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GS Paper: GS2

  • Maintaining India’s progress in food safety standards

    Why in the News?

    World Food Safety Day 2025 is observed with the theme “Food Safety: Science in Action.” It highlights India’s progress in food safety, though there are still some gaps to address.

    What is the theme of World Food Safety Day 2025?

    Theme: “Food Safety: Science in Action”. It emphasizes the importance of applying science to ensure food safety.

    How does it reflect India’s evolving approach to food safety?

    • Shift from Adulteration to Risk-Based Framework: Earlier, the Prevention of Food Adulteration (PFA) Act, 1954 focused on whether food was adulterated or not. The Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 introduced a scientific, risk-based approach through the creation of FSSAI.
    • Adoption of International Scientific Standards: India aligned its food regulations with global norms like those of the Codex Alimentarius Commission. Eg: Standards for Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) and Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) values are now scientifically defined.
    • Efforts to Strengthen Scientific Capacity: India is focusing on generating its own toxicological data and conducting Total Diet Studies (TDS) to suit local needs. Eg: Indian-specific dietary patterns and environmental factors are being considered to improve food safety regulations.

    What are Toxicology Studies?

    These are scientific assessments that evaluate the harmful effects of chemicals or substances (like pesticides, additives, contaminants) on living organisms, especially humans.

    Why are India-specific toxicology studies important for food safety?

    • Reflect Local Dietary Habits: International toxicology data may not match Indian dietary patterns and consumption levels. Eg: An average Indian may consume more rice or spices than Western populations, affecting exposure to contaminants.
    • Consider Unique Agricultural Practices: India’s crop varieties, pesticide usage, and farming methods differ from global practices. Eg: Pesticide residues on Indian-grown vegetables may vary significantly compared to Europe, requiring tailored safety limits.
    • Account for Environmental and Genetic Differences: Climate, water quality, and genetic factors influence how toxins impact health in India. Eg: Heavy metal contamination in groundwater in Indian regions could cause higher cumulative exposure, not captured by foreign studies.

    What is monosodium glutamate (MSG)? 

    MSG is a flavour enhancer commonly added to food to intensify the umami taste (a savoury flavour). It is the sodium salt of glutamic acid, a naturally occurring amino acid found in many foods.

    How has the regulation of monosodium glutamate (MSG) in India differed from global practices?

    • Continued Use of Outdated Warning Labels: While global authorities like JECFA (Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives) have declared MSG safe since 1971, India still mandates a warning label stating it is unsafe for infants. Eg: Most countries have removed such warnings, but India continues them despite scientific consensus.
    • Misleading Public Perception: The mandatory label in India has led to consumer fear and confusion, with many believing MSG is inherently harmful. Eg: This is misleading, as natural glutamates (chemically identical to MSG) are found in tomato, mushroom, garlic, and even breast milk.
    • Lag in Regulatory Modernisation: India has been slow to align its food safety regulations with global scientific evidence. Eg: Despite MSG receiving an “ADI not specified” status globally (indicating high safety), India still treats it with caution due to legacy regulations.

    What can improve food safety risk communication in India?

    • Simplify Scientific Language: Communicate complex terms like MRLs (Maximum Residue Limits) and ADIs (Acceptable Daily Intake) in easy-to-understand formats for the public. Eg: Instead of stating “0.1 mg/kg,” explain it as a level safe for lifelong consumption in common quantities of food.
    • Replace Misleading Labels with Evidence-Based Information: Outdated or alarming labels should be updated to reflect current scientific understanding. Eg: The MSG warning label in India should be replaced with factual information about its safety, as done in other countries.
    • Enhance Public Engagement and Transparency: Build public trust through open communication with consumers, industry, and media to explain regulatory changes and safety updates. Eg: When MRL limits for pesticides were revised, clearer messaging could have prevented public fear and misunderstanding.

    Way forward: 

    • Invest in India-Specific Scientific Research: Conduct localized toxicological studies and Total Diet Studies (TDS) to ensure food safety standards reflect Indian dietary habits, agricultural practices, and environmental conditions.
    • Strengthen Risk Communication and Public Awareness: Simplify scientific terms for the public, revise outdated labels, and build transparent engagement with stakeholders to promote informed consumer choices and trust in regulatory decisions.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2022] Briefly discuss the status and significance of the food processing industry in India.

