💥Join UPSC 2027,2028 Mentorship (July Batch) + XFactor Notes & Microthemes PDF
Talk to Mentor

Civilsdaily

Login

GS Paper: GS1

  • From being net food importer in 1960s, India has emerged as a net food exporter to the world. Provide reasons.

    At independence in 1947, India produced a mere 50 million tonnes (MT). By 2025-26, production has scaled to a record 330+ MT, catering to 1.4 billion people while maintaining a massive surplus for global trade.

    India as major importer in 1950s-1960s

    Low Productivity due to primitive farming methods.

    Monsoon Dependency and lack of irrigation.

    Colonial Legacy-The British prioritized cash crops (Indigo, Cotton) over food staples.

    Partition Impact-The most fertile, well-irrigated lands of the Indus basin went to Pakistan.

    Technological Gap-Absence of chemical fertilizers and high-yielding seed varieties.

    Neglect of Agriculture-Early Five-Year Plans focused heavily on rapid industrialization (Nehru-Mahalanobis model) at the expense of rural investment.

    Institutional Failures-Lack of formal credit led to debt traps.

    Reasons Behind India’s Emergence as a Net Food Exporter

    The Green Revolution (Phase I & II)-Adoption of HYV seeds, fertilisers, pesticides, and irrigation.

    Expansion of Irrigation-Total irrigated area rose from 22 million hectares (1950) to over 115 million hectares by 2026

    Institutional Support-The Minimum Support Price (MSP) provided price certainty, while the Food Corporation of India (FCI) ensured a guaranteed buyer for surpluses.

    The White & Blue Revolutions-India is now the world’s largest milk producer (~230 MT) and the 3rd largest fish producer, diversifying the export basket beyond grains.

    Through the National Horticulture Mission, India became the 2nd largest producer of fruits and vegetables globally.

    Agricultural Export Policy-identified 46 export hubs and the created Agri-Cells in Indian embassies abroad to find new markets.

    S&T and Digitalization-Tools like AgriStack (Farmer IDs) and e-NAM (National Market) have streamlined the supply chain, making Indian produce more competitive.

    Infrastructure & Logistics-Development of Mega Food Parks and the PM-Kisan SAMPADA Yojana have reduced post-harvest losses and increased shelf life for exports.

    GI Tagging-Branding products like Basmati Rice, Darjeeling Tea, and Alphonso Mangoes with Geographical Indication (GI) tags has fetched premium prices in EU and Middle Eastern markets.

    Resilience to Global Shocks-During the Russia-Ukraine conflict (2022-24), India stepped in as a critical supplier of wheat and rice to the Global South, cementing its status as a reliable partner.

    To reach the target of $100 billion in agricultural exports by 2030, India must shift from “Volume-driven” to “Value-driven” exports while ensuring the ecological sustainability of its farming practices.

  • Why is the South-West monsoon called ‘Purvaiya’ (easterly) in Bhojpur Region? How has this directional seasonal wind system influenced the cultural ethos of the region?

    The Monsoon is a seasonal reversal of winds accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation. In India, it brings nearly 75% of annual rainfall, shaping agrarian, ecological, and cultural life.

    Bay of Bengal Branch branch monsoon winds hit the Purvanchal Himalayas and are deflected westward into the Ganga Plains.

    Coriolis Effect and Meghalaya Plateau help “turn” the southwestern winds into a westward-flowing stream before they reach Bhojpur.

    For the Bhojpur region, the moisture-laden winds arrive from the East/South-East.

    In Bhojpuri, the suffix ‘-aiya’ denotes “originating from”. Thus, winds from the East are called Purvaiya

    Influence of ‘Purvaiya’ on cultural ethos of Bhojpur Region

    Agrarian calendar structuring – Sowing of paddy linked to arrival of Purvaiya.

    Agrarian deities and rituals – Prayers for timely Purvaiya winds. Eg- Indra worship during drought conditions.

    Folk songs and oral traditions – Eg- Purvaiya is personified in Kajri songs as a messenger of love and longing for women waiting for their husbands.

    Emotional-cultural symbolism – Rain as metaphor for longing and reunion. Eg- Bhojpuri cinema and poetry portraying Purvaiya romantically.

    Festivals of Fertility- Hariyali Teej and Nag Panchami celebrate the rejuvenation of the earth brought by the moisture-laden Purvaiya.

