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GS Paper: GS2

  • [18th June 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: What is Netanyahu’s endgame in Iran?

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2018] In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to this situation?

    Linkage: To answer this question effectively, one would need to understand the strategic objectives (Netanyahu’s “endgame”) of the key players involved, particularly Israel and the U.S., concerning Iran’s nuclear capabilities and regional influence because this question is highly relevant as it directly references the “US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy,” which is a central theme of article.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  Israel’s massive air attack on Iran, launched on June 13, has become a major turning point in West Asia’s politics and nuclear tensions. Israel targeted important nuclear sites, military bases, and top Iranian leaders — including the head of Iran’s armed forces — in what is now the most serious direct clash between the two countries. Although Israel says it wants to stop Iran’s nuclear program, much of the damage is limited, and Iran has hit back by firing hundreds of missiles, showing that Israel’s air advantage has its limits. This rising conflict is pushing the region closer to a wider war, with uncertain choices ahead — whether through diplomacy, trying to remove Iran’s government, or involving the U.S. — all of which carry serious global risks.

    Today’s editorial analyse the Israel’s massive air attack on Iran. This content would help in GS Paper II (International Relations) in the mains Paper.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Israel controls the skies and keeps bombing Iran to stop its nuclear program. But without powerful bombers to destroy protected sites, the attacks are unlikely to end soon.

    Why did Israel launch a pre-emptive air war against Iran?

    • To cripple Iran’s nuclear programme: Israel aimed to destroy key facilities involved in uranium enrichment and nuclear fuel processing. Eg: The air strikes on Natanz and Isfahan Nuclear Technology Centre targeted centrifuge halls, uranium conversion labs, and fuel manufacturing plants.
    • To eliminate Iran’s military leadership and infrastructure: Israel sought to weaken Iran’s retaliatory capabilities by decapitating its chain of command and targeting missile sites. Eg: The first wave of attacks killed Iran’s top generals, including the chief of the armed forces, and destroyed ballistic missile sites.
    • To pre-empt diplomacy and assert regional dominance: The strike came just before scheduled U.S.-Iran nuclear talks, indicating Israel’s intent to disrupt any deal that could legitimize Iran’s nuclear capabilities. Eg: The air war began three days before the sixth round of U.S.-Iran nuclear talks, showing that diplomacy was not Israel’s immediate priority.

    What impact has Israel’s offensive had on Iran’s nuclear infrastructure and retaliatory capabilities?

    • Partial damage to nuclear infrastructure: Israel’s strikes caused significant but incomplete destruction of Iran’s nuclear facilities. Eg: The Natanz facility’s above-ground buildings were “completely destroyed”, but the underground centrifuge hall remained mostly intact, as per the IAEA.
    • Severe but not total disruption of key nuclear functions: Several critical facilities were hit, reducing Iran’s short-term nuclear processing ability. Eg: At Isfahan, Israel destroyed a chemical lab, uranium conversion plant, fuel manufacturing plant, and a uranium metal conversion unit—all essential to nuclear development.
    • Limited impact on Iran’s missile retaliation capacity: Despite leadership losses and infrastructure damage, Iran responded with strong missile and drone attacks. Eg: Iran launched ~400 missiles, striking targets in Israel like the Haifa oil refinery and a research institute near Tel Aviv, showing its retaliatory capabilities remain intact.

    How does the ongoing conflict affect regional security?

    • Risk of a full-scale regional war: The conflict may escalate beyond Israel and Iran, drawing in regional actors and proxy militias. Eg: Iran’s allies like Hezbollah in Lebanon or Shia militias in Iraq and Syria could retaliate, opening multiple war fronts across West Asia.
    • Destabilization of already fragile states: Ongoing hostilities may worsen instability in politically volatile countries. Eg: Countries like Iraq, Syria, and Yemen, already dealing with internal conflicts, could become battlefields for Israeli-Iranian proxy warfare.
    • Undermining regional diplomacy and peace efforts: The conflict derails ongoing peace talks and normalisation efforts between Israel and Arab nations. Eg: Arab countries part of the Abraham Accords, like UAE and Bahrain, are now under pressure to respond, potentially freezing further diplomatic engagement with Israel.
    • Threat to global energy supplies: The war risks disrupting oil production and shipping through key routes like the Strait of Hormuz. Eg: Iran may target Gulf oil infrastructure or tankers, affecting exports from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and UAE, leading to global oil price hikes.
    • Increased civilian casualties and humanitarian crises: Strikes on civilian infrastructure increase displacement and humanitarian distress. Eg: Bombing of civilian locations in Iran and missile hits on Israeli cities have killed dozens and forced airport shutdowns like at Ben Gurion Airport in Tel Aviv.

    What is the role of global powers like the U.S.?

    • Indirect support and strategic green light to Israel: While officially denying involvement, the U.S. has tacitly approved Israel’s actions. Eg: President Donald Trump publicly claimed neutrality but reportedly gave a “clear green light” to Israel before the June 13 strikes, according to Israeli officials.
    • Using Israeli strikes as diplomatic leverage: The U.S. is leveraging the conflict to pressure Iran into nuclear negotiations on stricter terms. Eg: Trump indicated openness to a new nuclear deal with Iran, using Israeli aggression as a tool to push Iran back to talks.
    • Avoiding direct military involvement while containing escalation: The U.S. is trying to prevent the conflict from expanding to American assets or allies. Eg: Trump warned Iran not to target U.S. troops or bases, and Iran has been cautious to avoid direct conflict with U.S. forces despite intense fighting with Israel.