    Linkage: The “status and significance of the food processing industry” in India is directly and fundamentally linked to the country’s food safety standards. For this industry to achieve and maintain a significant status, it must adhere to and uphold rigorous food safety standards. The perception and reality of food safety directly influence consumer trust, market access (both domestic and international), and overall economic contribution of the sector.

  • Assam CM on Pakistan ‘scare narrative’: Could Chinese dams affect Brahmaputra flow in India?

    Why in the News?

    India has rejected the “scare stories” spread by Pakistan and others about China building dams upstream on the Brahmaputra River, especially the big 60,000 MW Medog Hydropower Project in Tibet.

    What is the significance of the Brahmaputra’s flow originating mostly in India?

    • Major Contribution to River Flow: Although India has only about 34.2% of the Brahmaputra basin area, it contributes over 80% of the river’s total water flow due to higher rainfall and tributary inflows. Eg: The Indian basin receives an average annual rainfall of 2,371 mm, much higher than Tibet’s 300 mm.
    • Flood Management Potential: Control over a major share of the river’s flow gives India better scope to design flood control infrastructure and storage systems to reduce monsoon-related disasters. Eg: Assam CM stated that reduced flow from China could help mitigate annual floods in Assam.
    • Strengthened Riparian Rights and Development Planning: India’s dominant share in flow enhances its claim as a principal riparian state, empowering it to undertake hydropower and irrigation projects without heavy external dependency. Eg: India is developing hydropower projects like Dibang and Subansiri in Arunachal Pradesh based on its flow share.
    Note: A “riparian state” refers to a state or country that shares a river or stream border with another state or country.

     

    What about the Medog Hydropower Project?

    The Medog Hydropower Project is an ambitious and controversial initiative by China to construct the world’s largest hydropower dam on the Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet. With a planned capacity of 60,000 megawatts (MW) and an estimated cost of $137 billion, the project has significant environmental, geopolitical, and social implications for the region

    Why is China’s proposed Medog hydropower project raising concerns for India?

    • Strategic Control Over Water Flow: China’s 60,000 MW Medog dam could allow manipulation of the Brahmaputra’s flow, risking reduced water in dry seasons or artificial floods during monsoons. Eg: Sudden releases from Chinese dams have previously caused flash floods in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam.
    • Environmental and Seismic Hazards: The dam’s location in a seismic zone threatens biodiversity, increases landslide risks, and may disrupt sediment flow critical for downstream agriculture. Eg: Trapped sediments can reduce soil fertility, impacting farming in India and Bangladesh.
    • Absence of Water-Sharing Agreements: China’s unilateral actions without consultation violate equitable sharing norms, worsening trust deficits. Eg: Unlike the Indus Treaty with Pakistan, no formal pact exists between India and China on the Brahmaputra.

    What steps has India taken or proposed to utilise the Brahmaputra’s water potential?

    • Development of Hydropower Projects: India is actively constructing and planning large hydropower projects in Arunachal Pradesh to harness the Brahmaputra’s energy potential and establish water-use rights. Eg: Projects like the Dibang Multipurpose Project (2880 MW) and Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project (2000 MW) are designed to generate clean energy and regulate river flow.
    • Construction of Multipurpose Storage Reservoirs: India is focusing on creating dams and storage facilities to control floods, store monsoon water, and ensure water availability in dry seasons. Eg: The proposed Upper Siang project aims to store floodwaters and generate electricity while supporting irrigation and drinking water needs in the region.
    • Promotion of Inland Waterways and River Navigation: The Brahmaputra is being developed as a key navigable waterway under India’s Act East Policy to boost trade and regional connectivity. Eg: The National Waterway-2 (NW-2) on the Brahmaputra facilitates cargo movement between Assam and Bangladesh, promoting economic use of the river.

    Way forward: 

    • Bilateral Water-Sharing Framework: India and China should initiate dialogue to establish a formal transboundary water-sharing agreement, ensuring data transparency, flow regulation, and emergency notification mechanisms—similar to the Indus Waters Treaty.
    • Regional Environmental Assessment Mechanism: Promote a joint environmental impact assessment (EIA) involving India, China, and Bangladesh under a multilateral platform like the UN or SAARC, to ensure sustainable and equitable river basin management.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2013} What do you understand by run of the river hydroelectricity project? How is it different from any other hydroelectricity project?

    Linkage: The articles talks about the Chinese infrastructure interventions on the Brahmaputra are “hydropower projects with minimal storage”. It also mentions the massive planned Medog project as the world’s largest hydropower facility, and India’s own Upper Siang Project which will generate power and serve as a buffer against flow variations. This question directly relates to a type of hydropower project pertinent to river development and control.

