.
    • Remembered as a statesman who shaped India’s economic and foreign policies.

     

    [3] Choudhary Charan Singh

    Aspect Details
    Early Life
    • Born on December 23, 1903, in Noorpur village near Hapur, India.
    • Entered politics during the national movement and was elected to the United Provinces Assembly from Chhaprauli in 1937.
    Political Career
    • Advocated for village economy issues and fought against the exploitation of peasants by big landlords.
    • Served as Revenue Minister in UP’s first Chief Minister Govind Ballabh Pant’s cabinet, instrumental in implementing zamindari abolition and land ceiling laws.
    • Emerged as a popular leader among North Indian farmer communities and Muslims.
    • Became UP’s first non-Congress Chief Minister in 1967, forming a coalition government.
    • Won the 1977 Lok Sabha elections on the Janata Party ticket, became Deputy PM under Morarji Desai’s government.
    • Formed the Janata Party (Secular) in 1979, briefly served as PM with support from Indira Gandhi.
    Legacy
    • Championed the cause of peasants and created a new political class representing farming communities in North India.
    • Influenced the shift of farmer communities from Congress and Jan Sangh to parties specifically representing them.
    • His son, Ajit Singh, formed the Rashtriya Lok Dal (RLD), continuing the family’s political legacy.
    • Charan Singh remains hailed as one of India’s tallest Jat leaders.

     

    Back2Basics: Bharat Ratna

    Details
    Nature
    • Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award of the Republic of India.
    History and Evolution
    • Instituted in 1954.
    • Originally limited to achievements in arts, literature, science, and public services.
    • Criteria expanded in December 2011.
    First Recipients C. Rajagopalachari, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and C. V. Raman were the first recipients in 1954.
    Key Aspects
    • Not mandatory to be awarded every year.
    • Can be awarded to non-Indian citizens.
    • Recommendations made by the Prime Minister to the President.
    • Restricted to a maximum of three awards per year.
    • Recipient receives a Sanad (certificate) and a medallion.
    • No monetary grant accompanies the award.
    Article Reference
    • Cannot be used as a prefix or suffix to the recipient’s name, but can be indicated in biodata/letterhead/visiting card as “Awarded Bharat Ratna by the President” or “Recipient of Bharat Ratna Award”.
    • Article 18(1) of the Constitution states that the award cannot be used as a prefix or suffix to the recipient’s name.

  • Is Polygamy more prevalent among Muslims?

    Introduction

    Polygamy in India

    • In India, polygamy is allowed for Muslims under the Muslim Personal Law Application Act (Shariat) of 1937, as construed by the All India Muslim Personal Law Board.
    • Polygamy is recognized as a religious practice within the Muslim community, and Muslims have the legal right to enter into polygamous marriages.

    Uttarakhand Law: Monogamy Extension to Muslim Community

    • Extension of Monogamy Rule: The UCC extends the rule of monogamy to the Muslim community.
    • Marriage Conditions: It mandates that neither party entering into marriage should have a living spouse at the time of marriage.
    • Alignment with Existing Laws: This aligns with the provisions of the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955, signifying a departure from previous allowances under Muslim personal law.

    polygamy

    Limitations in Data Assessment

    • Reliance on Census and NFHS: Government data primarily relies on the decadal census and the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), each with its constraints.
    • Census Inference: Census data indirectly infer polygamy from the disparity between the number of married men and women. According to the 2011 census, there are 28.65 crore married men in India, compared to 29.3 crore married women, suggesting a potential prevalence of polygamy or migration.
    • NFHS Insights: NFHS directly addresses polygamy through its survey questions but represents less than 1% of the total households in India, limiting its scope. The NFHS-5 data revealed polygamy rates highest among:
    1. Christians (2.1%)
    2. Muslims (1.9%) and
    3. Hindus (1.3%)
    • IIPS Study: According to a June 2022 study by the International Institute of Population Sciences (IIPS), polygynous marriages decreased from 1.9% in 2005-06 to 1.4% in 2019-21 among the whole population. Buddhists, who reported a 3.8% incidence of polygyny in 2005-06, saw a sharp decline to 1.3% in 2019-21.

    Insights from Census and NFHS Data

    • Census Inference: Census data indirectly infer polygamy from the disparity between the number of married men and women.
    • NFHS Insights: NFHS directly addresses polygamy through its survey questions but represents less than 1% of the total households in India, limiting its scope.

    Laws in India banning Polygamy

    • Hindu Marriage Act, 1955: This act applies to Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Sikhs and declares polygamous marriages as void. Section 11 of the act specifically states that a marriage is void if either party has a living spouse at the time of the marriage.
    • Special Marriage Act, 1954: This act allows individuals from different religions or those who do not wish to follow their respective religious laws to marry. Like the Hindu Marriage Act, it also prohibits polygamy under Section 4(1)(i).
    • Indian Penal Code, 1860: Sections 494 and 495 of the IPC deal with the offence of bigamy. Section 494 states that marrying again during the lifetime of one’s spouse is illegal and punishable, while Section 495 prescribes punishment for concealing a former marriage.

    Judicial Precedents against Polygamy

    • Parayankandiyal v. K. Devi & Others (1996): The Supreme Court concluded that monogamous relationships were the standard and ideology of Hindu society, which condemned polygamy. The court emphasized that polygamy was not allowed to become a part of Hindu culture due to the influence of religion.
    • State of Bombay v. Narasu Appa Mali (1951): The Bombay High Court ruled that the Bombay (Prevention of Hindu Bigamy Marriage) Act, 1946 was not discriminatory. The Supreme Court later affirmed this decision, asserting that state legislatures have the authority to enact measures for public welfare and reforms, even if they conflict with Hindu religious practices.
    • Javed & Others v. State of Haryana & Others (2003): The Supreme Court clarified that under Article 25 of the Indian Constitution, freedom of religion is subject to social harmony, dignity, and wellness. While Muslim law allows for polygamous marriages, it is not compulsory, and the court emphasized that religious practices must align with constitutional principles.

    Why it should be banned?

    • Gender Inequality: It perpetuates unequal treatment of women, often treating them as property and denying them autonomy.
    • Exploitation: Polygamous marriages can involve coercion and exploitation, especially of vulnerable individuals.
    • Financial Burden: Supporting multiple spouses and children can lead to economic instability and poverty.
    • Emotional Impact: Polygamous relationships can cause jealousy, conflict, and emotional distress among spouses and children.
    • Social Cohesion: Polygamy can disrupt social harmony, fostering competition and resentment within communities.
    • Legal Challenges: Polygamous marriages pose legal complexities related to inheritance, custody, and other matters.
    • Health Risks: There are increased risks of domestic violence, sexually transmitted infections, and inadequate healthcare in polygamous households.

    Conclusion

    • Progressive Legislative Move: Passage of the UCC Bill in Uttarakhand signifies a progressive move towards legal uniformity in personal laws.
    • Data Collection Challenges: Assessment of polygamy prevalence underscores the need for comprehensive and accurate data collection methodologies.
    • Policy Implications: Addressing these challenges will be pivotal in formulating effective policies and fostering social cohesion in civil law.

    Try this PYQ from CSP 2019:

    Which Article of the Constitution of India safeguards one’s right to marry the person of one’s choice?

    (a) Article 19
    (b) Article 21
    (c) Article 25
    (d) Article 29

     

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