    What are the diplomatic and military options available to Israel in its conflict with Iran?

    • Military escalation for regime change: Israel may continue bombing key infrastructure to weaken or collapse the Iranian regime. Eg: Prime Minister Netanyahu hinted at targeting Iran’s Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Khamenei, and stated that the offensive could lead to regime change in Tehran.
    • Pause strikes to enable diplomacy: Israel could halt its attacks temporarily to allow diplomatic negotiations between the U.S. and Iran. Eg: Iran reportedly sent feelers through Gulf countries expressing willingness to talk if Israel stops bombing, indicating an opening for peace talks.
    • Push for direct U.S. military involvement: Israel could seek to draw the U.S. into the conflict to achieve its strategic goals, especially the destruction of fortified nuclear sites. Eg: Israeli officials are pressing Washington to join the war, as U.S. bunker-buster bombs and bombers are necessary to destroy Iran’s Fordow facility.

    Way forward: 

    • Pursue an internationally mediated ceasefire and nuclear dialogue: Global powers, especially the U.S., EU, and UN, should mediate a ceasefire to de-escalate hostilities and revive nuclear diplomacy with robust verification mechanisms. Eg: Leveraging backchannel talks through Gulf countries and involving the IAEA can help restore trust and prevent further militarisation.
    • Prevent regional spillover through coordinated crisis management: Establish a joint crisis response framework involving regional actors (like Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Turkey) to contain proxy escalations and protect civilian infrastructure. Eg: A regional security dialogue could be initiated under the UN or Arab League to address missile threats, avoid airspace violations, and prevent humanitarian crises.

  • India needs to design an inclusive pension system

    Why in the News?

    India’s pension landscape is facing a critical juncture, as highlighted in the Economic Survey 2025-26.

    What is the current state of India’s pension ecosystem?

    • Low Pension Assets: Pension assets in India are just 17% of GDP, significantly lower than in developed countries, which range around 80%.
    • Uneven Coverage: Only 12% of the workforce is covered by formal schemes, mainly in the public and organised private sectors.
    • Informal Sector Gap: Informal workers, including gig workers, are largely left out—only 5.3% of the total population participates in Atal Pension Yojana and NPS (FY24).
    • Fragmentation of Schemes: India’s pension system is disjointed, unlike the multi-tiered models in countries like Japan and New Zealand.

    Why is pension coverage for the informal sector vital for India’s development goals?

    • Large Workforce Contribution: Over 85% of India’s workforce is in the informal sector, contributing more than half of the GDP. Ensuring their old-age security is crucial for inclusive economic growth. Eg: Street vendors, gig workers, and farm labourers often lack any retirement support despite their significant economic role.
    • Rising Old-Age Dependency: By 2050, India’s old-age dependency ratio is expected to reach 30%, increasing the burden on working-age populations. Expanding pension coverage now helps prevent future elderly poverty and reduces pressure on public welfare systems. Eg: Without pension security, aging informal workers may become financially dependent on their families or state welfare.
    • Achieving Viksit Bharat by 2047: A universal and inclusive pension system is essential to meet the goal of becoming a developed economy by 2047, ensuring that development is sustainable and equitable. Eg: Countries like New Zealand and Japan offer universal pension models that India can adapt to promote long-term social security.

    What are the key challenges in India’s current pension system?

    • Fragmented and Unequal Coverage: India’s pension landscape is divided across multiple parallel schemes, mainly benefitting public and organised private sector workers, while the informal sector remains largely excluded. Eg: Schemes like EPFO or NPS cover only ~12% of the workforce; gig workers must voluntarily opt into the Atal Pension Yojana, limiting reach.
    • Low Financial Literacy and Awareness: A large section of informal workers lack awareness of available pension options due to limited financial literacyand inadequate grassroots outreach. Eg: Unlike Australia, where superannuation education is part of the school curriculum, India lacks structured sensitisation efforts.
    • Lack of Sustainability and Liquidity in Funds: Many Indian pension funds face low adequacy and poor returns, threatening long-term sustainability. Eg: According to the Mercer CFA Global Pension Index 2024, India scored just 44%, with a sharp fall in adequacy compared to global benchmarks like Denmark or Netherlands.

    How do global pension models ensure inclusivity and sustainability?

    • Universal or Mandatory Coverage: Many countries adopt universal or compulsory schemes to ensure no worker is left out, regardless of employment type. Eg: Japan has a mandatory flat-rate contributory scheme for all residents aged 20–59, including self-employed, farmers, and employees. New Zealand provides a universal pension to all citizens aged 65+, with a 10-year residency condition.
    • Automatic Enrolment and Employer Participation: Models promoting auto-enrolment and mandatory employer contributions increase participation, especially among informal or gig workers. Eg: The UK operates an opt-out pension scheme, automatically enrolling workers unless they choose otherwise.
    • Transparent Communication and Digital Access: Regular disclosures and easy digital access help build trust and improve awareness of pension entitlements. Eg: Netherlands provides annual pension statements to all contributors. Nigeria has invested in digital pension infrastructure to expand access, especially in rural or informal settings.

