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GS Paper: GS2

  • On the Jurisdiction of the CBI         

    Why in the News? 

    The Supreme Court upheld the West Bengal government’s suit, which accuses the Union government of “Constitutional overreach” by using the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) to register and investigate cases in the state, despite the state’s withdrawal of general consent on November 16, 2018.

    Background

    • In November 2018, the West Bengal government withdrew its “general consent” that allowed the CBI to conduct investigations within the state.
    • However, the CBI continued to register FIRs and conduct investigations in West Bengal, leading the state government to file an original suit in the Supreme Court under Article 131 of the Constitution.
    • The suit accused the Union government of “constitutional overreach” by allowing the CBI to operate in West Bengal despite the withdrawal of general consent.

    Key highlights of the verdict: 

    • Solicitor-General Tushar Mehta argued the CBI’s independence from the Union government, but the Supreme Court pointed to the DSPE Act’s provisions.
    • It highlighted the Act’s requirement for Central government control over CBI’s establishment and administration, except for cases under the Prevention of Corruption Act, which the CVC oversees.

    Is the CBI an Independent Agency or Under Union Government Control?

    • The Supreme Court ruled that the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is not entirely independent. 
      • The CBI is constituted, administered, and has its powers extended under the Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) Act, 1946.
    • The central government exercises superintendence over the CBI, particularly for offenses other than those under the Prevention of Corruption Act, where the Central Vigilance Commission has superintendence.
      • Therefore, the Union government is vitally concerned with the CBI’s functions and operations.

    Does the CBI Need the State’s Permission to Carry Out Investigations in Its Territory?

    • The CBI derives its powers from the DSPE Act, of 1946.
      • According to Section 6 of this Act, the CBI requires the state government’s consent to extend its investigation beyond the Union Territories.
    • The Supreme Court has ruled that although the CBI is under the administrative control and superintendence of the Union government, this does not negate the requirement of state consent for investigations as per the DSPE Act.
    • There are two types of consent – General consent and Specific consent.
      • When a state gives general consent, the CBI does not need to seek permission for every case.
      • However, if the general consent is withdrawn, the CBI needs to seek specific case-by-case consent from the state.
    • Several opposition-ruled states have withdrawn their general consent for CBI investigations, which has hampered the CBI’s ability to freely investigate cases of corruption involving central government employees in those states.
      • The states that have withdrawn are- Mizoram, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and then states of Punjab, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Kerala, and Jharkhand (2020).
      • Telangana, Tamil Nadu, and Meghalaya withdrew general consent in 2022.
    • However, the withdrawal of general consent does not affect pending CBI investigations or cases where a court has ordered a CBI probe. The CBI can also approach a local court to obtain a search warrant to conduct investigations in states that have withdrawn consent.

    Note: In total, 10 states have withdrawn general consent to the CBI as of 2022. This has significantly limited the CBI’s ability to freely investigate cases in these states without seeking prior permission.

    Way Forward: 

    • Strengthening Federal Cooperation: Establish a clear institutional framework that promotes cooperation and coordination between the central and state governments regarding CBI investigations.
    • Legal and Administrative Reforms: Consider amending the DSPE Act to provide more clarity on the roles and powers of the CBI and the requirements for state consent.

    Jurisdictional Overview and Federal Character:

    The CBI operates within the context of India’s federal structure, which grants states certain powers and autonomy. The need for state consent limits the CBI’s jurisdiction, as it cannot conduct investigations in states without their general consent.

    Powers and Jurisdiction of CBI

    • Offenses against Central Government Employees: The CBI has jurisdiction to investigate crimes committed against employees of the central government, such as bribery, corruption, or misconduct cases involving central government officials.
    • Interstate and International Cases: The CBI can investigate cases that have inter-state or international ramifications, including organized crime, terrorism, human trafficking, money laundering, and other offenses that require a nationwide or global perspective.
    • Specific Offences Listed in the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act: The CBI can investigate offenses specified in the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, including offences under the Prevention of Corruption Act, crimes related to the violation of certain central laws, and cases referred to the CBI by the courts or the central government.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q The jurisdiction of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) regarding lodging an FIR and conducting probe within a particular State is being questioned by various States. However, the power of the States to withhold consent to the CBI is not absolute. Explain with special reference to the federal character of India. (UPSC IAS/2021)

  • The SC ruling on the portrayal of disability in films 

    Why in the News?

    On July 8, the Supreme Court issued guidelines against stereotyping and discriminating persons with disabilities in visual media, prompted by a plea to ban Aaankh Micholi.