  • India elected to UN’s Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)  

    Why in the News?

    India has been elected to the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) for the term 2026–2028.

    About the UN’s Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC):

    • Establishment: It is one of the 6 principal UN organs, created in 1945 under the UN Charter.
    • Mandate: It coordinates the UN’s economic, social, humanitarian, and cultural work.
    • Role: ECOSOC serves as the central platform for global policy dialogue, review, and development recommendations.
    • Composition: ECOSOC has 54 member states, elected by the UN General Assembly for three-year terms.
    • Decision-Making: Decisions are made by simple majority; no permanent members; presidency rotates annually.
    • Functions and Powers:
      • Coordination: Oversees 15 specialized agencies (e.g., WHO, ILO), 8 functional commissions, and 5 regional commissions.
      • Promotion Areas: Focuses on living standards, employment, human rights, education, healthcare, and environmental protection.
      • Engagement with NGOs: Grants consultative status to over 1,600 NGOs and organizes global conferences.
      • UN Oversight: Supervises agencies such as UNICEF, UNDP, and UNHCR.
    • Sessions and Meetings:
      • Main Sessions: Held each July, along with an organizational session.
      • Finance Dialogues: Hosts April meetings with finance ministers from the IMF and World Bank.
      • SDG Monitoring: Organizes the High-Level Political Forum (HLPF) to track progress on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
    • Legal and Institutional Details:
      • UN Charter Basis: Defined under Chapter X (Articles 61–72) of the Charter.
      • Headquarters: Located in New York.
      • Scope: ECOSOC is the largest and most complex UN body, shaping global development policy.

    India and ECOSOC:

    • Membership: India is serving its 18th term as a member, elected for the 2026–28 period.
    • Subsidiary Roles: India has held positions in bodies like the UN Statistical Commission, Commission on Narcotic Drugs, and UNAIDS Board.
    • Recent Milestone: India recently joined the UN Committee of Experts on Big Data and Data Science for Official Statistics (UN-CEBD), highlighting its data expertise.
    • Policy Priorities: India supports inclusive growth, SDG progress, and south-south cooperation through evidence-based multilateral leadership.
    [UPSC 2009] With reference to the United Nations, consider the following statements:

    1. The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of UN consists of 24 member States.

    2. It is elected by a 2/3 majority of The General Assembly for a 3-year term.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only* (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

  • UMEED Portal for Waqf Properties

    Why in the News?

    Union Minister for Minority Affairs has launched the Unified Waqf Management, Empowerment, Efficiency and Development (UMEED) portal—a centralised digital platform to manage Waqf properties across India.

    Tap to read more about the Waqf and the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025.

    About the UMEED Portal

    • Launch: It was launched by the Ministry of Minority Affairs on June 6, 2025.
    • Core Purpose: It ensures real-time registration, verification, and monitoring of Waqf properties across India.
    • Legal Alignment: The portal is aligned with the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025, which received presidential assent in April 2025.
    • Governance Shift: UMEED aims to promote transparency, accountability, and public participation by making Waqf data digitally traceable.

    Key Features:

    • Centralized Registration: All Waqf properties must be registered on a single digital platform.
    • Documentation: Each property receives a 17-digit ID and must include ownership papers, exact measurements, and geotagged location data.
    • User-Friendly Design: Features include dropdown-based input, GIS mapping, and a grievance redressal system.
    • 3-Tier Verification:
      • Maker: Mutawalli enters the property data.
      • Checker: District official verifies the entry.
      • Approver: CEO or authorised Waqf Board officer grants approval.
    • Transparency and Privacy: Public access to basic property details is allowed, while data privacy is ensured.
    • Eligibility Rule: Properties registered in women’s names are not eligible as Waqf properties, though women and vulnerable groups remain priority beneficiaries.
    • Support System: A toll-free helpline is available for technical assistance.

    Registration Process:

    • Responsible Authority: State Waqf Boards are in charge of registering properties.
    • Deadline: All registrations must be completed within 6 months of the portal’s launch.
    • Required Data: Includes property size, ownership documents, geotagging, and whether the land is government-owned.
    • Extension Policy: A 1–2 month extension may be granted upon valid request.
    • Non-Compliance: Unregistered properties will be marked as “disputed” and referred to the Waqf Tribunal.
    • Missing Documents: In such cases, the mutawalli must approach the Tribunal for validation.

  • A Eurocentric reset, a gateway for India

    Why in the News?