    What are the steps taken by the government? 

    • Launch of Atal Pension Yojana (APY): Introduced in 2015, APY is a voluntary pension scheme aimed at workers in the unorganised sector, offering a guaranteed monthly pension between ₹1,000 and ₹5,000 after age 60. Eg: As of FY24, APY covered over 5.3% of India’s population, helping bring informal workers under a pension net.
    • Expansion of the National Pension System (NPS): NPS was extended to all citizens on a voluntary basis, including gig workers, self-employed individuals, and informal sector workers, with flexible contributions. Eg: The eNPS portal allows for easy digital enrolment and management, making it accessible to informal workers.
    • Social Security Code and Aggregator Contribution: Under the Code on Social Security, 2020, the government mandated platform aggregators (like ride-sharing or delivery apps) to contribute towards the social security of gig and platform workers.

    Which reforms can integrate informal workers into India’s pension framework? (Way forward) 

    • Harmonise fragmented schemes into a three-tier framework: Tier 1: Mandatory basic pension for all, irrespective of employment type. Tier 2: Employer-linked schemes with auto-enrolment. Tier 3: Voluntary savings with tax benefits and flexible options. Eg: Japan’s mandatory flat-rate pension includes self-employed, farmers, and private/public workers.
    • Enhance Financial Literacy and Awareness: Launch targeted awareness campaigns on pension benefits, especially in rural and informal sectors, starting at school and college levels.
      Eg: Australia includes superannuation education in school curricula; UK promotes pensions through opt-out schemes to increase enrolment by default.
    • Strengthen Digital Pension Infrastructure: Develop user-friendly digital platforms for easy enrolment, contribution tracking, and annual disclosures for informal workers. Eg: Nigeria has invested heavily in digital systems to expand pension access across informal sectors.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC IAS 2023] Development and welfare schemes for the vulnerable, by its nature, are discriminatory in approach.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.

    Linkage: This article explicitly states that “the only protection for the informal sector is voluntary adoption under the National Pension System and Atal Pension Yojana” and that “this only addresses a fraction of the informal sector and adds another parallel scheme to an already complex web”.

  • Magna Carta: The ‘blueprint for democracy’

    Why in the News?

    On June 15, 1215, King John of England agreed to a seminal document called the Magna Carta, laying down principles that would help establish the foundations of modern democracies.

    About Magna Carta:

    • Overview: The Magna Carta, meaning “Great Charter” in Latin, was signed on June 15, 1215, at Runnymede near London by King John of England under pressure from rebel barons.
    • Content: The charter originally had 63 clauses, with two of the most important being:
      • Clause 39: Protection against arbitrary arrest and imprisonment.
      • Clause 40: Guarantee of justice without delay or denial.
    • Context: It was created in response to military defeats and excessive taxation, particularly following England’s loss at the Battle of Bouvines (1214).
    • Initial Setback: Though annulled by Pope Innocent III, it was reissued multiple times, especially under King Henry III, and became part of English statutory law.
    • How it dealt with the masses: Magna Carta was initially meant to protect free men—mainly land-owning nobles and barons, excluding women, serfs, and commoners.
    • Radical Impact: Despite its narrow scope, historians regard it as Europe’s most radical early check on monarchical authority.
    • Legal Influence: The charter influenced future legal systems, including the U.S. Constitution, Bill of Rights, and principles like habeas corpus.
    • Modern Relevance: Clauses 39 and 40 remain part of UK law today.
    • Significance: It is considered one of the earliest documents to limit royal power and lay the foundation for the rule of law and constitutional governance.

    Magna Carta of the Indian Constitution: Part III (Fundamental Rights)

    • Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Indian Constitution is often called the “Magna Carta of India”.
    • It guarantees justiciable Fundamental Rights, protecting citizens against arbitrary state action and forming the core of Indian democracy.
    • Why it’s called India’s Magna Carta?
      • Historical Parallel: Like the 1215 charter, Part III limits government power and guarantees individual freedoms.
      • Inspired by the U.S. Bill of Rights, it offers one of the most comprehensive rights charters in the world.
      • Legal enforceability empowers courts to uphold citizens’ rights and strike down unconstitutional laws.
    • Six Categories of Fundamental Rights:
      1. Right to Equality (Articles 14–18): Equality before law and prohibition of discrimination.
      2. Right to Freedom (Articles 19–22): Freedom of speech, movement, assembly, etc.
      3. Right against Exploitation (Articles 23–24): Ban on forced labour and child labour.
      4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25–28): Freedom to practice and propagate religion.
      5. Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29–30): Rights of minorities to preserve culture and run institutions.
      6. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32): Right to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of rights.
    [UPSC 2010] The ‘Instrument of Instructions’ contained in the Government of India Act 1935 have been incorporated in the Constitution of India in the year 1950 as:

    Options: (a) Fundamental rights (b) Directive Principles of State Policy* (c) Extent of executive power of State (d) Conduct of business of the Government of India

     

  • Key Highlights of the Global Liveability Index, 2025

    Why in the News?

    The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) has released its Global Liveability Index 2025, evaluating 173 cities worldwide on their quality of life.

