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GS Paper: GS2

  • [20th March 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: A delimitation red Flag — the lessons from J&K, Assam

    PYQ Relevance:

     Q “The states in India seem reluctant to empower urban local bodies both functionally as well as financially.” Comment. (2023)

    Reason: It touches upon the broader theme of federalism and the distribution of power within the Indian political system, which is relevant to concerns about the Union government’s role and potential influence in the delimitation process.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  The ongoing debate on delimitation raises concerns about power imbalances, particularly for southern States. A democratic approach could freeze parliamentary seats while increasing Assembly seats in high-growth States. Strengthening zonal councils and reviving the dormant Inter-State Council (inactive since 2016) can ensure balanced representation, fostering cooperative federalism and addressing regional disparities effectively.

    Today’s editorial highlights the debate on delimitation raises concerns about power imbalances, particularly for southern States. This content would help in GS paper 2 (representation in Parliament)  and GS 3 ( Internal security issues arise due to it).

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Another risk of delimitation is the division of electoral constituencies based on religion or community.

    What are the risks of dividing electoral constituencies based on religion or community during delimitation?

    • Gerrymandering to Favor Specific Communities: Delimitation can be used to redraw boundaries in a way that benefits certain religious or ethnic groups while marginalizing others. Example: In Jammu & Kashmir (2022), Hindu-majority areas in Jammu received more seats despite having a lower population compared to Muslim-majority Kashmir
    Note: Gerrymandering means changing the size and borders of an area for voting in order to give an unfair advantage to one party in an election

     

    • Reduced Political Representation for Minority Groups: If constituencies are redrawn to dilute minority votes, their political influence can weaken, leading to unfair representation. Example: In Assam (2023), boundary changes in Muslim-majority areas reportedly made it harder for their votes to impact election outcomes.
    • Increased Social and Political Divisions: When constituencies are created along religious lines, it can deepen communal tensions and polarize elections. Example: In Uttar Pradesh, past constituency adjustments have led to concerns that Muslim-majority areas were fragmented to reduce their electoral strength.

    What are the key concerns regarding the fresh delimitation of legislative constituencies in India?

    • Population-Based Seat Allocation May Reduce Representation for Progressive States: Delimitation based on population growth would increase parliamentary seats for northern States (e.g., Uttar Pradesh, Bihar) while reducing influence for southern States (e.g., Tamil Nadu, Kerala), which have controlled population growth through successful policies.
    • Risk of Communal Gerrymandering: Past delimitation exercises, such as in Jammu & Kashmir (2022) and Assam (2023), suggest that constituency boundaries may be redrawn to benefit certain religious or ethnic groups, marginalizing minorities.
    • Disproportionate Voter Representation: Unequal constituency sizes create voter disparities. For instance, in Jammu & Kashmir, Hindu-majority seats had smaller electorates (as low as 50,000), while Muslim-majority seats had much larger voter populations (up to 1.92 lakh).
    • Potential Weakening of Federalism: Southern States fear that increased parliamentary seats for northern States could shift national policymaking priorities away from their economic and developmental interests, reducing their influence in governance.
    • Lack of Institutional Safeguards Against Political Manipulation: Bodies like the Inter-State Council (dormant since 2016) and Zonal Councils (irregular meetings) are weak, limiting their role in addressing regional concerns, leaving room for politically motivated delimitation decisions.

    Why are the Southern States apprehensive about the potential power imbalance due to delimitation?

    • Population Control Efforts Could Lead to Reduced Representation: Southern States like Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh have successfully controlled population growth through better healthcare, education, and family planning. However, delimitation based on population increase would benefit northern States like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, reducing the parliamentary strength of the South.
    • Disproportionate Economic Contribution vs. Political Representation: Southern States contribute significantly to India’s GDP and tax revenues. For example, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka are among the top GST-contributing States. A shift in political representation favouring the North could mean economic policies are shaped without adequate input from these high-contributing regions.
    • Risk of Policy Marginalization: More parliamentary seats for northern States could result in national policies that favour their interests (e.g., agricultural subsidies, welfare schemes) over industrialized and service-based economies in the South.
    • For instance, the 15th Finance Commission’s devolution formula already reduced allocations to progressive States like Kerala due to their lower population growth.
    • Federalism and Autonomy at Risk: Southern States emphasize federalism and regional autonomy, and a population-based delimitation could further centralize power in the hands of the Hindi-speaking belt, reducing the political influence of non-Hindi-speaking States.
    • Precedents of Unequal Representation in Recent Delimitations: The Jammu & Kashmir (2022) and Assam (2023) delimitations have shown how constituency boundaries can be redrawn in ways that favour certain regions or communities. Southern States fear similar political maneuvering could reduce their legislative influence in the future.

    How did the recent delimitation exercises in Jammu & Kashmir and Assam impact electoral representation?