    Recently, U.K. Prime Minister Keir Starmer’s move to renew relations with the European Union is an important change in post-Brexit policy that has big effects around the world, especially for India.

    What is the significance of the new U.K.-EU agreement for India?

    • Simplifies Trade and Regulatory Compliance: The agreement harmonizes food standards, fishing rights, and customs coordination between the U.K. and EU, making it easier for Indian exporters to comply with a single set of rules instead of two separate regimes. Eg: Indian pharmaceutical companies supplying over 25% of the U.K.’s generic medicines could benefit from faster unified approvals, reducing costs and delays.
    • Strengthens Strategic Diplomatic Relations: Renewed U.K.-EU cooperation offers India a chance to enhance multilateral ties and align foreign policies with key Western partners on issues like defence and Indo-Pacific security. Eg: India’s existing partnerships with France, Germany, and the U.K. on defence modernization could deepen with a coordinated U.K.-EU approach.
    • Boosts Talent Mobility and Diaspora Engagement: The agreement’s border and migration cooperation may ease movement for Indian students and professionals across the U.K. and EU, expanding educational and employment opportunities. Eg: In 2024, the U.K. issued over 110,000 student visas to Indian nationals, a number likely to grow with improved mobility frameworks.

    How could the U.K.-EU reset impact Indian exports?

    • Simplified Compliance and Reduced Costs: A harmonised U.K.-EU regulatory framework will help Indian exporters by simplifying compliance, reducing redundant paperwork, and lowering operational costs across key sectors like pharmaceuticals, textiles, seafood, and agro-products. Eg: Indian seafood exports worth around ₹60,523 crore ($7.38 billion) in FY2024 could face fewer trade barriers due to aligned food standards and fishing policies.
    • Challenges for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): While unified standards ease trade, tighter common regulations might pose challenges for Indian SMEs that lack capital and technical expertise, requiring enhanced support from government schemes. Eg: To stay competitive, SMEs must leverage initiatives like the RoDTEP and Production-Linked Incentive (PLI)schemes to upgrade their export capabilities.

    Why does the renewed U.K.-EU cooperation matter for India’s global diplomacy?

    • Enhanced Multilateral Coordination: A more aligned U.K.-EU foreign policy enables India to strengthen multilateral ties and gain cohesive support on global platforms like the United Nations, G-20, and WTO. Eg: India can push its agenda more effectively in climate finance and digital infrastructure reforms with a united Western bloc.
    • Boost to Defence and Security Partnerships: Coordinated defence policies between the U.K. and EU deepen India’s strategic collaborations in defence modernization, technology transfer, and Indo-Pacific security. Eg: Landmark defence deals with Germany and the U.K. on joint development and technology transfer gain momentum through U.K.-EU alignment.
    • Stronger Collective Response to Shared Geopolitical Challenges: The reset facilitates trilateral or multilateral engagements addressing shared concerns like China’s assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific region. Eg: India’s partnerships with the U.K., France, and Germany could lead to coordinated strategies to ensure regional stability.

    What opportunities does the U.K.-EU alignment offer for Indian migration and talent mobility?

    • Improved Mobility for Students and Professionals: The renewed U.K.-EU cooperation on border checks and migration policies could partially restore the movement of Indian students and professionals across both regions. Eg: In 2024, the U.K. issued over 110,000 student visas to Indian nationals, indicating strong educational ties likely to expand.
    • Creation of Semi-Integrated Talent Corridors: The alignment may enable semi-integrated talent corridors that facilitate easier access to job markets in the U.K. and EU for skilled Indian workers. Eg: Indian professionals may benefit from more streamlined work permits and mobility agreements within the new U.K.-EU framework.
    • Strengthening Migration Pacts with Key EU Countries: India’s existing migration agreements with countries like Germany, France, and Portugal could be embedded within the broader U.K.-EU framework, enhancing their effectiveness. Eg: This could lead to expanded opportunities for Indian workers under more coordinated and stable migration policies.

    How should India respond to maximise gains from this U.K.-EU reset?