    Background:

    • The Supreme Court’s guidelines came in response to a plea filed by activist Nipun Malhotra challenging the alleged insensitive portrayal of differently-abled individuals in the Film ‘Aaankh Micholi’.
    • The petitioner argued that the film contained derogatory references and stereotyping of persons with disabilities.

    Key Highlights of the Supreme Court Ruling:

    • Avoiding Derogatory Language: The court asked creators to avoid words like “cripple”, “spastic”, “afflicted”, “suffering”, and “victim” as they contribute to negative self-image and perpetuate discriminatory attitudes.
    • Accurate Representation: The court said stereotyping differently-abled persons in visual media and films must end, and creators should provide an accurate representation of disabilities rather than mocking or mythifying them.
    • Involvement of Persons with Disabilities: The court asked creators to practice the principle of “nothing about us, without us” and involve persons with disabilities in the creation and assessment of visual media content.
    • Training and Collaboration: The court emphasized the need for training programs for writers, directors, producers, and actors to sensitize them on the impact of portrayals on public perceptions.

    What are the laws which grant disability rights?   

    • Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (RPwD Act), 2016: This is the primary legislation that comprehensively addresses the rights and entitlements of persons with disabilities in India. It replaced the earlier Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, of 1995.
    • The National Trust Act, 1999: It provides legal support to persons with autism, cerebral palsy, mental retardation, and multiple disabilities. It focuses on enabling guardianship and providing support to those who may not have guardians.
    • Rehabilitation Council of India Act, 1992: Regulates the training of rehabilitation professionals and promotes research in rehabilitation and special education.
    • Mental Healthcare Act, 2017: While primarily focusing on mental health issues, this Act also includes provisions related to the rights and treatment of persons with mental disabilities.

    Are the laws governing the ‘Rights of Differently-abled’ persons being implemented properly?  

    • Implementation Gaps: There are significant gaps between the provisions laid out in laws like the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016, and their actual implementation on the ground. Many disabled persons continue to face barriers to accessing their entitlements and rights.
    • Awareness and Sensitization: There is a lack of awareness among the general public, as well as within government bodies and institutions, about the rights and needs of persons with disabilities.
    • Infrastructure and Accessibility: Despite legal mandates for accessibility in public places, transportation, and buildings, implementation remains uneven.
    • Employment Opportunities: While laws mandate employment quotas for persons with disabilities in government and private sectors, these quotas are often not met.

    What is the way forward?

    • Enhanced Monitoring and Accountability: Implement regular audits and monitoring mechanisms to ensure compliance with disability rights laws at all levels of governance and across sectors.
    • Need to Increase Awareness and Sensitization: Launch nationwide awareness campaigns targeting both the general public and stakeholders within government and private sectors to promote understanding of disability rights.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 remains only a legal document without intense sensitisation of government functionaries and citizens regarding disability. Comment. (UPSC IAS/2022)

  • The Yuan Challenge: How India-Russia trade gap may threaten rupee internationalization efforts    

    Why in the News? 

    New Delhi aims to boost trade with Moscow to $100 billion by 2030, but India faces a $57 billion trade deficit due to strong oil imports from Russia.

    Background

    • India’s trade with Russia has been skewed since the onset of the Ukraine war in 2022. Russia has become India’s top oil supplier, while Indian exports to Russia have struggled, resulting in a large trade deficit.
    • The trade deficit in the bilateral trade stood at $57 billion in FY24, with a total trade value of $66 billion. This deficit is primarily driven by India’s significant oil imports from Russia.

    Why is the widening trade gap with Russia benefiting the Yuan?

      • Increase in Balanced Trade with China: Unlike India, China has been able to maintain a more balanced trade relationship with Russia since the Ukraine war began in 2022.
        • China’s exports to Russia have surged, with shipments increasing by 47% year-on-year to $111 billion in 2023.
        • 95% of trade between China and Russia is conducted in domestic currencies, making the yuan the most popular currency in the Russian stock market.
      • Increase in volatility of Rubble and Rupee:  Unlike the yuan, both the Indian rupee and Russian ruble have experienced considerable volatility, complicating trade in domestic currency.
        • The yuan’s relative stability compared to the rupee and ruble has made it a more attractive currency for settling Russia-India trade
    • Reluctance of Private Banks: The Indian private banks have been reluctant to facilitate trade with Russia due to fears of Western sanctions.
      • Most Indian private banks have significant business interests in Western countries and fear their branches could face sanctions if they engage with Russia.
      • As Russia prefers the yuan for payments, India’s limited exports to Russia have hindered the use of the rupee in bilateral trade.

    What are the benefits of the Internationalisation of the Rupee?