    • Disproportionate Seat Allocation Between Jammu and Kashmir: Jammu was given six additional Assembly seats, while Kashmir, despite having a larger population, received only one additional seat. Example: Before delimitation, Kashmir had 46 seats and Jammu had 37. After delimitation, Kashmir got 47, while Jammu increased to 43, altering the political balance in favor of Jammu.
    • Gerrymandering Along Communal and Regional Lines: Constituency boundaries were redrawn in a way that seemed to favor Hindu-majority areas, potentially benefitting the BJP. Example: The Muslim-majority Kishtwar district saw boundary changes that made it more Hindu-dominated. Similarly, Rajouri and Poonch (Jammu) were merged with Anantnag (Kashmir) in a new Lok Sabha seat, despite geographical and cultural differences.
    • Unequal Representation in Terms of Voter Population: Some Muslim-majority constituencies in Kashmir had more than 1.5 lakh voters, while many new Jammu seats had significantly fewer voters, making votes in Jammu more influential. Example: Dooru (1.92 lakh voters) and Surankote (1.77 lakh voters) had much larger populations than new seats in Jammu with 50,000–60,000 voters.
    • Weakened Political Representation for Kashmiri Parties: The changes were seen as reducing the influence of Kashmiri-based parties like the National Conference (NC) and PDP, while consolidating the BJP’s hold in Jammu. Example: The BJP has never won a seat in Kashmir. By increasing Jammu’s seats, it has improved its chances of influencing J&K’s electoral outcomes.
    • First-Time Reservation for Scheduled Tribes (STs): The delimitation reserved 9 Assembly seats for Scheduled Tribes, mostly benefiting Gujjar and Bakarwal communities in Jammu. Example: The new ST-reserved seats include Rajouri, Mendhar, and Surankote, marking the first time STs have been granted separate representation.

    What are zonal councils and Inter-State Council (inactive since 2016)?

    • Zonal Councils, established under the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, promote regional cooperation among States in five zones.
    • The Inter-State Council, set up under Article 263 of the Constitution, facilitates Centre-State and inter-State coordination.

    How can strengthening zonal councils and reviving the dormant Inter-State Council (inactive since 2016) help ensure balanced representation in India?

    • Addressing Regional Imbalances in Representation: By ensuring regular meetings of zonal councils, States across different regions can voice concerns regarding political representation and economic disparities. Example: If southern States lose parliamentary seats due to population-based delimitation, zonal councils can advocate for compensatory measures like additional Rajya Sabha representation.
    • Enhancing Cooperative Federalism: The Inter-State Council can serve as a platform to mediate Centre-State and inter-State disputes, ensuring all regions get equitable political influence. Example: Resolving issues like tax devolution, resource allocation, and governance models that disproportionately impact southern States due to shifting parliamentary strength.
    • Strengthening Policy Coordination Among States: Zonal councils can facilitate coordinated development policies, ensuring that national decisions reflect regional concerns, especially in underrepresented areas. Example: The Southern Zonal Council could push for greater investment in infrastructure and technology sectors, ensuring economic contributions translate into policy influence.

    Way forward: 

    • Balanced Representation Through a Hybrid Formula: Instead of relying solely on population-based delimitation, a hybrid model considering factors like economic contribution, governance efficiency, and demographic stability should be adopted.
      • Example: The Finance Commission’s tax devolution formula considers multiple parameters beyond population; a similar approach can be applied to delimitation to ensure fair representation for both high-growth and high-population States.
    • Independent and Transparent Delimitation Process: Strengthening constitutional bodies like the Delimitation Commission and Election Commission with greater transparency and public participation to prevent gerrymandering or political bias.
      • Example: Implementing real-time public consultations and Supreme Court oversight in delimitation decisions can help address regional concerns and ensure fairness.

  • India ranked 24th out of 33 countries in Free Speech Index

    Why in the News?

    A global survey by The Future of Free Speech, a US -based think tank, has ranked India 24th out of 33 countries in terms of support for free speech.

    The right to freedom of speech and expression is guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution, allowing citizens to express their opinions freely. This right includes various forms of expression like speech, writing, art, and digital media, RTI, and even the right not to speak. However, it is subject to reasonable restrictions as outlined in Article 19(2), including security, public order, and decency.

    About the Free Speech Index

    • The Future of Free Speech, an independent U.S.-based think tank released this report titled ‘Who in the World Supports Free Speech?’.
    • It evaluates public attitudes towards free speech across 33 countries, highlighting trends, regional variations, and challenges to freedom of expression worldwide.
    • It emphasized the decline in support for protecting controversial speech, despite strong abstract support for free speech in many countries.

    India’s Ranking:

    • India is ranked 24th out of 33 countries in the 2024 Global Free Speech Index, with a score of 62.6.
    • While Indians generally consider free speech important, 37% of respondents support restrictions on criticizing government policies, which is the highest percentage among the surveyed countries.
    • India is an exception to the general trend, as public support for free speech does not align with actual protections, pointing to increasing government restrictions on expression.