    Architectural adaptation – Sloped roofs and raised plinths designed for heavy rainfall. Also, eastern-facing verandahs (Dalan) to catch the cooling breeze.

    Culinary patterns – Seasonal foods linked to rainy months. Eg- Consumption of saag, pakoras, and millets during monsoon.

    Traditional “Madhubani painting” also depicts purvailya frequently.

    Thus, Purvaiya highlights the deep interlinkage between climate and culture in the Indo-Gangetic plains.

  • Explain the role of geographical factors towards the development of Ancient India. (प्राचीन भारत के विकास की दिशा में भौगोलिक कारकों की भूमिका स्पष्ट कीजिए।)

    The development of Ancient Indian civilization was deeply shaped by its distinct physical geography, which influenced patterns of settlement, economy, polity, culture, and external contacts.

    Role of Geographical Factors

    The Himalayas, deserts, and seas provided natural defense, ensuring relative isolation from frequent invasions while allowing selective cultural exchanges through passes like Khyber and Bolan.

    River Systems

    Acted as Cradle of Civilisation. Eg- Indus Valley Civilisation flourished along the Indus river system.

    Religious and cultural significance. Eg- Ganga as a sacred river.

    The Indo-Gangetic plains

    Supported intensive agriculture, which led to population growth, and state formation. Eg- Rise of Mahajanapadas in the Gangetic plains.

    Economic heartland – Became the core region of early kingdoms and empires.

    Availability of metals, timber, stone, and minerals promoted tool-making, crafts, and trade. Eg- Rise of Magadha and Avanti due to availability of Iron reserves.

    The long coastline

    Facilitated overseas trade with Mesopotamia, Southeast Asia, Rome, and China. Eg- Ports like Lothal, Muziris, Arikamedu.

    Facilitated the spread of Indian religion (Buddhism/Hinduism) and art to Indonesia, Cambodia, and Thailand.

    Forests

    Clearing of forests during the Later Vedic period expanded agriculture.

    Spiritual spaces – Emergence of ashram culture and hermitages.

    The Vindhya and Satpura ranges, along with the dense Narmada valley, separated North India from the South – development of Dravidian culture in South

    “Indian history is a dialogue between man and his environment,” a dialogue that shaped one of the world’s oldest living civilisations.

  • Identify and discuss the factors responsible for diversity of natural vegetation in India. Assess the significance of wildlife sanctuaries in rain forests regions of India.

    India hosts one of the richest biodiversity profiles in the world, with about 8% of global biodiversity despite occupying only 2.4% of the world’s land area.

    Factors responsible for diversity of natural vegetation in India

    Latitudinal Extent-India’s spread from 8^4’N to 37^6’N means it spans tropical, subtropical, and temperate zones. Eg- Tropical evergreen forests in the south (Andaman Islands) versus temperate forests in the north (Himachal Pradesh).

    Variations in Precipitation-Eg- Lush rainforests in Mawsynram versus thorn and scrub vegetation in the Thar Desert.

    Altitudinal Zonation-Temperature decreases with height (Lapse Rate), leading to a vertical succession of vegetation types in mountainous regions. Eg- The Himalayas exhibit a transition from tropical deciduous at the foothills to alpine tundra at the peaks.

    Topographic Aspect-Eg- The windward side of the Western Ghats is covered in dense evergreen forests, while the leeward “rain-shadow” side has dry deciduous vegetation.

    Soil Diversity (Edaphic Factors)-Eg- Mangrove forests thrive in saline, marshy deltas, while Teak dominates the black soil of the Deccan Plateau.

    Duration of Sunlight (Photoperiod)-Eg- Faster tree growth is observed in the southern tropical regions compared to the northern high-latitude regions.

    Humidity Levels-Eg- The high humidity of the Malabar Coast allows for the growth of spices like pepper and cardamom.

    Significance of Wildlife Sanctuaries in Rainforest Regions

    Preservation of Endemic Species-Eg- Silent Valley Wildlife Sanctuary (Kerala) protects the endangered Lion-tailed Macaque.

    Carbon Sequestration-These sanctuaries act as massive carbon sinks, vital for global climate regulation.

    Watershed Protection-Rainforests act as “biological sponges,” regulating the flow of major rivers.

    Genetic Reservoir-Eg- Wild varieties of black pepper and ginger are preserved in the rainforests of Karnataka.