    • Accelerate Reforms and Modernize Export InfrastructureIndia needs to upgrade its export ecosystem by adopting unified standards, improving logistics, and strengthening support schemes like RoDTEP and PLI to enhance competitiveness and meet new regulatory demands. Eg: Indian exporters in sectors like pharmaceuticals and seafood can reduce costs and clearances by aligning with the harmonized U.K.-EU framework.
    • Assert Strategic Engagement in Global Governance and Diplomacy: India should deepen its diplomatic ties with the U.K., EU, and key European partners to leverage coordinated foreign policy and defence collaborations, boosting its influence in forums like the UN, G20, and WTO. Eg: India’s strengthened partnerships on climate finance and Indo-Pacific security will enhance its global leadership role.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Export Competitiveness: Invest in upgrading export infrastructure, enhance quality standards, and expand government incentive schemes like RoDTEP and PLI to help Indian exporters meet unified U.K.-EU regulations and remain competitive globally.
    • Deepen Strategic and Diplomatic Engagement: Proactively engage with the U.K., EU, and key European nations to build stronger defence, trade, and migrationpartnerships, leveraging the reset to boost India’s global influence and economic opportunities.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2023] The expansion and strengthening of NATO and a stronger US-Europe strategic partnership works well in India.’ What is your opinion about this statement? Give reasons and examples to support your answer.

    Linkage: In this article talks about the renewed ties between the UK and the EU — called a “Eurocentric reset” — could open new doors for India. A more united UK-EU foreign policy, especially in areas like defence and the Indo-Pacific, gives India a chance to work more closely with the EU on global matters. This also fits well with the growing strategic partnership between the US and Europe, which benefits India’s position in international affairs.

  • [pib] NAMASTE Scheme

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Social Justice launched the Waste Picker Enumeration App under the National Action for Mechanized Sanitation Ecosystem (NAMASTE) Scheme to support and formalize India’s informal sanitation workforce.

    About NAMASTE Scheme:

    • Launch: It is a Central Sector Scheme launched in 2022.
    • Implementing Agencies: It is jointly implemented by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) and the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE), with the National Safai Karamcharis Finance and Development Corporation (NSKFDC) as the executing body.
    • Initial Focus and Expansion: Initially aimed at sewer and septic tank workers (SSWs), the scheme was expanded in June 2024 to include waste pickers.
    • Core Objective: To promote safety, dignity, skill development, and social inclusion for sanitation workers.

    Key Features of the Scheme:

    • Identification: The scheme aims to enumerate SSWs and waste pickers to formally integrate them into government support systems.
    • Skill Training: It provides occupational training to ensure sanitation work is safe and professional.
    • Protective Gear: PPE kits are distributed to reduce workers’ health risks.
    • Health Coverage: Workers and their families receive Ayushman Bharat (PM-JAY) health insurance.
    • Safety Equipment: Sanitation Response Units (SRUs) are supported with modern safety tools.
    • Livelihood Support:
      • Encourages mechanized sanitation work.
      • Offers capital and interest subsidies for buying equipment.
    • Collective Formation: Supports sanitation workers in forming Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and sanitation enterprises.
    • Awareness Campaigns: ULBs and NSKFDC conduct campaigns promoting dignified and safe sanitation practices.

    Key Achievements (as of May 29, 2025):

    • Enumerated Workers: Over 80,000 sewer and septic tank workers have been identified and validated.
    • Health Coverage: 26,447 health cards issued under PM-JAY.
    • PPE Distribution: 45,781 PPE kits delivered to frontline workers.
    • Safety Kits: 354 Emergency Response Safety Kits provided to sanitation teams.
    • Waste Picker Integration: NAMASTE now aims to profile 2.5 lakh waste pickers, offering them ID cards, insurance, skilling, and livelihood assistance.
    [UPSC 2016] Rashtriya Garima Abhiyaan’ is a national campaign to:

    Options: (a) rehabilitate the homeless and destitute persons and provide them with suitable sources of livelihood (b) release the sex workers from their practice and provide them with alternative sources of livelihood (c) eradicate the practice of manual scavenging and rehabilitate the manual scavengers* (d) release the bonded labourers from their bondage and rehabilitate them

     

  • India opposed to ADB’s funding to Pakistan

    Why in the News?

    India has strongly objected to the Asian Development Bank’s (ADB) decision to provide an $800 million loan to Pakistan under its Resource Mobilisation Reform Programme.