    About the Global Liveability Index:

    • Publisher: It is released annually by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU).
    • Purpose: It measures the quality of life in 173 cities worldwide, assessing how challenging or comfortable it is to live in each location.
    • Usage: The index informs decisions by corporations, governments, and development agencies, particularly for policy planning and expatriate relocation.
    • Five Assessment Categories:
      1. Stability (25%): Considers levels of crime, civil unrest, and terrorism threats.
      2. Healthcare (20%): Evaluates the quality, accessibility, and availability of medical services.
      3. Culture & Environment (25%): Includes climate, cultural offerings, and environmental conditions.
      4. Education (10%): Measures access to public and private education and overall quality.
      5. Infrastructure (20%): Covers transport, roads, housing, and utility services.
    • Scoring: Cities are rated from 1 (intolerable) to 100 (ideal) using 30+ qualitative and quantitative indicators.

    Key Global Rankings (2025):

    • Top Cities:
      • Copenhagen (Denmark) ranked 1st, scoring 98/100 with perfect marks in stability, education, and infrastructure.
      • Vienna and Zurich tied for 2nd, followed by Melbourne (4th) and Geneva (5th).
    • Regional Trends: Western European cities dominated the top 10, thanks to strong healthcare, education, and public transport systems.
    • Asia-Pacific Performers: Melbourne, Sydney, Osaka, Auckland, and Adelaide made the top 10, showing continued high liveability.
    • Improvements: Al Khobar (Saudi Arabia) jumped 13 spots due to gains in education and healthcare.
    • Lowest Ranked: Damascus (Syria) remains the least liveable, followed by Tripoli (Libya) and Dhaka (Bangladesh).
    • India’s Position: Both Delhi and Mumbai ranked 141st out of 173 cities, reflecting persistent issues in healthcare, infrastructure, air quality, and public safety.
    [UPSC 2017] With reference to the role of UN-Habitat in the United Nations programme working towards a better urban future, consider the following statements:

    1. UN-Habitat has been mandated by the United Nations General Assembly to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities to provide adequate shelter for all.

    2. Its partners are either governments or local urban authorities only.

    3. UN-Habitat contributes to the overall objective of the United Nations system to reduce poverty and to promote access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Options: (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 3 only* (c) 2 and 3 only (d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

  • [17th June 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: India’s uneasy balancing act in the Bay of Bengal

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2022] Do you think that BIMSTEC is a parallel organisation like the SAARC? What are the similarities and dissimilarities between the two? How are Indian foreign policy objectives realized by forming this new organisation?

    Linkage: This article highlights India’s efforts to “reinvigorate BIMSTEC” and the significance of the BIMSTEC Maritime Transport Cooperation Agreement in reducing trade friction and fostering multimodal linkages within the Bay of Bengal, with a broader goal of positioning India as a “regional integrator”. This question directly examines India’s foreign policy objectives through such regional organizations, which are central to its balancing act in the Bay of Bengal.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  India’s decision to cancel Bangladesh’s transshipment facility — once seen as a step towards closer regional trade — has created tension in the Bay of Bengal region. This move came at a time when Bangladesh was seen to be strengthening ties with China, leading many to believe that India’s trade decisions are now being influenced by its strategic concerns. What was once neutral and shared trade infrastructure is now becoming politically sensitive. This is important because India is also trying to promote regional trade through BIMSTEC and position itself as a leader of fair, rules-based trade. But this action goes against those goals, making it a turning point for India’s regional diplomacy.

    Today’s editorial discusses the implications of India’s recent decision to cancel Bangladesh’s transhipment facility. This content would help in GS Paper II (International Relations) in the mains Paper.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    India recently withdrew Bangladesh’s access to its ports for sending goods to other countries. This move has now created tension in the Bay of Bengal.

    Why did India revoke Bangladesh’s transhipment facility?

    • Official Justification: Port Congestion: India cited logistical constraints and congestion at its ports, which were causing delays for Indian exporters, as the main reason for revoking the facility. Eg: Indian terminals at ports like Haldia and Kolkata were reportedly overloaded, affecting trade efficiency.
    • Perceived Political Message to Bangladesh: The move was seen in Dhaka as a political signal, possibly linked to Bangladesh’s growing ties with China and a speech by its interim Chief Adviser referring to India’s Northeast as “landlocked”. Eg: The announcement followed Bangladesh’s assertion that it was a maritime lifeline for India’s Northeast, which New Delhi viewed unfavourably.
    • Geopolitical Sensitivities and Strategic Hedging: India may have aimed to discourage strategic balancing by Bangladesh, especially as Dhaka has been reopening maritime trade with Pakistan and expanding engagement with Beijing. Eg: The timing suggested India was responding to Bangladesh’s diplomatic moves rather than acting purely on trade logistics.

    What impact has this decision had on BIMSTEC trade and regional cooperation?