    Many life-saving drugs are derived from rainforest flora protected within these zones. Eg- Species of Cinchona (quinine) in the Agasthyamalai region.

    Micro-Climate Regulation-Eg- The forests of the Northeast contribute to the high moisture levels required for regional tea plantations.

    Ecotourism and Livelihoods-Eg- Nature trails in Wayanad provide employment to local tribal communities.

    Soil Conservation-The multi-layered canopy prevents soil erosion in high-rainfall zones.

    Limitations of Wildlife Sanctuaries in Rainforest Regions

    Habitat Fragmentation due to infrastructure projects. Eg- The NH-766 passing through Bandipur-Wayanad disrupts the movement of elephants.

    Invasive Species-Eg- Lantana camara has significantly choked native undergrowth in many Western Ghats sanctuaries.

    Human-Wildlife Conflict-The proximity of settlements leads to frequent clashes.

    Illegal Poaching and Logging- Eg- Continued threats to Rosewood and Ebony trees in unmonitored forest patches.

    Climate Change Stress-Eg- Recent instances of unusual forest fires in the moist forests of Similipal.

    Resource Over-Extraction-Eg- Depletion of bamboo resources in the buffer zones of Kerala’s sanctuaries.

    Strengthening landscape-level conservation, community participation, and ecological management is essential to ensure long-term protection of these critical ecosystems.

  • Bring out the socio-economic effects of the introduction of railways in different countries of the world.

    The introduction of railways from the early 19th century onwards was one of the most transformative developments in modern history, reshaping economies and societies across the globe.

    Colonial vs National Railways

    In colonial contexts (India, Africa), railways served imperial interests – extracting raw materials and moving troops.

    In sovereign nations (USA, Britain, Germany, Japan), railways served national development.

    Economic Effects

    Industrial Growth and Market Integration

    Britain: Railways fuelled the Industrial Revolution by transporting raw materials and finished goods efficiently. Eg- Manchester-Liverpool Railway (1830).

    USA: Transcontinental Railroad (1869) integrated the East and West coasts, enabling continental-scale trade and settlement.

    India: Railways linked raw material hinterlands to port cities. Eg- Cotton from Deccan to Bombay port for export to Manchester.

    Urbanisation and New Towns

    Railway junctions grew into major cities. Eg- Chicago (USA), Jamalpur (India), Crewe (Britain).

    Migration of labour to industrial centres accelerated urbanisation.

    Agricultural Commercialisation

    In India, railways enabled shift from subsistence agriculture to commercial agriculture. Eg- Export of wheat, cotton, jute.

    In the USA, grain from the Midwest reached eastern markets and global ports.

    Employment Generation – Eg- Indian Railways became one of the world’s largest employers.

    Social Effects

    Breaking of Regional Isolation – Eg- In Russia, Trans-Siberian Railway (1891-1916) connected Moscow to the Pacific.

    Spread of Ideas and Nationalism

    In India, railways facilitated the spread of nationalist ideas and enabled Congress leaders to travel across provinces.

    In Europe, railways aided national unification. Eg- German Zollverein (customs union) was strengthened by rail connectivity.

    Social Mobility and Migration – Railways eased pilgrimage, migration, and social interactions across regions.

    Negative Social Effects

    In India: Commercialisation of agriculture led to famines. Eg- Grain exported while locals starved.

    In USA: Displacement of Native Americans from their lands for railroad construction.

    In Africa: Railways built primarily for colonial extraction. Eg- Congo-Ocean Railway caused thousands of deaths among forced African labourers.

    Railways were a double-edged sword – engines of progress in sovereign nations, but instruments of exploitation in colonial contexts.

  • Discuss the impact of post-liberal economy on ethnic identity and communalism.

    The phase after 1991 economic reforms was marked by market liberalization, privatization, globalization, and reduced state control. It also reshaped social relations.

    Impact on Ethnic Identity

    Positive Impacts

    New states were created to give ethnic blocks control over resources. Eg- formation of Jharkhand for tribal resource autonomy.

    Better infrastructure and connectivity mainstreaming neglected ethics groups. Eg- tribes from North-East migrating to Delhi for education and employment

    Global Market for Ethnic Goods

    Global demand for Pashmina shawls from Kashmir.

    Revival of the Kanchipuram silk weaving industry.