    Global Highlights:

    • Norway (87.9) and Denmark (87.0) lead the rankings, demonstrating strong commitment to free speech and dissent.
    • Indonesia (56.8), Malaysia (55.4), and Pakistan (57.0) showed the biggest improvements, although they still ranked lower on the scale.
    • Several democratic nations, including the US, Israel, and Japan, have seen a decline in free speech support since 2021.
    • Countries like Hungary (85.5) and Venezuela (81.8) scored high, indicating a disconnect between government-imposed restrictions and public attitudes towards free speech.

    PYQ:

    [UPSC 2014] What do you understand by the concept of “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss.

    [2018] Right to Privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty. Which of the following in the Constitution of India correctly and appropriately imply the above statement?

    (a) Article 14 and the provisions under the 42nd Amendment to the Constitution.
    (b) Article 17 and the Directive Principles of State Policy in Part IV.
    (c) Article 21 and the freedoms guaranteed in Part III.
    (d) Article 24 and the provisions under the 44th Amendment to the Constitution.

     

  • Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI)

    Why in the News?

    New Zealand has expressed its willingness to join the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI).

    About Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI)

    • India launched the IPOI at the East Asia Summit in November 2019 to promote cooperation for a free, open, and rules-based Indo-Pacific.
    • The initiative aims to strengthen maritime security, stability, and development in the region by fostering multilateral engagement among Indo-Pacific nations.
    • It builds on India’s Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) vision, which emphasizes the importance of collaborative efforts in regional maritime governance.
    • The IPOI operates as a voluntary, non-treaty-based arrangement, relying on existing frameworks like the EAS mechanism, ensuring flexibility and adaptability in cooperation.
    • The IPOI is structured around 7 key pillars, with specific countries taking the lead in each area:
    1. Maritime Security: UK and India
    2. Maritime Ecology: Australia and Thailand
    3. Maritime Resources: France and Indonesia
    4. Capacity Building and Resource Sharing: Germany
    5. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management: India and Bangladesh
    6. Science, Technology, and Academic Cooperation: Italy and Singapore
    7. Trade, Connectivity, and Maritime Transport: Japan and the US

    Mandate of IPOI:

    • The IPOI seeks to establish a rules-based regional order in the Indo-Pacific, facilitating the free movement of goods, services, and people while respecting the sovereignty of nations.
    • The initiative enhances regional maritime security by fostering cooperation among countries to tackle shared challenges such as piracy, illegal fishing, smuggling, and other maritime crimes.
    • IPOI aims to boost regional capacity for disaster risk reduction and management, encouraging collaboration on disaster preparedness and response, thus minimizing the effects of natural disasters.
    • As a non-treaty, voluntary initiative, IPOI offers flexibility, allowing nations to participate according to common interests without adding new institutional responsibilities.
    PYQ:
    [UPSC 2011]     The strategic significance of South-East Asia lies in its:
    (a) It was the hot theatre during the Second World War.
    (b) Its location between the Asian powers of China and India.,
    (c) It was the arena of superpower confrontation during the Cold War period.,
    (d) Its location between the Pacific and Indian Oceans and its preeminent maritime character.

     

  • [19th March 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: What is happening in Balochistan?

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q How far are India’s internal security challenges linked with border management particularly in view of the long porous borders with most countries of South Asia and Myanmar?” (2013)

    Reason: The movement of non-state actors, the potential for cross-border terrorism, and the involvement of external actors in Balochistan could link to India’s internal security challenges and the complexities of managing its own borders.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  Balochistan’s ongoing insurgency isn’t just a Pakistan issue—it’s a case study in how internal unrest, resource conflicts, and external interventions shape regional security. For UPSC aspirants, this article is crucial for understanding India’s border security challenges (GS3) and the broader geopolitical game involving China and Pakistan (GS2). The mention of the Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA), the hijacking incident, and Pakistan’s military response highlights patterns of insurgency and counterinsurgency—offering insights into how states manage separatist movements, a key aspect of internal security answers. Additionally, CPEC’s impact on local communities echoes concerns about economic imperialism and sovereignty, making this a relevant talking point in India’s foreign policy discourse.

    Today’s editorial discusses the challenges in Pakistan’s Balochistan province and how India can strategically respond. This analysis is relevant for GS Paper 2 (International Relations) and GS Paper 3 (Internal Security).

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Pakistan’s internal politics will shape the unrest in Balochistan. However, due to low trust in the military and government, meaningful talks between insurgents and the leadership seem unlikely.

    What are the key reasons behind the ongoing insurgency in Balochistan?