    • Reduced Dependence on USD: Internationalizing the rupee would reduce India’s reliance on foreign currencies like the US dollar for international trade and financial transactions.
      • This would enhance India’s economic sovereignty and reduce exposure to currency fluctuations.
    • Enhanced Trade Efficiency: Using the rupee for international transactions can simplify trade processes and reduce transaction costs.
      • Internationalization of the rupee would eliminate the need for currency conversions, reducing transaction costs and simplifying cross-border trade.
    • Mitigating Risks: Protection from currency volatility not only reduces the cost of doing business but also enables better growth of business, improving the chances for Indian businesses to grow globally
    • Increased Global Influence: A widely accepted rupee would boost India’s economic and political influence on the global stage.

    How can India internationalize the rupee?

    • The Reserve Bank of India permitted settling trade using the rupee through its circular in July 2022.
      • Trade invoicing: For the rupee to be recognized as an international currency, it needs to be increasingly used for trade invoicing.
      • Trade invoicing refers to the process of issuing invoices for goods or services exchanged between international trading partners. It includes detailing the terms of sale, such as prices, quantities, payment terms, and currencies used for settlement.
    • Increase Rupee Turnover: The rupee needs to achieve a global forex turnover share of around 4% to be regarded as an international currency, up from the current 1.6%.
    • Government Support: Strengthening industrial cooperation and addressing banking sector concerns can promote the use of the rupee.

    Challenges involved:

    • Banking Sector Reluctance: Private banks are hesitant to facilitate trade with Russia due to fear of Western sanctions.
    • Rupee Settlement Mechanism: Indian exporters face difficulties using the rupee settlement mechanism due to the absence of a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for banks.
      • Note: A Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for banks is a formal document outlining step-by-step instructions for routine processes and activities to ensure consistency and compliance.
    • Currency Volatility: Both the ruble and the rupee have experienced considerable volatility, complicating trade in domestic currencies.
    • International Sanctions: Private banks’ significant business interests in Western countries make them wary of facilitating trade with Russia.

    How are Russia and India planning to boost trade?

    • Both countries have decided to eliminate non-tariff and tariff barriers in trade.
      • Negotiations for a trade deal with the Russia-led Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) could ease the flow of Indian products into the EEU.
    • Cooperation in manufacturing sectors like transport engineering, metallurgy, and chemicals.
      • Implementation of joint projects in priority areas and expanding reciprocal trade flows of industrial products.
    • Discussions on a Migration and Mobility partnership agreement to facilitate trade and movement between the two countries.

    Way Forward 

    • Enhanced Banking Support and Infrastructure: Develop a robust Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for banks to facilitate smoother implementation of the rupee settlement mechanism for trade with Russia.
    • Strategic Economic Diplomacy: Strengthen bilateral economic ties through high-level diplomatic engagements to mitigate banking sector reluctance and enhance trust between Indian and Russian financial institutions.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q Craze for gold in Indian has led to surge in import of gold in recent years and put pressure on balance of payments and external value of rupee. In view of this, examine the merits of Gold Monetization scheme. (UPSC IAS/2015)

  • Asur Tribes to get Forest Land Rights

    Why in the News?

    The Gumla district administration in Jharkhand has announced that the Asur community, a particularly vulnerable tribal group (PVTG) residing in the Netarhat plateau region of Gumla, will soon benefit from the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006.

    About Asur Community

    • The Asur tribe primarily resides in the districts of Gumla, Lohardaga, Palamu, and Latehar in Jharkhand, India.
    • They speak Asuri, a Munda language belonging to the Austroasiatic language family.
    • Traditionally, the Asur were skilled iron-smelters, practicing metallurgy using indigenous techniques.
    • Over time, many have shifted to agriculture, although some are still involved in mining work.
    • The Asur community has a traditional council (jati panch) to settle disputes.
    • They maintain kinship ties with neighboring tribes like Kharwar and Munda.

    Social Structure of Asur Community:

    • They live in forest-surrounded clearings called pats, with houses made of mud walls, wooden poles, and roofs covered with paddy straw.
    • Asurs follow a religion that combines animism, animatism, naturalism, and ancestral worship.
    • Their chief deity is Singbonga, and they celebrate festivals like Sarhul and Karma.
    • Marriage is significant, following rules of monogamy with exceptions for barrenness or widowhood.
    • Widow remarriage is allowed, and marriages occur within the tribe (endogamy).

    Back2Basics: Forest Rights Act, 2006

    Details
    Purpose Recognizes and vests forest rights in Forest Dwelling Scheduled Tribes (FDST) and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (OTFD).
    Eligibility Individuals or communities residing in forest land for at least 3 generations (75 years) prior to December 13, 2005.
    Rights Recognized
    • Title Rights: Ownership up to 4 hectares for cultivation.
    • Use Rights: Includes Minor Forest Produce and grazing areas.
    • Relief and Development Rights: Rehabilitation and basic amenities in case of eviction.
    • Forest Management Rights: Conservation and sustainable use of community forest resources.
    Authority Gram Sabha initiates the process of determining Individual Forest Rights (IFR) or Community Forest Rights (CFR).
    Conservation Balances forest conservation with livelihood and food security of FDST and OTFD.