    Intellectual Property Protection- Eg- GI status Channapatna Toys

    Rise of Cultural Tourism- Eg- Hornbill Festival in Nagaland

    Digital Ethnic Revivals- Eg- use of YouTube by Tulu speakers to promote their language.

    Negative Impacts

    Uneven growth – Disparities sharpen identity consciousness.

    Cultural Homogenization- “MacDonaldization” has replaced ethnic diets and dress with global standards. Eg- decline of millet-based diets.

    Development-Induced Displacement- Eg- Tribal displacement in the Hasdeo forests due to mining.

    Linguistic Dominance- economic necessity of English and Hindi marginalizes local ethnic dialects.

    Resource Exploitation- Eg- desecration of sacred groves and ethnic lands.

    Impact on Communalism

    Positive Impacts

    Economic interdependence – Market ties reduce incentives for conflict. Eg- Inter-community business partnerships in urban clusters.

    Professionalism over Parochialism- Corporate cultures prioritize merit and profit over religious identity.

    Urban plural living – Mixed neighbourhoods foster everyday coexistence. Eg- Apartment cultures in metros.

    Secularization of Public Spaces- Malls, airports, and IT parks act as “identity-neutral” zones.

    Growth of the Rational Middle Class that prioritizes stability and development over conflict.

    Information Transparency- digital age allows for the rapid debunking of communal “rumors” by civil society. Eg- ALT news

    Negative Impacts

    Relative Deprivation-

    Sachar Committee Report (2006) highlighted the lack of Muslims in government jobs, fueling a sense of systemic deprivation.

    Ghettoization and poverty in cities foster “us vs. them” mentalities.

    Digital Polarization- Social media algorithms create communal “echo chambers” and facilitate hate speech leading to riots. Eg- Delhi Riots

    Withdrawal of the State- As the state withdrew from welfare, communal organizations filled the gap, increasing group loyalty.

    Migration and fear of demographic change- Native populations feel deprived of jobs by “outsiders.” Eg- Communal tensions in Assam due to migration of Bangladeshi muslims

    Inclusive development policies and ethical political leadership are needed to ensure that power competition does not fracture social cohesion and deprivation does not become a communal grievance.

    Miscellaneous

  • Comment on the resource potentials of the long coastline of India and highlight the status of natural hazard preparedness in these areas.

    India’s coastline, extending approximately 7,517 km (with high-resolution mapping in 2026 citing nearly 11,100 km including islands), is the backbone of the nation’s Blue Economy.

    Natural Resource Potential of Indian Coastline

    Deep-Sea Mineral Wealth-The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) contains vast deposits of polymetallic nodules and crusts rich in cobalt, nickel, and manganese.

    Hydrocarbons-Offshore basins are a source of oil and gas. Eg- The Mumbai High and Krishna-Godavari (KG) Basin.

    Beach Sand Minerals-Eg- The Monazite and Ilmenite sands of Kerala and Odisha are critical for India’s nuclear energy and aerospace programs.

    Offshore Renewable Energy-The wind speeds along the western and southern coasts offer a potential of over 70 GW for offshore wind energy. Eg- Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.

    Tidal and Wave Energy-Eg- The Gulf of Khambhat and Gulf of Kutch.

    Salt Production-India is the 3rd largest salt producer globally, with coastal topography favoring extensive salt pans.

    Marine Biotechnology (Blue Carbon)-Coastal ecosystems like mangroves and seagrass act as carbon sinks and sources of bioactive compounds.

    Coastal Tourism – Eg- Goa beaches and Kerala backwaters.

    Mangroves and Coastal Ecosystems – Support fisheries, carbon sequestration and shoreline protection. Eg- Sundarbans mangrove forests.

    Status of Natural Hazard Preparedness

    Advanced Early Warning Systems (EWS)-Eg- The IMD’s latest models in 2026 provide hyper-local cyclone alerts with a lead time of 5-7 days.

    The Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre (ITEWC) at INCOIS provides real-time alerts to the entire Indian Ocean region. Over 100 coastal villages in Odisha have now achieved UNESCO’s “Tsunami Ready” certification.

    Bio-Shield Protection-Eg- The MISHTI Scheme (2023-27) has successfully restored nearly 3,000 hectares of mangroves along the East Coast.

    Hazard Line Demarcation-The Survey of India (SOI) has integrated this line into the updated Coastal Zone Management Plans (CZMP) for all maritime states.