    • Historical Grievances and Forced Integration (1948): Many Baloch nationalists argue that Balochistan was forcefully incorporated into Pakistan in 1948 without the consent of its people. Example: Multiple insurgencies have occurred over the decades (1950s, 1960s, 1970s, mid-2000s) due to political and economic marginalization.
    • Political and Socio-Economic Marginalization: The region remains underdeveloped despite its vast natural resources (coal, copper, gold, gas). The Baloch people feel excluded from governance and decision-making. Example: Even with rich gas reserves, local communities face power shortages while other provinces benefit from Balochistan’s resources.
    • Military Suppression and Human Rights Violations: Pakistan’s military and intelligence agencies have employed heavy-handed tactics such as enforced disappearances, extrajudicial killings, and crackdowns on dissent. Example: The mass protests led by Baloch women against custodial killings and forced disappearances highlight the ongoing repression.
    • China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and Resource Exploitation: Large-scale infrastructure projects, like Gwadar Port, were developed without consulting local communities, causing displacement and demographic changes. Example: Chinese fishing trawlers have disrupted local fishermen’s livelihoods, leading to economic hardships and resentment.
    • Growing Insurgent Coordination and External Factors: Various Baloch insurgent groups (BLA, BLF, BRG) have improved their coordination, launching high-profile attacks on security forces and infrastructure. Example: The Baloch Raji Aajoi Sangar (BRAS) alliance has intensified attacks, including the March 2024 train hijacking and past assaults on Chinese workers and security installations.

    What is China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)? 

    The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a $62 billion infrastructure project linking China’s Xinjiang to Pakistan’s Gwadar Port, enhancing trade, energy, and connectivity but facing security, debt, and geopolitical concerns.

    cpec, balochistan

    How has the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) impacted the socio-political landscape of Balochistan?

    • Economic Disparities and Local Alienation: Despite promises of economic growth, local Baloch communities have seen minimal benefits from CPEC projects, leading to resentment. Example: Gwadar Port’s development has largely benefited Chinese and Pakistani investors, while local fishermen face economic hardships due to Chinese deep-sea fishing trawlers.
    • Increased Security Presence and Military Crackdown: To safeguard CPEC projects, Pakistan has intensified military operations in Balochistan, leading to human rights abuses and forced displacements. Example: The establishment of the Special Security Division (SSD) for CPEC has led to increased military checkpoints and reports of enforced disappearances.
    • Rise in Insurgency and Targeted Attacks: Baloch insurgent groups view CPEC as a form of exploitation, leading to increased attacks on Chinese nationals and Pakistani security forces. Example: The Baloch Liberation Army (BLA) has carried out multiple attacks, including the 2022 suicide bombing in Karachi targeting Chinese teachers associated with CPEC projects.
    • Demographic Changes and Marginalization of Locals: Large-scale infrastructure projects have led to an influx of outsiders, creating fears among Baloch communities about losing their cultural and economic dominance. Example: The settlement of non-Baloch workers in Gwadar has fueled protests, with locals demanding control over job opportunities and land rights.
    • Environmental Degradation and Livelihood Losses: Industrialization and large-scale construction under CPEC have led to pollution, water shortages, and destruction of marine ecosystems, affecting local livelihoods. Example: Gwadar’s water crisis has worsened due to excessive resource extraction for CPEC-related industries, forcing residents to rely on water tankers.

    How can India leverage this situation to its advantage?

    • Diplomatic Advocacy for Human Rights: India can raise concerns over human rights violations in Balochistan at international forums like the UN and human rights organizations, building pressure on Pakistan. Example: Indian Prime Minister’s 2016 Independence Day speech highlighted Balochistan’s struggles, signaling diplomatic support.
    • Strategic Engagement with Baloch Leadership: Engaging with Baloch exiled leaders and activists can strengthen India’s regional influence and counter Pakistan’s narrative on Kashmir. Example: India has provided a platform to Baloch leaders like Brahumdagh Bugti, who has sought asylum in India.
    • Intelligence and Strategic Operations: India can enhance intelligence-sharing and non-conventional tactics to counter threats emanating from Pakistan, especially along its western borders. Example: Reports suggest Indian agencies have been monitoring CPEC activities and Pakistan’s military actions in Balochistan.
    • Economic and Cultural Soft Power: India can support Baloch diaspora communities through scholarships, cultural exchanges, and humanitarian assistance to build goodwill. Example: Media outlets in India have amplified Baloch issues, increasing global awareness of Pakistan’s suppression.
    • Countering CPEC’s Strategic Influence: By highlighting the environmental and economic concerns of Balochistan, India can strengthen its ties with countries skeptical of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Example: India’s opposition to CPEC, citing sovereignty concerns over PoK, aligns with global criticisms of China’s debt-trap diplomacy, helping form strategic alliances.

    Way forward: 

    • International Advocacy and Strategic Alliances: India should continue raising the Balochistan issue in global forums while strengthening diplomatic ties with nations wary of CPEC and China’s growing influence. Example: Collaborating with the Quad (US, Japan, Australia) and EU on human rights and regional security concerns.
    • Balanced Engagement with Baloch Leadership: India can discreetly support Baloch nationalist movements through political dialogue, humanitarian aid, and economic initiatives, ensuring a calibrated approach without direct intervention. Example: Facilitating educational opportunities and cultural exchanges for Baloch youth to build long-term goodwill.