     

    PYQ:

    [2021] At the national level, which ministry is the nodal agency to ensure effective implementation of the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006?

    (a) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

    (b) Ministry of Panchayati Raj

    (c) Ministry of Rural Development

    (d) Ministry of Tribal Affairs
  • [15th July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The problem with the Karnataka Gig Workers Bill

    [15th July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The problem with the Karnataka Gig Workers Bill

    PYQ Relevance:

    Mains: 

    Q) Examine the role of ‘Gig Economy’ in the process of empowerment of women in India. (UPSC IAS/2021)
    Q) Can the strategy of regional-resource-based manufacturing help in promoting employment in India?  (UPSC IAS/2019)

    Prelims:
    Consider the following statements: (UPSC IAS/2017)
    1. The Factories Act, 1881, was passed with a view to fix the wages of industrial workers and to allow the workers to form trade unions.
    2. N.M. Lokhande was a pioneer in organizing the labour movement in British India.Which of the statements give above is/are correct?
    (a) 1 only
    (b) 2 only
    (c) Both 1 and 2
    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims: Right to Employment; Social Welfare Policies of the Government;

    Mains:  Gig Workers and Economy; Minimum Wage Policies adopted in India;

    Mentor comment: Last time we discussed that Gig workers are independent contractors, freelancers, or often through online platforms, rather than being employed in traditional long-term employer-employee relationships. We also studied the key highlight of the Bill proposed for the welfare of gig workers. Gig workers are often excluded from social security and labor legislation due to their ambiguous employment status. In India, we lack a comprehensive code coverage for their security. In this aspect, we need to study the areas of scope where we can bring out significant change in governance and policy frameworks.

    Let’s learn!

    __

    Why in the news? 

    The Karnataka Platform-based Gig Workers (Social Security and Welfare) Bill, 2024 follows a similar model to the Rajasthan Platform-Based Gig Workers (Registration and Welfare) Act, 2023, which also established a welfare board for gig workers.

    • However, critics argue that this model does not address the employment relations of gig workers, which is a crucial aspect of their working conditions.

    The rise of Gig work and the work issues associated in India:

    As per the Economic Survey 2020–21, India has emerged as one of the world’s largest countries for flexible staffing, or gig workers.

    Gig Economy Growth:
    • Current Size: Approximately 7.7 million workers.
    • Future Projections: Expected to rise to 23.5 million by 2029-30.
    • Proportion of Livelihood: Comprising around 4% of overall livelihood in the country.

    Job Distribution:
    • Low Skilled Jobs: 31% (e.g., cab driving, food delivery).
    • Medium Skilled Jobs: 47% (e.g., plumbing, beauty services).
    • High Skilled Jobs: 22% (e.g., graphic design, tutoring)
    • The growing gig economy: The number of gig and platform workers in India is rising rapidly, projected to reach 23.5 million by 2030. Gig work is providing livelihoods amid an overall slowdown in employment generation.
    • Work Issues with Gig Employment:
      • Unresolved Issues: Lack of employment relations means no application of protective labor laws. Many gig workers have protested against issues like revenue sharing, working hours, and poor working conditions.
      • No Minimum Earnings: No guarantee of minimum earnings even when available for work.
      • No Regulation on Working Hours: Regular incidents of overwork and accidents. Gig workers demand fair treatment, improved working conditions, and access to social security.
      • Employment Relations: The existing labor laws are inadequate as they are based on traditional employer-employee relationships, which are absent or complicated in the gig economy. 
      • Aggregator companies consider gig workers as independent contractors, while workers see them as employers who control the terms of service.
    Case Study: U.K. Ruling:
    • The UK Supreme Court Ruled that Uber drivers need to be classified as workers who are entitled to minimum wage and paid leave.
    • This verdict helped in setting a precedent for gig economy workers, potentially leading to significant compensation and improved conditions, due to Uber’s control over their work.