    Last-Mile Connectivity-Eg- The NavIC-based GAGAN system provides emergency alerts to deep-sea fishermen even beyond cellular range.

    Integrated coastal zone management and Coastal regulation zones to regulate development activities.

    Cyclone-resistant infrastructure – Eg- Multipurpose cyclone shelters in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.

    Challenges

    Nearly 33% of India’s coastline is experiencing active erosion

    Sea-Level Rise (SLR) threatens to submerge low-lying deltas and “sinking” cities. Eg- Mumbai.

    Pollution and Eutrophication-Runoff from coastal cities and farms creates “dead zones” in the ocean.

    Lack of last mile connectivity

    Increasing frequency and intensity of Cyclones.

    Way Forward

    Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZMP)-Focus on holistic “Ridge-to-Reef” planning rather than localized seawalls.

    Innovative Financing-Eg- Parametric Insurance for faster post-disaster recovery.

    Green Port Transition-Incentivize the “Harit Sagar” guidelines to reduce the carbon footprint of maritime trade.

    Blue Carbon Economy-Eg- Integrating MISHTI scheme outcomes with the National Carbon Market (NCM).

    Mandatory enforcement of the National Building Code (2016) for all new coastal constructions.

    Technology-Led Monitoring-Use AI, IoT sensors, and drones for 24/7 surveillance of the “Hazard Line.”

    These measures are essential to ensure that India’s vast coastline becomes a source of long-term prosperity rather than vulnerability.

  • What are the main features of Vedic society and religion? Do you think some of the features are still prevailing in Indian society?

    The Vedic period (1500-600 BC) laid the foundational framework of Indian civilisation, shaping its social structure, religious practices, and cultural values.

    Main Features of Vedic Society and Religion

    Social Organisation

    Varna system formed the basic social framework. Eg- Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra mentioned in later Vedic texts.

    Society was initially flexible and occupation-based, becoming rigid over time.

    Family and Kinship

    Patriarchal family structure dominated social life. Eg- Father as head of household.

    Importance of joint family system and lineage.

    Position of Women

    Women enjoyed relatively higher status in early Vedic period. Eg- Gargi and Maitreyi participating in philosophical debates.

    Gradual decline in status during later Vedic phase.

    Economic Life

    Pastoralism gradually shifted to agriculture. Eg- Use of iron ploughs in later Vedic period.

    Wealth measured in cattle, land, and grains.

    Political Organisation – Assemblies like Sabha and Samiti played a significant role.

    Religious Beliefs

    Nature worship dominated early Vedic religion. Eg- Indra, Agni, Varuna, Soma.

    Rituals and Sacrifices

    Yajnas and sacrifices were central religious practices. Eg- Ashvamedha and Rajasuya in later Vedic period.

    Role of priests (Brahmanas) became increasingly prominent.

    Philosophical Thought – Emergence of Upanishadic ideas in later Vedic period. Eg- Concepts of Brahman, Atman, karma, and moksha.

    Continuity of Vedic Features in Present Indian Society

    Persistence of Varna-Based Identities

    Caste identities continue socially. Eg- Endogamy

    Religious Rituals and Festivals

    Yajnas, havans, and fire rituals remain integral to Hindu practices. Eg- Fire rituals during marriages and festivals.

    Family Structure

    Joint family ideals still influence social life, especially in rural India.

    Reverence for Vedic Deities and Concepts

    Continued worship of Agni, Indra, and Surya in rituals.

    Enduring belief in karma and dharma.

    Philosophical Continuity

    Upanishadic ideas influence modern spiritual thought. Eg- Popularity of yoga, meditation, and Vedanta.

    Gram sabha at present play similar role to Sabha and Samities

    While constitutional values of equality and secularism challenge hierarchical aspects of Vedic society, its ethical principles, ritual practices, and philosophical ideas have continued.

  • How are the fjords formed? Why do they constitute some of the most picturesque areas of the world?

    A fjord is a long, narrow, and deep sea inlet with steep cliffed sides, formed due to glacial erosion and subsequent marine submergence.

    Formation of fjords

    Glacial Erosion of Pre-existing River Valleys

    During the Ice Age, valley glaciers occupied pre-existing river valleys.

    Through processes like plucking and abrasion, glaciers deepened and widened these valleys.

    This produced a characteristic U-shaped glacial trough with very steep sides.

    Overdeepening of the Valley Floor

    Glaciers erode the central part more intensely due to greater ice thickness.