    • Undermines the Spirit of Cooperative Regionalism: The withdrawal of the transshipment facility has reintroduced political conditionality into what was seen as neutral trade infrastructure, weakening trust in regional integration efforts. Eg: BIMSTEC’s Maritime Transport Cooperation Agreement, aimed at easing trade, now appears less credible if access depends on bilateral politics.
    • Disrupts Bangladesh’s Export Logistics: Bangladeshi exporters, especially in ready-made garments (over 85% of its foreign earnings), now face higher costs and delays in routing shipments through alternatives like Sri Lanka or Southeast Asia. Eg: Exporters relying on Indian ports for faster global access must now divert shipments to costlier and less efficient routes.
    • Creates Regional Uncertainty and Strategic Caution: Other BIMSTEC members (like Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar) may now view Indian trade infrastructure as subject to political shifts, potentially leading them to hedge against overdependence on India. Eg: If India’s trade facilitation appears transactional, smaller economies may seek Chinese or Southeast Asian alternatives, weakening BIMSTEC cohesion.

    How does politicising trade affect India’s regional credibility?

    • Erodes Trust in India’s Leadership Role: When India uses trade access as a tool of political signalling, it undermines its image as a stable and reliable regional partner. Eg: Revoking the transshipment facility with Bangladesh due to geopolitical tensions contradicts India’s projected role as a neutral integrator under initiatives like BIMSTEC and Sagarmala.
    • Encourages Smaller Neighbours to Hedge Strategically: Politicised trade may push neighbouring countries to diversify economic dependencies and explore ties with rival powers such as China. Eg: Bangladesh’s increasing engagement with China, including maritime and economic cooperation, reflects a strategic shift partly influenced by India’s conditional economic approach.
    • Weakens India’s Push for Rules-Based Regional Order: If trade rules are seen as subject to India’s unilateral political decisions, it undermines the credibility of multilateral frameworks India champions. Eg: The credibility of a future BIMSTEC Free Trade Agreement could suffer if member states believe India might alter terms based on bilateral tensions.

    Why is Bangladesh’s growing engagement with China a concern for India?

    • Strategic Encirclement through China’s Influence: Bangladesh’s closer ties with China raise fears of India being strategically encircled under China’s “String of Pearls” strategy, which aims to increase Chinese presence around India’s maritime periphery. Eg: China’s involvement in Bangladesh’s port infrastructure, like the Payra and Chattogram ports, gives Beijing a potential foothold in the Bay of Bengal, affecting India’s maritime security.
    • Dilution of India’s Role as a Regional Connector: If Bangladesh aligns more with China, it could sideline India’s efforts to be the primary economic and connectivity hub in South Asia. Eg: Bangladesh’s Chief Adviser referring to the country as the “maritime lifeline” for India’s Northeast indirectly challenges India’s Act East and Sagarmala initiatives.
    • Undermines BIMSTEC-Led Regional Integration: China is not a BIMSTEC member, and deeper Bangladesh-China economic ties may fragment the regional architecture that India is promoting through BIMSTEC. Eg: Bangladesh’s reopening of maritime trade with Pakistan and increased Chinese engagement may discourage rules-based, India-led cooperation in the Bay of Bengal.

    What measures can India take to keep trade infrastructure geopolitically neutral? (Way forward)

    • Institutionalise Rules-Based Trade Frameworks: India should establish transparent, rules-based mechanisms for port access and transshipment to avoid ad-hoc or politically motivated decisions. Eg: Reinstating Bangladesh’s transshipment facility under a BIMSTEC Maritime Trade Protocol would ensure decisions are not influenced by political tensions.
    • Promote Multilateral Ownership of Regional Corridors: Trade corridors should be developed through collective BIMSTEC initiatives instead of bilateral control, reducing suspicion of Indian dominance. Eg: Projects like the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway can be expanded under a BIMSTEC umbrella for shared responsibility and access.
    • Separate Strategic Concerns from Economic Policy: India must draw a firm line between diplomatic disputes and regional trade policies to preserve trust and reliability. Eg: Avoiding retaliatory restrictions (such as land port bans on Bangladeshi goods) helps maintain India’s image as a credible regional partner, even during diplomatic disagreements.

  • Analysing Internet access and digital skills in India

    Why in the News?

    The National Sample Survey Office’s Comprehensive Annual Modular Survey (CAMS) 2022-23 is a landmark initiative that provides the first large-scale assessment of India’s digital landscape at the household and individual level.

    What does the CAMS 2022–23 reveal about digital access and skills in India?

    • Broadband Access is Widespread but Unequal: 76.3% of Indian households have broadband internet, indicating strong national reach. Eg: In urban areas like Delhi, over 90% of households are connected, while in states like Arunachal Pradesh, only 60.2% have access.
    • Social and Economic Inequalities Persist: Broadband access is higher among General category households (84.1%), but much lower among SCs (69.1%)and STs (64.8%). Eg: In the lowest income decile, 71.6% of households lack broadband, compared to just 1.9% in the top decile.
    • High Mobile Ownership But Gender and Caste Gaps Remain: Over 94% of rural households own mobile phones, but usage is skewed. Eg: Only 25.3% of rural women in the General category use mobile phones independently, and the percentage is even lower among SC/ST women.
    • Basic Digital Skills are Still Limited: While many can use mobile phones, skills like emailing and online banking are still underdeveloped. Eg: Only 20% of rural and 40% of urban people can send or receive emails; only 37.8% of all people aged 15+ can perform online banking transactions.

    Why does the digital divide still exist despite high internet penetration?