    Back to Basics: Importance of Balochistan

    • Strategic Location – Balochistan provides Pakistan access to the Arabian Sea, hosting Gwadar Port, a key part of CPEC, enhancing regional trade and connectivity.
    • Natural Resources – It holds rich mineral reserves, including natural gas, coal, gold, and copper (e.g., Reko Diq gold-copper project).
    • Energy Hub – Balochistan is crucial for Pakistan’s energy security, with major gas fields like Sui Gas Field, supplying the country since 1952.
    • Defense and Security – The province borders Iran and Afghanistan, making it vital for border security and counterinsurgency operations.
    • Fisheries and Maritime Importance – Its 1,000 km coastline supports Pakistan’s fishing industry, with Gwadar’s deep-sea port boosting maritime trade potential.

     

  • Appointment of Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)

    Why in the News?

    The Supreme Court has decided to examine a plea challenging the current process of appointing the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG).

    About Office of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG):

    Details
    Role and Importance
    • Established under Article 148 of the Indian Constitution.
    • Ensures efficient and lawful use of public funds.
    • Audits financial accounts of Consolidated Fund of India, state funds, and public sector undertakings.
    • Acts as a watchdog over government financial expenditure.
    • Plays a critical role in maintaining financial accountability in governance.
    Appointment and Term
    • Appointed by the President of India under a warrant.
    • Serves a 6-year term or until the age of 65, whichever is earlier.
    • Must take an oath to uphold the Constitution and perform duties impartially.
    • Removal can only occur for misbehaviour or incapacity, through a special majority in both Houses of Parliament.
    Independence of the CAG
    • Independence from the government: Ineligible for any government office after leaving office.
    • Salary and Expenses: Equal to a Supreme Court judge, with expenses charged to the Consolidated Fund of India.
    • No Ministerial Representation: No minister can represent the CAG or assume responsibility for their actions.

     

    Issues with the Appointment of the CAG

    The current process for appointing the CAG is seen as problematic due to the centralized control by the Union government.

    • The CAG is appointed by the President on the advice of the government, raising concerns about potential executive influence over a key independent body.
    • Critics argue that this process compromises the CAG’s independence and calls for a neutral selection committee involving the Prime Minister, Leader of the Opposition, and Chief Justice of India.
    • This would ensure that the CAG is appointed transparently and impartially, free from political interference.
    • Historically, the lack of clear guidelines in Article 148 regarding the CAG’s appointment has allowed executive interference, much like the early years of judicial appointments.

    Supreme Court interventions have already reformed appointment processes for bodies like the Election Commission and Central Vigilance Commission, and similar reforms for the CAG are necessary to protect its autonomy.

    [UPSC 2012] In India, other than ensuring that public funds are used efficiently and for intended purpose, what is the importance of the office of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)?
    1. CAG exercises exchequer control on behalf of the Parliament when the President of India declares national emergency/financial emergency.
    2. CAG reports on the execution of projects or programmes by the ministries are discussed by the Public Accounts Committee.
    3. CAG reports are available to the Parliamentary Committees.
    4. While dealing with the audit and accounting of government companies, CAG has certain judicial powers for prosecuting those who violate the law. Select the correct answer using the code given below:
    (a) 1, 3 and 4 only (b) 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

     

  • 30th Session of International Seabed Authority (ISA)

    Why in the News?

    The 30th Session of the International Seabed Authority (ISA) has officially commenced in Kingston, Jamaica, on March 17, 2025.

    About the International Seabed Authority (ISA)

    • ISA is an autonomous international organization created under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the 1994 Agreement relating to Part XI of the UNCLOS.
    • It regulates and manages mineral-resource activities in the “Area”—the seabed and ocean floor beyond national jurisdictions.
    • It is headquartered in Kingston, Jamaica
    • It has 168 Member States, including India, and the European Union
    • Mandate:
      • Regulate exploration and exploitation of deep-sea minerals.
      • Protect the marine environment from harmful effects of seabed activities.
      • Encourage marine scientific research and promote the sustainable use of oceans.
    • The ISA manages about 54% of the world’s oceans, ensuring activities are carried out for the benefit of all humankind and to protect the marine environment.

    Role in Regulating Deep-Sea Mining

    The ISA is responsible for enforcing the Mining Code, which governs all mineral activities in the International Seabed Area. It includes:

    • Regulation of Exploration: Grants exploration licenses for assessing mineral deposits in deep-sea areas, ensuring scientifically responsible activities.
    • Environmental Protection: Sets environmental standards and ensures impact assessments before mining starts.
    • Development of Mining Code: Continuously updates the Mining Code to address scientific, technological, and environmental concerns.
    • Oversight and Compliance: Monitors activities of contractors and member states, ensuring regulatory compliance and environmental safeguards.

    India and ISA

    • In January 2024, India submitted two exploration applications in the Indian Ocean for:
      • Polymetallic sulphides in the Carlsberg Ridge.
      • Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts in the Afanasy-Nikitin Seamount.
    • India holds two active exploration contracts for polymetallic nodules and sulphides in the Central Indian Ocean Basin and Ridge.
    • India seeks access to critical minerals for energy transition and technological growth, balancing economic needs with sustainable practices.
    • India actively participates in Mining Code negotiations, aligning its actions with international legal standards and environmental protocols.