    About the Asian Development Bank (ADB):

    • Established: 1966, following a UN-led conference on Asian Economic Cooperation.
    • Headquarters: Manila, Philippines
    • Status: Official Observer at the United Nations
    • Objectives:
      • To reduce poverty in Asia and the Pacific.
      • To promote inclusive and environmentally sustainable growth and regional economic integration.
    • Functions:
      • Provides loans (hard and soft), grants, and technical assistance.
      • Offers direct funding to private sector projects with social benefits.
      • Supports countries through policy dialogues, co-financing, and advisory services.
    • Funding Sources:
      • Issues bonds on global capital markets.
      • Receives member contributions, loan repayments, and retained earnings.
    • Membership and Shareholding:
      • 67 members: 48 from Asia-Pacific.
      • Major shareholders: Japan and USA (each 15.607%), China (6.444%), India (6.331%), Australia (5.786%).
    • Climate Goals:
      • Aims to mobilize $100 billion for climate finance between 2019 and 2030.
      • Promotes sustainable development initiatives such as green fuel projects, including one in Pakistan funded partly by ADB.

    India’s concerns over ADB Funding:

    • India emphasized that Pakistan’s defense spending has risen significantly even as its tax-to-GDP ratio fell from 13% in 2017-18 to 9.2% in 2022-23.
    • This tax ratio is significantly below the Asia-Pacific average of 19%, suggesting poor revenue collection and financial mismanagement.
    • India stressed to ADB that it expects strict oversight mechanisms to be implemented to avoid diversion of funds.
    • India has previously opposed financial aid to Pakistan at other fora like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and is reportedly preparing a dossier to request Pakistan’s re-entry into the FATF grey list.
    [UPSC 2024] Which one of the following launched the ‘Nature Solutions Finance Hub for Asia and the Pacific’?

    (a) The Asian Development Bank (ADB) * (b) The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) (c) The New Development Bank (NDB) (d) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)

     

  • India-Australia defence ties beyond American shadows

    Why in the News?

    Donald Trump’s push to return as U.S. President and his deal-based approach to security have led to doubts being raised about America’s strong support for global alliances like NATO and Indo-Pacific ties. As a result, a key chance is being presented to countries like India and Australia to take on a bigger role in regional security.

    What opportunity does Trump’s return present for India-Australia defence ties?

    • Strategic Autonomy Amid U.S. Uncertainty: Trump’s transactional approach and doubts over U.S. security guarantees create a power vacuum, pushing India and Australia to enhance self-reliant regional security frameworks. Eg: Trump’s past remarks questioning NATO and alliances signal that countries like India and Australia must prepare to collaborate independently in the Indo-Pacific.
    • Convergence on Regional Threat Perception: Both nations share concerns about China’s assertiveness and have a common interest in upholding a rules-based Indo-Pacific order. Eg: Their cooperation in military exercises like Malabar and AUSINDEX reflects growing trust and joint readiness to ensure maritime security.
    • Enhanced Role for Middle Powers: With the U.S. potentially pulling back, middle powers like India and Australia can take on more active roles in shaping the regional security architecture. Eg: The establishment of the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (CSP) in 2020 and air-to-air refuelling arrangements show how both are stepping up bilateral defence engagement.

    How have India and Australia enhanced their defence partnership?

    • Strategic Frameworks and Dialogues: India and Australia have institutionalised their defence ties through frameworks like the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (CSP) 2020 and the 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue (launched in 2021), enabling high-level strategic coordination. Eg: These platforms have strengthened regular engagement on defence, security, and regional stability.
    • Operational Cooperation and Logistics Support: Practical collaboration has grown through agreements like the Mutual Logistics Support Agreement (MLSA), enabling joint exercises, logistics sharing, and humanitarian missions. Eg: In November 2024, an Air-to-Air Refuelling Agreement allowed the Royal Australian Air Force to extend the range of Indian fighter aircraft.
    • Joint Military Exercises and Multilateral Engagement:The two countries regularly conduct tri-services and multilateral military exercises to build interoperability and trust. Eg: Exercises like AUSINDEX (Navy), AUSTRAHIND (Army), and participation in Malabar and Pitch Blackreflect deepening defence cooperation.

    Why should India upgrade its Defence Adviser role in Canberra?

    • Reflect Strategic Importance of the Partnership: Upgrading the DA role to a one-star rank signals that India values its growing defence relationship with Australia.
    • Eg: Australia views India as a “top-tier security partner”; a higher-ranked DA would align with this perception and facilitate deeper military coordination.
    • Ensure Balanced Tri-Service Representation: Currently held by a Navy officer, the DA position lacks dedicated Army and Air Force support, limiting joint-service engagement. Eg: Adding Army and Air Force assistants would enhance collaboration across all services, especially for tri-service exercises like AUSTRAHIND and AUSINDEX.
    • Strengthen Pacific Island Outreach: The same DA currently manages India’s engagement with Pacific Island nations, which need focused strategic attention. Eg: Appointing dedicated personnel for Pacific outreach would align with India’s broader Indo-Pacific vision and regional diplomacy.