    • Economic Inequality Limits Access: While internet availability is high, affordability remains a barrier for poorer households. Eg: In the lowest income decile, 71.6% of households lack broadband, compared to only 1.9% in the top income group.
    • Social Disparities Affect Usage: Caste and gender-based inequalities reduce meaningful digital access and use. Eg: Among rural women from the General category, only 25.3% use mobile phones independently, with even lower figures among SC/ST women.
    • Low Functional Digital Literacy: Having internet access does not mean people have the skills to use it effectively for education or services. Eg: Only 20% of rural and 40% of urban populations can send or receive emails, showing a gap in practical digital usage.

    What digital skills are lacking among rural and urban populations?

    • Email Communication Skills Are Low: A large section of the population cannot use basic email services. Eg: Only 20% in rural areas and 40% in urban areas can send or receive emails.
    • Spreadsheet and Arithmetic Skills Are Poor: Most people lack the ability to perform basic digital tasks like calculations in spreadsheets. Eg: Less than 40% of Indians aged 15+ can perform arithmetic operations in spreadsheets.
    • Online Banking Proficiency Is Limited: There is limited ability to use secure digital financial services. Eg: Only 37.8% of people aged 15+ in India can perform online banking transactions, indicating low digital financial literacy.

    How can the government bridge the digital divide to meet the SDG 4 goals? (Way forward)

    • Subsidise Internet Access for Poor Households: Make broadband a basic utility, like water or electricity, to ensure universal access. Eg: Provide low-cost broadband plans or free connections for families in the bottom income deciles, where 71.6% lack connectivity.
    • Invest in Digital Skill Training: Launch nationwide programs to train youth and adults in essential digital skills. Eg: Government-backed digital literacy missions in rural areas can teach email use, spreadsheet functions, and online banking.
    • Promote Inclusive Technology Access for Women and Marginalised Groups: Ensure equal digital access for SCs, STs, OBCs, and women through targeted schemes. Eg: Initiate women-focused mobile usage schemes in rural areas, where only 25.3% of general category women use mobile phones exclusively.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2021] Has digital illiteracy, particularly in rural areas, coupled with lack of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) accessibility hindered socio-economic development? Examine with justification.

    Linkage: The article explicitly details the disparities in “broadband Internet facilities” and “mobile or telephone connections” between rural and urban areas, and across different states, caste groups (OBCs, SCs, STs, and General), and income deciles, directly addressing “ICT accessibility. This question directly aligns with the core themes presented in the article.

  • 5 things to look out for in this year’s G7 Summit in Canada

    Why in the News?

    The 2025 G7 Summit in Alberta, Canada, is getting worldwide attention because Donald Trump has returned to the scene.

    It’s happening at a time when global tensions are high, especially due to the rising conflict between Israel and Iran and the ongoing war in Ukraine.

    What are the main issues discussed at the 2025 G7 Summit in Canada?

    • Escalating Iran–Israel Conflict and Nuclear Talks: Negotiations to curb Iran’s nuclear programme and manage fallout from Israel’s June 13 strikes dominated early sessions. Eg: G7 leaders debated sanctions and diplomatic channels to prevent wider Middle-East war.
    • Ongoing Russia–Ukraine War: Securing long-term military and financial aid for Ukraine remained central, with President Zelenskyy briefing leaders. Eg: Canada and Europe proposed a fresh aid package, while the U.S. stance under Trump stayed cautious.
    • Global Trade Frictions and Tariff Disputes: Rising U.S. tariffs on steel, aluminium and fentanyl-linked goods—and partners’ countermeasures—featured prominently. Eg: Canada pushed for a zero-tariff pact on steel and autos in bilateral talks with the U.S.
    • Climate Action, Wildfire Response and Critical Minerals: Leaders issued short joint statements on wildfires, decarbonisation and securing critical mineral supply chains for clean tech. Eg: Australia and Canada showcased joint plans to boost lithium and nickel output for EV batteries.

    Why is Trump’s presence seen as influential at the summit?

    • Disruptive Diplomatic Style and Past Precedents: Trump’s unpredictable behaviour, seen at the 2018 Quebec G7, influences how leaders prepare for negotiations and outcomes. Eg: In 2018, he left early, refused to sign the joint communique, and insulted then-PM Justin Trudeau.
    • Tariff Impositions and Nationalist Policies: His administration’s new tariffs on G7 allies and aggressive trade policies create friction within the bloc. Eg: He imposed fentanyl-related tariffs on Canada and Mexico, accusing them of failing on illegal immigration control.
    • Polarising Political Rhetoric: His controversial remarks, such as suggesting Canada become the 51st U.S. state, fuel tensions and affect domestic politics in host nations. Eg: These comments weakened Conservative candidate Pierre Poilievre’s campaign and contributed to Mark Carney’s election win.

    What is the impact of the Middle East and Russia-Ukraine conflicts on the G7 agenda?