    The issue with the Code and Social Security assigned to Gigworkers in India:

    • Prevailing unclear Law:
      • In the Code on Social Security 2020, the Gig workers are included as informal self-employed. Even in other codes, there is no mention of ‘gig workers’ on Wages, Industrial Relations, and Occupational Safety.
      • Now at present, the issue is that the recent legislations introduced in Rajasthan and Karnataka do not define employment relations, using the term “aggregator” instead of employer.
    • Limitations of the Welfare Board Model
      • The welfare board model adopted by Rajasthan and Karnataka provides some benefits but does not replace institutional social security like provident fund, gratuity, or maternity benefits available to regular workers.
      • Historically, welfare boards have been poorly implemented, as seen with the Construction Workers Welfare Act of 1996 and the Unorganized Workers Social Security Act, where funds were inadequately used.
    • Lack of minimum wage and working hour protections
      • The Karnataka Bill discusses income security regarding payment deductions (through cess) but does not guarantee minimum income, wage entitlements, or revenue sharing between aggregators and gig workers.
      • The bill only requires weekly payments without specifying a minimum amount.

    Conclusion: The Karnataka Bill, like the Code on Social Security, 2020 and the Rajasthan Act 2023, fails to address employment relationships in the gig economy. This oversight confuses employment relations and absolves employers of legal obligations, making it difficult to fully protect workers’ rights

  • [pib] Samvidhaan Hatya Diwas’ on 25th June Every Year

    Why in the News?

    The Government of India has decided to observe 25th June every year as ‘Samvidhaan Hatya Diwas.’ 

    National Emergency imposition in India

    • June 25, 2025, will mark fifty years since the imposition of the Emergency.
    • The Emergency lasted from June 25, 1975, to March 21, 1977.
    • It was characterized by the suspension of civil liberties, press freedom, mass arrests, the cancellation of elections, and rule by decree.

    What was the Emergency?

    • PM Indira Gandhi’s government used constitutional provisions to impose sweeping executive and legislative control.
    • Opposition leaders were jailed, and fundamental rights, including freedom of speech and expression, were curtailed, leading to press censorship.
    • The federal structure was effectively converted into a unitary one, with the Union controlling state governments.
    • Parliament extended its term, made laws on state subjects, and extended the Union’s executive powers to the states.

    Legal and Constitutional Sanction

    • Article 352 allowed the President to proclaim an emergency if India’s security was threatened by war, external aggression, or armed rebellion.
    • In 1975, “internal disturbance” was used as grounds for the Emergency, citing incitements against the police and armed forces.
    • This was the only instance of emergency due to “internal disturbance,” later removed by the 44th Amendment in 1978.
      • Article 358 suspended limitations on Article 19 (“Right to freedom”).
      • Article 359 allowed the President to suspend the right to court enforcement of rights during an emergency.

    Political and Social Circumstances: A Timeline 

    • In 1974, the Navnirman movement against corruption in Gujarat led to President’s Rule.
    • Inspired by Navnirman, a student movement in Bihar, led by Jayaprakash Narayan (JP), aimed to cleanse the country of corruption and misgovernance.
    • In May 1974, George Fernandes led a massive railway workers’ strike.
    • On June 5, 1974, JP called for “Sampoorna Kranti” (total revolution).
    • On June 12, 1975, Justice Jagmohanlal Sinha of the Allahabad High Court convicted Indira Gandhi of electoral malpractice.
    • On June 25, 1975, President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed signed the Proclamation of Emergency, cutting power to major newspapers and informing the Cabinet the next morning.

    Impact on Opposition Leaders, Media, and Political Dissenters

    • Almost all opposition leaders, including JP, were detained under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA).
    • Newspapers faced pre-censorship, with UNI and PTI merged into a state-controlled agency, Samachar.
    • More than 250 journalists were jailed, and The Indian Express resisted by printing blank spaces when stories were censored.
    • Sanjay Gandhi’s “five-point programme” included forced family planning and slum clearance, leading to forced sterilizations and violent clashes.

    Sanjay Gandhi’s “Five-Point Programme”

    Sanjay Gandhi, the younger son of then PM, Mrs. Indira Gandhi had come forward with a programme to ‘improve’ the condition of the poor people.

    His programme can be divided under five Headings, i.e.

    1. Adult Education.
    2. To abolish Dowry.
    3. To Grow more trees.
    4. Family planning – only two children.
    5. Eradication of caste system.

    Legal Changes during the Emergency

    • With opposition leaders in jail, Parliament passed amendments barring judicial review of the Emergency and securing the Prime Minister’s election.
    • The 42nd Amendment expanded Union authority over states and gave Parliament unbridled power to amend the Constitution.
    • In ADM Jabalpur vs. Shivkant Shukla (1976), the Supreme Court ruled that detention without trial was legal during an emergency, with Justice H.R. Khanna dissenting.

    Lifting the Emergency and Aftermath

    • Indira Gandhi lifted the Emergency in early 1977, leading to her defeat in the elections.
    • The Janata Party emerged victorious, with Morarji Desai becoming India’s first non-Congress Prime Minister.
    • The Janata government reversed many constitutional changes from the 42nd Amendment, made judicial review of emergency proclamations possible, and removed “internal disturbance” as grounds for emergency imposition.