    Which defence cooperation areas need urgent focus?

    • Cross-Service Military Integration: Move beyond Navy-centric cooperation to promote joint operations across the Army, Navy, and Air Force. Eg: Plan a large-scale joint military exercise involving all three services to test real-world interoperability and enhance preparedness.
    • Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) & Joint Manufacturing: Expand cooperation in naval MRO facilities and co-production of patrol boats for island nations. Eg: India’s MRO contracts with the U.S. and U.K. navies can be replicated with Australia to support regional maritime forces in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
    • Ground-Level Operational Exchanges and War-Gaming: Encourage working-level military exchanges, war-gaming, and fellowships to build trust and generate fresh strategic ideas. Eg: Regular staff college fellowships and classified tabletop exercises can deepen understanding and foster tactical collaboration.

    How can MSMEs boost India-Australia defence collaboration?

    • Promote Joint Innovation in Defence Tech: MSMEs and startups in both countries are at the forefront of dual-use and cutting-edge technologies. Collaborating can lead to co-development of defence innovations. Eg: Indian and Australian MSMEs can jointly develop components for drones, surveillance systems, or cyber-security tools.
    • Align Indigenous Defence Programs: Both nations are running indigenisation drives in defence manufacturing. Aligning these efforts can reduce dependency on third-party suppliers. Eg: India and Australia can create a joint MSME supply chain for ship components or lightweight materials for aircraft.
    • Create Bilateral Platforms for MSME Engagement: Establish frameworks similar to the U.S.-India INDUS X model to connect MSMEs, investors, and defence officials from both countries. Eg: A dedicated India-Australia Defence MSME Forum can organise hackathons, product expos, and joint funding opportunities.

    Way forward: 

    • Deepen Tri-Service and Industrial Collaboration: Expand joint military exercises across all services and foster MSME-led co-development in defence tech, MRO, and manufacturing to build resilient, self-reliant capabilities.
    • Strengthen Strategic Architecture and Representation: Upgrade India’s Defence Adviser role in Canberra and establish dedicated bilateral MSME engagement platforms to reflect the growing strategic importance and operational depth of the partnership.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2021] The newly tri-nation partnership AUKUS is aimed at countering China’s ambitions in the Indo-Pacific region. Is it going to supersede the existing partnerships in the region? Discuss the strength and impact of AUKUS in the present scenario.

    Linkage: Australia is undergoing a substantial overhaul of its armed forces and acquiring new technologies under AUKUS, which includes the U.S. and the U.K. This strategic shift for Australia, alongside concerns about “American security guarantees appear increasingly conditional,” creates a context where Australia’s defense ties with India, as a fellow middle power, are deepening. AUKUS, while involving the US, signifies a new alignment in the Indo-Pacific that impacts the broader strategic environment in which India and Australia forge their independent and collaborative defense relationship.

  • Appointment and Removal of High Court Judges

    Why in the News?

    The Centre will bring a motion of removal against a Judge of the Allahabad High Court and has initiated the process of building an all-party consensus for this action.

    Qualifications of Judges of High Court:

    • Article 217(2) of the Constitution states that a person is qualified if:
      • They have held judicial office in India for at least 10 years, or
      • Have been an advocate in a High Court (or more than one in succession) for at least 10 years.
    • Tenure: As per Article 217(1), a High Court judge holds office till the age of 62 years.
    • Disputes over Age: Under Article 217(3), if a question arises regarding a judge’s age, the President, in consultation with the CJI, makes the final decision.

    Appointment Process of High Court Judges:

    • Constitutional Basis: The Article 217 of the Constitution provides that High Court judges are appointed by the President of India after consultation with the Chief Justice of India (CJI), the Governor of the state, and, in the case of judges (not Chief Justices), the Chief Justice of the High Court concerned.
    • Role of the Collegium System: The Collegium, comprising the CJI and 2 senior-most judges of the Supreme Court, plays a key role in recommending names for appointments. It ensures collaborative decision-making and maintains the independence of the judiciary.
    • Procedure:
      1. The Chief Justice of the High Court initiates the recommendation.
      2. The proposal is forwarded to the Chief Minister, who advises the Governor.
      3. The Governor sends it to the Union Law Minister, who places it before the Prime Minister, and then the President for final approval.
    • Policy for Chief Justices: To prevent local bias, Chief Justices of High Courts are generally appointed from outside the state.
    • Appointments and Transfers: The CJI and senior judges of the Supreme Court also decide on transfers of High Court judges, ensuring judicial autonomy and minimizing executive influence.