    • Shift in Strategic Focus and Urgency: The escalating Iran-Israel tensions redirected attention from economic to security and defense cooperation among G7 nations. Eg: After Israel’s strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities, leaders emphasized the need to restrict Iran’s nuclear ambitionsand prevent wider conflict.
    • Unity and Division within the G7: The Russia-Ukraine war exposed divergent views, especially with Trump’s reluctance to support Ukraine, contrasting with NATO allies’ continued backing. Eg: Trump labelled Zelenskyy “ungrateful”, while Canada and Europe reaffirmed their military and diplomatic support to Ukraine.
    • Broader Global Message of Deterrence: The inclusion of both conflicts on the agenda highlighted the G7’s role as a global security actor committed to international law and sovereignty. Eg: Ukrainian President Zelenskyy’s invitation was intended to signal G7’s continued resolve against Russian aggression.

    Why is India’s invitation to the G7 significant despite strained Canada-India ties?

    • Rebuilding Diplomatic Channels: The invitation marked a thaw in strained relations following the diplomatic row over the Hardeep Singh Nijjar killing allegations. Eg: Canadian PM Mark Carney personally invited PM Narendra Modi, indicating a willingness to resume dialoguedespite unresolved tensions.
    • Acknowledgment of India’s Global Role: India’s presence reflected its growing influence in global governance, especially on issues like climate change, trade, and geopolitics. Eg: Including India alongside other key non-member nations like Brazil and South Africa affirmed its importance to G7 strategic objectives.

    Way forward: 

    • ​​Institutionalise High-Level Dialogue: Establish regular diplomatic and law enforcement exchanges between India and Canada to address mutual concerns and rebuild trust while keeping sensitive issues separate from broader strategic cooperation.
    • Strengthen Multilateral Collaboration: Leverage platforms like the G7, G20, and UN to deepen cooperation on global challenges such as climate change, critical minerals, and digital governance, showcasing shared interests beyond bilateral disputes.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2023] What are the ways in which oil pollution affects the marine ecosystem? In what way is oil pollution particularly harmful for a country like India?

    Linkage: Maritime Accident Response” explicitly talks about the “oil spills” as one of the three major peacetime maritime accidents that the Indian coast needs protection against. It also states that oil is a “more severe fire hazard” than hazardous cargo, especially in the context of gas-carrying merchant ships. This question directly addresses the environmental and national impact of oil pollution, which is a significant aspect of maritime accidents and firefighting efforts.

  • Centre caps MGNREGS spend at 60%

    Why in the News?

    The Union Finance Ministry has capped spending under the Mahatma Gandhi National Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) at 60% of its total annual allocation for the first half of FY 2025-26.

    About MGNREGS:

    • Legal Foundation: MGNREGS is a rights-based Centrally Sponsored Scheme launched under the MGNREGA Act of 2005 to ensure the Right to Work for rural households.
    • Origins:
      • The idea of employment guarantee in India began with Maharashtra’s pilot, Employment Guarantee Scheme (MEGS), in 1965 under the V. Naik government.
      • At the national level, the idea was first proposed in 1991 by then PM P. V. Narasimha Rao and later enacted in 2005.
    • Employment Guarantee: It provides 100 days of wage employment per year to any adult willing to do unskilled manual labour in rural India.
    • Legal Obligation: It is the first law in India that imposes a legal duty on the government to provide employment and compensate for non-compliance.
    • Development Goal: The scheme aims to promote livelihood security, inclusive growth, and rural development.

    Key Features:

    • Statutory Right: Employment under MGNREGS is a legal entitlement, not just a welfare scheme.
    • Eligibility: Any rural adult aged 18 or above can apply and must be offered work within 15 days.
    • Proximity and Wages: Work must be provided within 5 km of the applicant’s residence with minimum wage, and delays attract compensation.
    • Unemployment Allowance: If work is not provided on time, the state must pay an allowance.
    • Demand-Driven Model: The scheme is worker-initiated, requiring the government to respond to demand.
    • Transparency and Audits: Regular social audits and online updates ensure accountability in job cards, muster rolls, and fund use.
    • Local Implementation: It is decentralised, led by Gram Panchayats, with support from block and state officials, and centrally funded.
    • Women’s Inclusion: At least one-third of beneficiaries must be women, enhancing gender equity.
    • Sustainable Assets: Projects focus on durable rural infrastructure like ponds, roads, canals, and plantations.

    Rationale Behind the Spending Cap:

    • Expenditure Control: This cap is part of the Monthly/Quarterly Expenditure Plan to prevent front-loading of funds and mid-year shortages.
    • Previous Trends: In earlier years, over 70% of funds were spent by September, creating dues of ₹15,000–25,000 crore.
    • Current Status: As of June 2025, 28% of the budget is already used, while ₹19,200 crore in dues remain from FY25.
    • Criticism: Experts argue the cap undermines the demand-driven design of the act and may violate the legal right to work.
    [UPSC 2006] Consider the following statements in respect of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005:

    1. The Act provides 100 days of employment to households as a fundamental right.

    2. Women are given priority such that half of the employment seekers are women.

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 *

     

  • Who takes responsibility when a Ship sinks?

    Why in the News?

    Two recent maritime accidents off Kerala’s coast have spotlighted shipping safety, ecological risks, and the International Maritime Organisation’s (IMO) role in global maritime regulation.