    PYQ:

    [2022] Which of the following is/are the exclusive power(s) of Lok Sabha?

    1. To ratify the declaration of Emergency
    2. To pass a motion of no-confidence against the Council of Ministers
    3. To impeach the President of India

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 and 2

    (b) 2 only

    (c) 1 and 3

    (d) 3 only

  • How PM Modi’s visit to Austria sends a message both to Moscow and the West

    Why in the news? 

    Prime Minister Narendra Modi selected Vienna as a neutral location to convey a message to both Moscow and the Western countries.

    What message it sent?

    • India’s Diplomatic Signal: Modi’s visit to Vienna after meeting Putin in Moscow underscored India’s commitment to global peace and non-violence.Statements emphasized India’s concern over civilian casualties in conflict zones and the futility of war as a solution.
    • Historical Context: Referencing Austria’s historical neutrality and diplomatic role during the Cold War, Modi’s visit reaffirmed India’s stance on maintaining strategic autonomy. Highlighted India’s support for negotiated settlements and dialogue in international disputes.

    Similarity in ideologies between both countries

    • Neutrality and Non-Alignment: Both India and Austria historically maintained neutrality in global conflicts. Shared values in promoting peace, diplomacy, and non-intervention in internal affairs of other nations.
    • Historical Ties: Nehru’s role in supporting Austria’s sovereignty post-World War II reflected shared principles of neutrality and independence. Both countries value multilateralism and respect for international law.

    Evolution of bilateral relations between India and Austria

    • Establishment of Diplomatic Relations: Diplomatic ties between India and Austria were established in 1949, celebrating 75 years of engagement in 2024.Historical visits by leaders from both countries have strengthened political and economic cooperation.
    • Modern Partnerships: Focus on future-oriented collaborations in infrastructure, renewable energy, technology, and trade. Continuation of bilateral engagements despite global geopolitical shifts, maintaining a balanced approach in international relations.

    Key dimension related to relation between Austria and India: 

    • Political Relations: India intervened in Austria’s favor during negotiations with the Soviet Union on the Austrian State Treaty in 1953.India supported Austria on the UN-South Tyrol conventions. Austria expressed support for India’s bid for a permanent seat on a reformed United Nations Security Council.
    • Economic Relations: As of 2019, there are over 200 collaborations, including 100 technical collaborations and 60 joint ventures between Indian and Austrian firms.Bilateral trade between Austria and India was EUR 2.93 billion in 2023. Austria has received a cumulative foreign direct investment of EUR 1.159 billion from India as of 2023.
    • Cultural Relations: The Indo-Austrian cultural relations date back to the 16th century. The Austrian tradition of Indology began in the 19th century.Rabindranath Tagore visited Vienna in 1921 and 1926, fostering cultural exchange.

    Way forward: 

    • Enhanced Political Dialogue: Increase high-level visits and diplomatic exchanges to deepen understanding and cooperation on global issues like climate change, terrorism, and global health.
    • Support for Multilateral Initiatives: Collaborate in multilateral forums such as the United Nations to promote shared values of peace, neutrality, and respect for international law. Work towards common positions on global challenges.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q What introduces friction into the ties between India and the United States is that Washington is still unable to find for India a position in its global strategy, which would satisfy India’s National self-esteem. (UPSC IAS/2019)

  • Release of SDG India Index 2023-24- NITI Aayog     

    Why in the news?

    Overall SDG score for the country is 71 for 2023-24, significant improvement from 66 in 2020-21 and 57 in 2018 (Baseline report).

    About SDG India Index:

    • The SDG India Index is a comprehensive tool developed by NITI Aayog to measure the progress of India and its states/UTs towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
    • The index tracks the progress on 113 indicators aligned with the National Indicator Framework of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI).

    Key highlights and results from the fourth edition of the SDG India Index:     

    • Top Performers: Uttarakhand and Kerala secured the top spots with a score of 79 out of 100, showcasing strong performance across Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) such as poverty eradication, health, education, and environmental sustainability.
    • National Improvement: India’s overall SDG score improved from 66 points in 2020-21 to 71 points in 2023-24, indicating significant progress in achieving the SDGs nationwide. This improvement reflects efforts in poverty reduction, economic growth, and environmental conservation.
    • State-wise Variations: Bihar ranked lowest with 57 points, indicating areas needing more attention and development. States like Punjab, Manipur, West Bengal, and Assam showed notable improvements, with Punjab leading the pack with an increase of 8 points to reach 76 points.
    • Goal-specific Insights: Goals such as “No Poverty,” “Decent Work and Economic Growth,” and “Life on Land” saw the highest increases in scores, reflecting advancements in income equality, employment opportunities, and biodiversity conservation efforts.
    • Challenges and Focus Areas: Gender Equality received the lowest score at 49 points, highlighting persistent challenges in achieving parity in workforce participation, education access, and political representation. Addressing issues related to hunger and nutrition remains a priority, with the “Zero Hunger” goal scoring 52 points, emphasizing the need for nutritious food access and combating malnutrition.