    Removal:

    • Process: Judges of the High Court (and Supreme Court) can only be removed through removal, not by executive action.
      • Requires a motion signed by at least 100 Lok Sabha MPs or 50 Rajya Sabha MPs.
      • The motion is examined by a three-member committee.
      • If the committee finds grounds, the motion is debated and must be passed by a two-thirds majority in both Houses of Parliament.
    • Legal Framework: The Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968 outlines the detailed procedure for investigating and acting upon misconduct by judges.
    • In-House Inquiry Mechanism: For internal disciplinary matters:
      • The CJI may order a preliminary inquiry based on credible complaints.
      • A three-judge panel is constituted if allegations are serious.
      • If the committee confirms misconduct, the CJI may ask the judge to resign.
      • If the judge refuses, the judicial work is withdrawn, and removal may be considered.

    Historical Removal Efforts:

    • No judge has been impeached in India, though attempts have been made, including the failed motions against Justice V Ramaswami (1993) and Justice Soumitra Sen (2011).
    • Justice V Ramaswami (1993): Faced removal for financial misconduct, but the motion failed in the Lok Sabha.
    • Justice Soumitra Sen (2011): Resigned after removal proceedings for misappropriating funds.
    • Justice K Veeraswamy: Chief Justice of Madras HC, investigated for corruption but challenged the investigation. The case remained unresolved until his death in 2010.
    • Justice Shamit Mukherjee (2003), Justice Nirmal Yadav (2008), and Justice SN Shukla (2017): Faced criminal charges for corruption after in-house inquiries found substantial evidence against them.

     

    [UPSC 2007] Consider the following statements:

    1. The mode of removal of a Judge of a High Court in India is the same as that of the removal of a Judge of the Supreme Court. 2. After retirement from office, a permanent Judge of a High Court cannot plead or act in any court or before any authority in India.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Options: (a) 1 only*  (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

  • Making a Law cannot amount to Contempt of Court: Supreme Court

    Why in the News?

    The Hon’ble Supreme Court has ruled that any law passed by Parliament or a State Legislature cannot be considered an act of contempt of court.

    Supreme Court’s Verdict on the Issue:

    • Context: The Court heard a 2012 contempt plea, alleging that the Chhattisgarh government violated its 2011 ruling against supporting Salwa Judum and arming tribals as SPOs.
    • Disputed Law: Petitioners argued the Chhattisgarh Auxiliary Armed Police Force Act, 2011 violated the earlier ruling.
    • Court’s Clarification: Passing a new law is within the plenary powers of legislatures and cannot be treated as contempt unless declared unconstitutional.
    • Proper Remedy: The correct approach is to challenge the law’s validity, not to file for contempt.
    • Separation of Powers: The Court upheld that legislature can modify or override judgments through new laws, if they respect constitutional boundaries.

    About Contempt of Court:

    • Purpose: Contempt of court refers to actions or behaviors that are disrespectful to, or that obstruct or interfere with, the administration of justice by a court. It protects the authority and dignity of the judiciary from acts that obstruct or interfere with justice.
    • Constitutional Basis:
      • Article 129 allows the Supreme Court to punish for its own contempt.
      • Article 215 grants the same power to High Courts.
      • Article 19(2) permits reasonable speech restrictions for contempt cases.
    • Legal Definition: The Contempt of Courts Act, 1971 defines contempt; the 2006 amendment allows truth and good faith as defences.
    • Types:
      • Civil Contempt is the wilful disobedience of court orders.
      • Criminal Contempt involves actions that scandalise the court, interfere with proceedings, or obstruct justice.
    • Punishment: Offenders may face up to 6 months imprisonment, or a ₹2,000 fine, or both.
    • What Is Not Contempt: Fair reporting and genuine criticism of judgments after disposal are not considered contempt.
    [UPSC 2022] Consider the following statements:

    1. Pursuant to the report of H.N. Sanyal Committee, the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971 was passed.

    2. The Constitution of India empowers the Supreme Court and the High Courts to punish for contempt of themselves.

    3. The Constitution of India defines Civil Contempt and Criminal Contempt.

    4. In India, the Parliament is vested with the powers to make laws on Contempt of Court.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1, 2 and 4* (c) 3 and 4 only (d) 3 only