    About the International Maritime Organisation (IMO):

    • Overview: The IMO is a UN specialised agency that regulates international shipping and aims to prevent marine pollution from ships.
    • Establishment: It was established in 1948 via a UN conference in Geneva and formally came into existence in 1958. It is headquartered in London, United Kingdom.
    • Membership: It has 175 member states and 3 associate members. India joined in 1959.
    • Objective: To develop a fair and effective global regulatory framework for the shipping industry that is universally adopted and consistently implemented.
    • Legal Functions: It also addresses liability and compensation and facilitates international maritime traffic through legal frameworks.
    • World Maritime Day: It observes World Maritime Day on the last Thursday of September each year to promote awareness of maritime significance.
    • IMO Governance Structure:
      • Assembly: The highest governing body meets every 2 years.
      • Council: Comprises 40 members serving 2-year terms, acts as the executive organ, and focusing on safety and pollution control.
      • Committees: Five main committees and multiple subcommittees draft and adopt conventions, codes, and guidelines for maritime operations.
    • SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea) Convention: Originating after the Titanic disaster, SOLAS mandates lifeboat capacity on both ship sides and is regularly updated by the IMO to meet modern safety standards.

    India and IMO:

    • Overseeing Agency: IMO-related matters in India are handled by the Directorate General of Shipping.
    • Council Representation: India is a Category B member of the IMO Council, indicating its growing maritime influence.
    • Future Goals: Under Vision 2030 and Amrit Kaal Vision 2047, India plans to set up a dedicated IMO cell.
    • Conventions Not Yet Ratified: India has not yet ratified the 2004 Ballast Water Convention and the 2010 HNS Convention.
    • Flags of Convenience (FOC): Many ships operate under FOCs (e.g., Liberia, Marshall Islands) to bypass stringent regulations.

    Who is Liable for Environmental Damage and Lost Cargo?

    • Owner Liability: Ship owners are liable for both cargo loss and environmental damage under international law.
    • Bill of Lading: Cargo is transported under a bill of lading, a legal contract between ship owner and cargo holder.
    • Marine Insurance: P&I Clubs (Protection & Indemnity) cover liabilities related to cargo loss, environmental damage, and loss of life.
    • Liability Caps: While cargo liability is capped, environmental claims—especially for oil or toxic spills—can be uncapped and costly.
    • Polluter Pays Principle: The MARPOL Convention enforces that polluters bear the cost of environmental damage, even if national law limits compensation.
    • Wreck Liability: The Nairobi Convention (2007) holds ship owners responsible for wreck removal or financial liability within 200 nautical miles of a nation’s coast.
    • Recent Examples: Accidents like Wan Hai 503 and ELSA 3, involving toxic spills and lost containers, show the importance of robust legal frameworks.
    [UPSC 2022] With reference to the ‘Polar Code’, which one of the following statements best describes it?

    Options: (a) It is the international code of safety for ships operating in polar waters.*

    (b) It is the agreement of the countries around the North Pole regarding the demarcation of their territories in the polar region.

    (c) It is a set of norms to be followed by the countries whose scientists undertake research studies in the North Pole and South Pole.

    (d) It is a trade and security agreement of the member countries of the Arctic Council.

     

  • UN’s ICAO rated India above the global average.

    Why in the News?

    India has earned top ratings from the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) and the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for aviation safety, outperforming global averages in key areas.

    About the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO):

    • Establishment: It is a specialised UN agency created in 1944 under the Chicago Convention.
    • Headquarters: It is headquartered in Montreal, Canada.
    • Core Role: It sets global standards for aviation safety, security, efficiency, and environmental sustainability.
    • Global Reach: It has 193 member states, including India.
    • Safety Oversight: It conducts safety audits through its Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP).
    • Functions of ICAO –
      • Safety and Order: ICAO works to ensure the safe and orderly growth of international civil aviation.
      • Equitable Access: It promotes fair access for all countries to operate international airlines.
      • Legal Frameworks: The organisation helps develop aviation laws to uphold safety standards amid industry expansion.
      • International Cooperation: It supports regional agreements and global collaboration in air transport policy and practice.

    India and ICAO: Recent Safety Audit

    • Audit Timeline: ICAO conducted its latest audit of India’s DGCA in November 2022.
    • Improved Performance: India’s Effective Implementation score improved from 69.95% (2018) to 85.65% (2022).
    • Category-Wise Scores: India scored above the global average in all eight USOAP categories, including:
      • Legislation, Organisation, Licensing, Operations, Airworthiness, Accident Investigation, Air Navigation, and Aerodromes.
    • Operational Excellence: In Operations, India scored 94.02%, outperforming the global average (72.28%), the US (86.51%), and China (90%).
    • Airworthiness Strength: India scored 97.06%, higher than the US (89.13%) and China (94.83%).
    • Comparative Timeline: India was audited in 2022, while the US and China were reviewed in 2024.
    • Market Rank: India is the third-largest domestic aviation market after the US and China.
    • Fastest Growing: It is also the fastest-growing major aviation market, highlighting its expanding global significance.
    [UPSC 2025] GPS-Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) uses a system of ground stations to provide necessary augmentation.

    Which of the following statements is/are correct in respect of GAGAN?

    I. It is designed to provide additional accuracy and integrity.

    II. It will allow more uniform and high-quality air traffic management.

    III. It will provide benefits only in aviation but not in other modes of transportation.

    Options: (a) I, II and III (b) II and III only (c) I only (d) I and II only*