    How did States and UT performed?    

    • Score Ranges: States’ scores range from 57 to 79, while UTs score between 65 and 77. This indicates an improvement compared to the 2020-21 scores, where the range was 52 to 75 for States and 62 to 79 for UTs.
    • Front Runner Category: There has been a significant increase in the number of States and UTs achieving Front Runner status. In the latest edition, 32 States/UTs scored between 65 and 99, up from 22 in the previous edition. Notably, 10 new States and UTs entered the Front Runner category, including Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.
    • Score Improvements: Across all States and UTs, there has been improvement in composite scores ranging from 1 to 8 points since the 2020-21 edition. Leading in score improvements are Assam, Manipur, Punjab, West Bengal, and Jammu and Kashmir, each showing an increase of 8 points.
    • Methodology: The methodology involves compiling raw data for indicators, setting 2030 targets, normalizing data to a 0-100 score, and calculating Goal scores as means of relevant indicators. The composite score represents an average of all Goal scores, excluding Goal 14 focused solely on coastal States.

    Way forward: 

    • Targeted Interventions for Lagging States: Implement customized, data-driven interventions in States with lower scores, such as Bihar, to address specific challenges in poverty, health, and education.
    • Enhance Focus on Gender Equality and Nutrition: Strengthen policies and programs aimed at improving gender equality and combating malnutrition, particularly by increasing female workforce participation and ensuring access to nutritious food.
  • [12th July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Reading the tea lea/ves ahead of China’s Third Plenum

    [12th July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Reading the tea lea/ves ahead of China’s Third Plenum

    PYQ Relevance: 

    Q The new tri-nation partnership AUKUS is aimed at countering China’s ambitions in the Indo-Pacific region. Is it going to supersede the existing partnerships in the region? Discuss the strength and impact of AUKUS in the present scenario. (UPSC IAS/2021)

    Q What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (UPSC IAS/2020)

    Mentors comment: Commentators in the West have long argued to move beyond the optimistic view of a post-Cold War world, suggesting that Moscow, Beijing, and their aligned states cannot be expected to uphold a rules-based international order. Attention is now focused on China’s upcoming Third Plenum of the 20th Party Congress, scheduled for July 15-18, for potential signs of policy shift. Despite pessimism about China embracing mutual security, there remains hopeful anticipation for surprises and directional changes following economic challenges and global interest in the plenum’s outcomes.

    Let’s learn!

    __ 

    Why in the news?

    There is optimism that the plenum could indicate a shift in China’s direction.

    About the Third Plenums: 

    Third Plenums historically set economic strategies for the next 5-10 years and are pivotal in China’s economic planning. 
    The 1978 Third Plenum under Deng Xiaoping marked a significant shift towards economic reforms that revitalized China’s economy.

    Economic reforms, issues

    • Advanced Timing of the Third Plenum: The early scheduling of the Third Plenum suggests China may be planning sweeping economic reforms to address current challenges and ensure future progress.
    • Current Economic Challenges: China faces several economic challenges, including an ageing population, a shrinking workforce, high debt levels, and ongoing economic issues despite previous measures. These factors contribute to domestic pessimism about China’s economic future.
    • Leadership Dynamics: There is uncertainty about whether the current leadership under Xi Jinping will embrace significant new economic reforms akin to those initiated by Deng Xiaoping. Any admission of past mistakes could impact Xi’s political standing and future leadership.
    • Reform Necessity: There is a perceived necessity for China to experiment with new economic ideas and reforms to address current economic challenges effectively. However, uncertainties remain about the extent and nature of reforms that will be introduced.

    The view about China’s ‘intentions’

    • Perceived Threats and Activities: The West and others view China’s tactics like ‘gray zone coercion’, disinformation campaigns, interference in elections, and military provocations in the South and East China Seas as ongoing threats. Taiwan remains a focal point of China’s military and propaganda efforts, adding to regional tensions.
    • Regional and Global Impact: China’s initiatives such as the Global Development Initiative (GDI), Global Security Initiative (GSI), and Global Civilization Initiative (GCI) reflect its strategic beliefs and influence. This perspective increases paranoia about China’s intentions, particularly in Asia, impacting regional stability.
    • India-China Relations: India-China relations have deteriorated, exacerbated by border tensions and China’s perceived inflexibility despite India’s attempts at flexibility. India is concerned about China’s military capabilities, including missile and nuclear advancements, and sees a need to prepare for potential conflict scenarios.