    PYQ:

    [UPSC 2021] Consider the following statements:
    1. The Global Ocean Commission grants licences for seabed exploration and mining in international waters.
    2. India has received licences for seabed mineral exploration in international waters
    3. ‘Rare earth minerals’ are present on the seafloor in international waters.
    Which of the statements given above are correct?
    (a) 1 and 2 only
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 1 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

  • New Delhi’s perilous recalibration with the Taliban

    Why in the News?

    The Prime Minister of India may allow the Taliban regime to appoint a new envoy for its embassy in New Delhi.

    What are the key reasons behind India’s increasing engagement with the Taliban despite international concerns?

    • Strategic Influence in Afghanistan: India aims to maintain a presence in Afghanistan to safeguard its long-term geopolitical interests.Example: India reopened its embassy in Kabul in June 2022, ensuring diplomatic engagement.
    • Countering Pakistan’s Diminishing Influence: As Taliban-Pakistan relations sour, India sees an opportunity to reduce Islamabad’s sway over Kabul. Example: The Taliban’s refusal to act against Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) has strained ties with Pakistan, creating space for India.
    • Competing with China’s Expanding Role: China has accepted a Taliban envoy and is integrating Afghanistan into the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Example: China became the first country to accept a Taliban-appointed ambassador in 2023, prompting India to reconsider its approach.
    • Ensuring Regional Security and Counterterrorism: A stable Afghanistan is crucial to preventing it from becoming a hub for anti-India terror groups. Example: India seeks Taliban cooperation in curbing ISIS-K and groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) that threaten Indian interests.
    • Economic and Humanitarian Interests: Engaging with the Taliban allows India to continue developmental projects and provide humanitarian aid. Example: India has sent multiple consignments of wheat and medical supplies to Afghanistan under humanitarian assistance programs.

    Why is the recognition of a Taliban envoy in India considered a significant shift in diplomatic policy?

    • De Facto Recognition of the Taliban Regime: Accepting a Taliban-appointed envoy would signal India’s indirect recognition of the regime, despite its lack of international legitimacy. Example: Most countries, including the U.S. and EU members, have refused to recognize the Taliban due to human rights violations.
    • Departure from India’s Traditional Stand on Terrorism: India has consistently opposed regimes that support terrorism. Engaging with the Taliban contradicts its long-standing stance. Example: India had previously refused to engage with the Taliban, citing its ties to groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM).
    • Contradiction with India’s Human Rights Advocacy: The Taliban’s treatment of women and minorities has been widely condemned, and recognizing its envoy could weaken India’s credibility as a human rights advocate. Example: The UN has termed the Taliban’s policies as “gender apartheid,” which contradicts India’s global image as a democratic and inclusive nation.
    • Impact on Relations with Western Allies: Closer engagement with the Taliban may strain India’s relations with countries that have imposed sanctions on the Taliban. Example: The U.S. and European nations continue to restrict diplomatic ties and financial transactions with Taliban-controlled Afghanistan.
    • Risk of Setting a Precedent for Other Unrecognized Regimes: Accepting a Taliban envoy might encourage other unrecognized regimes to seek similar diplomatic treatment, complicating India’s foreign policy. Example: It could open debates on whether India should engage similarly with other disputed governments, such as Myanmar’s military junta.

    What are the major risks for India in engaging with the Taliban?

    • Security Threats and Terrorism: The Taliban’s ties with terror groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) pose a direct threat to India’s national security. Example: The 2001 Indian Parliament attack was linked to JeM, which has operated from Taliban-controlled areas in the past.
    • Growing Influence of the Islamic State (IS): The Islamic State-Khorasan Province (IS-K) has been expanding in Afghanistan, carrying out attacks even against the Taliban and its allies. Example: IS-K’s attack on the Moscow Crocus City Hall in 2024 and the bombing of a Kabul hotel housing Chinese nationals show Afghanistan’s instability.
    • Potential Diplomatic Backlash: Engaging with the Taliban could harm India’s relations with key allies like the U.S. and the EU, which refuse to recognize the Taliban due to human rights violations. Example: The U.S. and European nations maintain economic sanctions on Afghanistan, and aligning too closely with the Taliban could attract criticism.
    • Destabilization of India’s Western Borders: The Taliban’s alleged support for Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) has worsened Pakistan’s security situation, and any spillover could affect India. Example: TTP claimed 147 attacks in Pakistan in February 2024 alone, and instability in the region could have consequences for India’s border security.
    • Economic and Infrastructure Investment Risks: Any investments India makes in Afghanistan may not be secure due to the Taliban’s unstable governance and lack of financial transparency. Example: India’s $3 billion investments in Afghan infrastructure, including the Salma Dam and the Afghan Parliament, remain uncertain under Taliban rule.