    This creates basins that are often deeper than the adjoining sea.

    Reduced erosion near the glacier’s snout leaves a shallow entrance (threshold or sill).

    After the melting of glaciers, sea level rose and drowned the glacial trough. Seawater filled the valley forming a fjord.

    Fjords are among the most picturesque landscapes due to

    Steep and Towering Cliffs rising dramatically from the water attract adventure tourists. Eg- Sognefjord (Norway).

    Deep, narrow inlets create a mirror-like water surface. This enhances visual beauty through reflection of peaks and clouds

    Tributary glaciers form hanging valleys. After glaciation, these become spectacular waterfalls. Eg- Milford Sound (New Zealand).

    Vibrant Contrasts- The deep blue cold, oxygen-rich water provides a sharp color contrast against the dark granite rocks and white snow on the summits.

    Indented Coastline creates numerous bays, islands, and peninsulas, giving a highly irregular and scenic coast.

    Fjords have their own sheltered micro-climates, allowing for blossoms or orchards at the base of snowy mountains

    Unique Light and Climatic Effects – High latitude locations produce long daylight hours, auroras, and misty environments.

    Fjords represent classic glacio-fluvial and marine interaction. They also serve as important centres for tourism, fisheries, and human settlement.

    Economic geography

  • Why did human development fail to keep pace with economic development in India?

    While India has emerged as “fastest growing economy” and 4th largest economy, its ranking in HDI, 2025 was 130th out of 193 countries.

    Reasons behind low human development in india

    Jobless growth due to shift from agriculture to service led growth instead of manufacturing led growth. Eg- service sector contributes 55% of GDP but employs only 30% of workforce

    Economic Inequality – richest 1% control more than 40% of total wealth, while the bottom 50% own merely 3% (Oxfam Report)

    Over 90% of the Indian workforce is in the informal sector – lacking social security and stable wages, leading to “working poverty.”

    Social Stratification- Caste-based discrimination prevents upward mobility for the marginalized. Eg- 96% manual scavengers are Dalits

    Population Pressure (1.35 billion) strains public infrastructure, housing, and the job market.

    Poor Social Infrastructure

    Education – low public investment (2.9% of GDP) lead to “quality crisis” and high dropout rates at secondary and higher levels

    Skill Gap – only about 51.25% of youth are employable.

    Gender Disparities

    Low FLFPR – 41% in India vs 71% in China

    Women own only 13% of land while forming 63% of agriculture workforce

    Glass ceiling effect – discrimination and low representation at higher positions

    India ranked 131st out of 148 countries in WEF’s Gender Gap Report

    Regional disparity – Eg- BIMARU states lag behind southern states in human development indicators

    “Climate Inequality” – women and poor are most vulnerable to climatic shocks like heatwaves or disasters. Eg- “climate induced migration” after floods in Assam

    Measures taken for human development in India

    Healthcare and Nutrition

    Ayushman Bharat (PM-JAY)- over 40 crore Ayushman Cards have been issued.

    Over 1.82 lakh primary health centers have been upgraded to “Arogya Mandirs”.

    POSHAN Abhiyaan- targets stunting, wasting, and anemia.

    Education and Skill Development

    NEP 2020- 5+3+3+4 structure and the Academic Bank of Credits (ABC)

    Skill India Mission- trained over 1.63 crore candidates.

    Poverty and Living Standards

    Over 40 crore people were lifted out of multidimensional poverty between 2005 and 2021

    Kerala has been declared officially free from “extreme poverty” in 2025

    Jal Jeevan Mission- Provided tap water to over 14.5 crore rural households

    PM Awas Yojana (PMAY)- Over 4 crore pucca houses have been built

    PM Ujjwala Yojana- Over 10.3 crore LPG connections have been provided

    Financial Inclusion – Over 52 crore bank accounts have been opened

    Way Forward

    Capability Approach- increase expenditure on Health (2.5% of GDP) and Education (6% of GDP)

    Bottom-up Planning – Porto Alegre Brazil Model

    Expand MGNREGA and link with climate-resilient livelihoods (water conservation, afforestation).

    Women Empowerment by adopting best practices like Kerala’s Kudumbshree Model

    Focus on labour intensive sectors like textiles for job creation (Economic survey)

    This can ensure whole of government and life-cycle approach to realise the vision of Viksit Bharat@2047