    Where India stands

    • Economic Strength and Leadership: India is transitioning from a ‘middle level’ power to a ‘major’ power, with robust economic parameters that are among the best globally. The country is perceived to have strong and focused leadership, which enhances its capability to take significant initiatives on the global stage. India’s economic position and leadership are considered advantageous for taking proactive steps towards promoting world peace.
    • Diplomatic History and Initiatives: India has a history of taking diplomatic initiatives, especially in its relations with China, which have had notable outcomes. Examples include past initiatives such as Sumdorong Chu and Wangdung, and Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi’s pivotal visit to China in 1988, which contributed to decades of peace between the two nations. These historical precedents suggest that India has the capacity to play a proactive role in regional and global diplomacy.
    • Current Strategic Advantage: The current geopolitical environment between India and China is relatively less tense compared to historical periods of conflict. India is seen to hold a stronger position vis-à-vis China than at any time in modern history, presenting an opportune moment for India to initiate significant diplomatic efforts. There is potential for India to leverage its position and historical diplomatic successes to foster positive outcomes for both countries, Asia, and the broader world.

    Way forward: 

    • Diplomatic Engagement and Conflict Avoidance: India should prioritize diplomatic engagement with China to manage and mitigate tensions effectively. Focus on dialogue, negotiation, and confidence-building measures to prevent escalation of conflicts, particularly regarding border disputes and military posturing.
    • Regional Leadership and Global Initiatives: Utilize India’s emerging status as a major global power to lead initiatives that promote peace and stability in the region and beyond. Engage proactively in international forums to advocate for peaceful resolutions to regional conflicts and enhance India’s diplomatic influence on the global stage.

  • India hosts BIMSTEC Foreign Ministers amid raging Myanmar crisis

    Why in the News? 

    At the first BIMSTEC Foreign Ministers’ retreat, External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar emphasized that BIMSTEC must address regional challenges internally, fostering collaboration among member nations.

    About BIMSTEC Countries  

    BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) is a regional organization comprising seven member countries lying in the littoral and adjacent areas of the Bay of Bengal. These countries are Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.

    Significance of BIMSTEC:

    • Economic Cooperation: Facilitates trade and investment among member countries.
    • Connectivity Projects: Enhances regional connectivity through road, rail, and maritime links.
    • Technical and Technological Collaboration: Promotes capacity building and technology sharing.
    • Security Cooperation: Addresses transnational crimes, terrorism, and humanitarian assistance.
    • Cultural Exchange: Strengthens cultural ties and people-to-people contacts.

    India’s Stand on Myanmar Crisis

    India has adopted a cautious and balanced approach to the crisis in Myanmar, emphasizing the following points:

    • Connectivity Projects: India focuses on the importance of ongoing connectivity projects for the future of BIMSTEC, which are crucial for regional integration.
    • Humanitarian Assistance: Discussions on humanitarian assistance remain limited to displaced populations and some military personnel seeking refuge in Mizoram, reflecting India’s cautious humanitarian stance.
    • Border Stability: India emphasizes maintaining stability along its border with Myanmar, considering the volatile situation and the control of trade routes by Ethnic Armed Organizations (EAOs).
    • Security Cooperation: Countering transnational crimes, including cyber, narcotics, and illegal arms, remains a priority, reflecting India’s security concerns.

    India Pushes to Link South Asia with Southeast Asia via BIMSTEC

    • Enhanced Connectivity: Promoting infrastructure projects such as road and rail links, and port development to improve trade routes.
      • Encouraging cultural exchanges, tourism, and academic collaborations to strengthen regional bonds
    • Economic Integration: Facilitating trade agreements and economic cooperation to boost regional trade and investment.
    • Energy Cooperation: Exploring opportunities for energy trade and development, including renewable energy projects.
    • Security Collaboration: Addressing common security challenges, including terrorism, human trafficking, and maritime security.

    Way forward: 

    • Establish a Permanent Secretariat: Enhance coordination and efficiency by establishing a fully functional permanent secretariat for BIMSTEC with adequate resources and authority to implement and monitor projects.
    • Promoting Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Launch joint initiatives to combat climate change, focusing on disaster risk reduction, sustainable management of natural resources, and renewable energy projects, leveraging the diverse ecological systems within the member states.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q Do you think that BIMSTEC is a parallel organisation like the SAARC? Waht are the similarities and dissimilarities between the two? How are Indian foreign policy objectives realized by forming this new organisation? (UPSC IAS/2022)