    Way forward: 

    • Strategic, Conditional Engagement: India should engage with the Taliban on a case-by-case basis, ensuring its security interests are safeguarded while avoiding full diplomatic recognition. Example: Continuing humanitarian aid and infrastructure projects without legitimizing Taliban rule.
    • Regional and Multilateral Cooperation: India should collaborate with regional partners like Iran, Russia, and Central Asian states to ensure stability in Afghanistan while maintaining ties with Western allies. Example: Strengthening mechanisms like the Moscow Format Talks and UN-led initiatives to balance engagement and counter-terrorism efforts.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Critically analyse India’s evolving diplomatic, economic and strategic relations with the Central Asian Republics (CARs) highlighting their increasing significance in regional and global geopolitics.(UPSC IAS/2024)

    Reason: India’s engagement with CARs is influenced by the situation in Afghanistan and the wider regional security scenario involving the Taliban.

  • Why are electoral reforms necessary?

    Why in the News?

    Recently, the Election Commission (EC) has invited political parties for discussions on enhancing the electoral process.

    What are the key legal provisions governing the electoral process in India? 

    • Article 324 of the Constitution – Grants the Election Commission (EC) the power of superintendence, direction, and control over elections to Parliament, State Legislatures, and the offices of the President and Vice President.
    • Representation of the People Act, 1950 – Governs the preparation of electoral rolls and the allocation of seats in Parliament and State Legislatures.
    • Representation of the People Act, 1951 – Regulates the actual conduct of elections, including provisions on qualifications, disqualifications, election offenses, and corrupt practices.
    • Registration of Electors Rules, 1960 – Provides rules for the registration of voters, corrections in electoral rolls, and the issuance of Electoral Photo Identity Cards (EPIC).
    • Model Code of Conduct (MCC) – A set of guidelines issued by the EC to regulate political parties and candidates, ensuring free and fair elections, even though it lacks statutory backing.

    How has the voting process evolved in India since the first general elections in 1952?

    • Ballot Box System (1952-1957) – In the first two general elections (1952, 1957), separate ballot boxes were used for each candidate, where voters dropped blank ballot papers into the box of their chosen candidate.
    • Printed Ballot Papers (1962 Onwards) – From the third general election (1962), a single ballot paper was introduced with the names and symbols of all candidates, simplifying the voting process. Example: Instead of multiple boxes, voters marked their choice on a single sheet and dropped it in a common ballot box.
    • Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) (2004 Onwards) – Since the 2004 Lok Sabha elections, EVMs replaced paper ballots in all constituencies, improving efficiency and reducing errors.  
    • Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) (2019 Onwards) – From the 2019 general elections, EVMs were backed by 100% VVPAT slips, allowing voters to verify their vote on a printed slip for a few seconds before it was stored in a sealed box. Example: A voter pressing a button on the EVM saw a printed slip confirming their vote for Candidate X before it was automatically stored.
    • Remote Voting and Digital Advancements (Proposed) – The Election Commission is exploring remote voting options for migrant workers and overseas Indians, along with blockchain-based voting mechanisms. Example: The EC has proposed a multi-constituency remote voting machine (RVM) to allow migrant workers to vote from different locations.

    Why are electoral reforms necessary?

    • Addressing Electoral Roll Discrepancies: The ECI aims to improve the accuracy and transparency of electoral rolls, especially amid allegations of tampering in recent elections. For example, opposition parties have raised concerns over duplicate Electoral Photo Identity Card (EPIC) numbers, demanding discussions in Parliament regarding discrepancies in voters’ lists.
    • Enhancing Gender Representation: The ECI seeks feedback on measures to encourage greater representation of women in political parties and candidate selection processes. This aligns with international practices and aims to make elections more inclusive.
    • Regulating Election Expenditure: Discussions will focus on expenditure ceilings for elections and ensuring timely submission of audited financial reports by political parties. These measures are intended to enhance transparency and accountability in campaign financing.
    • Improving Voting Accessibility: The ECI plans to explore alternative voting methods for domestic migrants, absentee voters, and persons with disabilities. This includes feedback on schemes like the Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot System (ETPBS) to ensure inclusive participation.
    • Strengthening Legal Frameworks for Campaign Silence Periods: To regulate election campaigns, the ECI will discuss extending restrictions to print media and online canvassing during the 48-hour silence period before polling ends, addressing concerns about social media misuse.

    What is the importance of “One Nation, One Election” in the context of electoral reforms?

    • Enhanced Governance and Policy Continuity – Simultaneous elections reduce the frequent imposition of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC), allowing governments to focus on long-term policy implementation without periodic electoral disruptions. Example: If Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections are held together, policymaking won’t be interrupted multiple times due to MCC restrictions.
    • Cost and Resource Efficiency – Conducting elections at different times leads to repeated expenditure on logistics, security, and manpower. A unified election cycle reduces financial and administrative burdens. Example: The 2019 Lok Sabha elections cost around ₹60,000 crore; merging state and local elections could significantly cut costs.
    • Increased Voter Turnout and Engagement – Holding elections simultaneously can improve voter participation by reducing election fatigue and mobilization efforts. Example: Countries like Sweden and South Africa conduct national and regional elections together, leading to streamlined voter engagement and participation.

    Way forward: 

    • Comprehensive Electoral Reforms – Strengthen legal provisions for campaign financing, voting accessibility, and electoral roll management, ensuring transparency, inclusivity, and fair representation in elections.
    • Leveraging Technology for Electoral Integrity – Implement secure digital voting mechanisms like blockchain-based voting and remote voting for migrant workers while enhancing VVPAT verification to boost voter confidence.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Examine the need for electoral reforms as suggested by various committees with particular reference to “one nation-one election” principle. (UPSC IAS/2024)

    Reason: This question directly asks about the necessity of electoral reforms which highlights several areas needing reform, such as allegations of manipulation of electoral rolls, issues with duplicate EPIC numbers, concerns about EVM and VVPAT processes, misuse of “Star Campaigner” status, exceeding election expenditure limits, and criminalization of politics.

  • [pib] PM’s Scheme for Mentoring Young Authors (PM-YUVA 3.0)

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Education, Department of Higher Education, launched the PM-YUVA 3.0 (Prime Minister’s Scheme for Mentoring Young Authors) on 11th March 2025.

    About the PM-YUVA Scheme

    • PM-YUVA 3.0 was launched on 11th March 2025, building upon the success of the first two editions, which focused on themes like national movement and democracy.
    • It is an initiative by the Ministry of Education, Department of Higher Education, aimed at mentoring young authors below the age of 30.
    • The scheme’s objectives include fostering a new generation of writers who can explore topics such as:
      • Contribution of the Indian Diaspora in Nation Building
      • Indian Knowledge System
      • Makers of Modern India (1950-2025)
    • Background:
      • PM-YUVA 1.0 (2021): Focused on India’s National Movement & unsung heroes.
      • PM-YUVA 2.0 (2022): Focused on Democracy and Constitutional Values.
    • The scheme was designed to promote reading, writing, and book culture in India while showcasing Indian literature and heritage globally.
    • The National Book Trust (NBT), India, is the implementing agency responsible for executing the scheme.
    • The scheme aligns with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, aiming to empower youth, develop creative leaders, and encourage capacity building in India’s younger generation.

    Important Features of PM-YUVA 3.0

    • An All-India Contest will be held through MyGov from 11 March 2025 to 10 April 2025.
    • 50 authors will be selected across three themes.
    • Evaluation of proposals will be completed by April 2025, and the final list of selected authors will be announced between May-June 2025.
    • Each selected author will receive a ₹50,000 monthly scholarship for six months, totaling ₹3 lakh per author.
    • Authors will also receive a 10% royalty on successful publications of their books.
    • Books created under the scheme will be published by the National Book Trust and translated into other Indian languages, promoting literary exchange and supporting the vision of ‘Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat’.
    • Applicants who have qualified for PM-YUVA 1.0 and PM-YUVA 2.0 are not eligible for this edition.

    PYQ:

    [2018] With reference to Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, consider the following statements :
    1. It is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Labour and Employment.
    2. It, among other things, will also impart training in soft skills, entrepreneurship, financial and digital literacy.
    3. It aims to align the competencies of the unregulated workforce of the country to the National Skill Qualification Framework.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    (a) 1 and 3 only
    (b) 2 only
    (c) 2 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

  • Five Eyes Alliance (FVEY)

    Why in the News?

    Recently a White House official has proposed expelling Canada from the Five Eyes intelligence-sharing alliance. This comes as Donald Trump pressures Canada, even suggesting it could be transformed into the 51st U.S. state.

    About the Five Eyes Alliance (FVEY):

    • The FVEY is a global intelligence-sharing network comprising 5 Anglosphere countries: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom, and the United States.
    • Established in 1946 following the UKUSA Agreement between the United States and the United Kingdom, it is one of the most secretive and influential alliances in global intelligence and security.
    • The alliance primarily focuses on sharing intelligence, especially signals intelligence (SIGINT), and collaborates on security matters like counterterrorism, cybersecurity, and geopolitical monitoring.
    • It plays a pivotal role in global surveillance programs, such as ECHELON, and is a key player in shaping international intelligence policy.
    • Members of the FVEY:
      1. Australia: Plays a key role in monitoring the Asia-Pacific region and contributes to SIGINT and cybersecurity efforts.
      2. Canada: Contributes significantly to global communications intelligence, focusing on networks and signals intelligence.
      3. New Zealand: Has a relatively reserved role but provides valuable intelligence, particularly in the Pacific region.
      4. United Kingdom: Works closely with the United States and is instrumental in intelligence gathering across Europe and the Middle East.
      5. United States: The largest contributor of intelligence, particularly in global SIGINT, and leads the alliance in intelligence operations.
    • Mandate:
      • The Five Eyes primarily focuses on intelligence sharing, especially signals intelligence (intercepted communications, satellite data, etc.), but has expanded to include human intelligence (HUMINT), geospatial intelligence (GEOINT), and cybersecurity.
      • The alliance works on global surveillance programs, collecting data on adversarial governments, counterterrorism efforts, and counterintelligence operations.
      • A key principle of the alliance is the “no third-party rule,” meaning intelligence shared among member countries is not passed on to non-member states without permission.

    PYQ:

    [2020] “Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) is transforming itself into a trade bloc from a military alliance, in present times Discuss.”