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GS Paper: GS2

  • A case of people versus Population    

    Why in the news? 

    Since 1989, July 11 has been designated as World Population Day, marking the global population surpassing the five billion mark.

    About Malthus Theory of Population

    • Thomas Malthus’ Theory of Population, proposed in 1798, posited that population growth would outpace food production, leading to widespread famine and poverty.
    • He believed population grows exponentially while food production increases linearly. However, advancements in agriculture and technology have prevented the catastrophic outcomes he predicted.

    Present Scenario

    • Population Growth and Food Production: Despite significant population growth, currently estimated at 8.1 billion globally, advancements in technology and agriculture have enabled food production to keep pace. This disproves Malthus’ prediction of widespread famine due to population outstripping food supply.
    • India’s Demographics: India, the most populous nation with 1.44 billion people, has seen its annual population growth rate fall below 1%, with a total fertility rate (TFR) of 2, just below the replacement level. Economic growth has surged, with per capita GDP increasing sixfold from $400 to $2,400 over the past 27 years.
    • Poverty Reduction and Challenges: The percentage of Indians living below the poverty line has decreased from 43% to 11%. However, significant disparities persist, with certain states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Jharkhand accounting for 83% of the nation’s poverty. Climate change remains a critical challenge, disproportionately affecting poorer populations.

    Changes in India

    • Population : Population Growth has Increased from 1 billion to 1.44 billion (44% increase). The Annual population growth rate decreased from nearly 2% to below 1%. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) has declined from 3.4 to 2, below the replacement level of 2.1.
    • Economic Indicators: Per Capita GDP has rose sixfold from $400 to $2,400, signifying substantial economic growth. And percentage of people living below the multi-dimensional poverty line decreased from 43% to 11%.
    • Life Expectancy: Increased from 61 years to 70 years, indicating improvements in healthcare and living standards.

    Impact of Climate Change on Population

    • Increased Vulnerability of the Poor: Climate change disproportionately affects poorer populations in developing countries like India. Inadequate housing, infrastructure, and resources make these communities more susceptible to the adverse effects of extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts, and heatwaves.
    • Agricultural Disruption: Unpredictable weather patterns and extreme climate conditions disrupt agricultural productivity, leading to food insecurity. This particularly impacts rural populations who depend on farming for their livelihoods, exacerbating poverty and malnutrition.
    • Migration and Displacement: Climate change-induced events, such as rising sea levels and severe weather, force people to migrate from their homes. This internal displacement puts additional strain on urban areas and exacerbates existing social and economic challenges, leading to overcrowding and increased competition for resources.

    Agenda of Global South Population 

    • Economic Growth and Poverty Eradication: Developing nations in the Global South prioritize economic growth to reduce poverty and improve living standards. The focus is on sustainable development, ensuring that economic progress is not compromised while addressing the immediate needs of their populations. India’s aim to achieve zero poverty within the next decade exemplifies this priority.
    • Sustainable Development and Climate Responsibility: The Global South advocates for a balanced approach to climate change, emphasizing the need for developed countries (with higher historical emissions) to take greater responsibility. The G-20 New Delhi Declaration (2023) highlights the importance of the circular economy, resource efficiency, and extended producer responsibility in achieving sustainable development without hindering economic growth.

    A Pathway for the Most Populous Nation (Way Forward) 

    • Balancing Economic Growth and Environmental Sustainability: India must continue prioritizing economic growth to alleviate poverty and improve living standards while integrating sustainable practices. Emphasizing circular economy principles, resource efficiency, and extended producer responsibility can help decouple economic growth from environmental degradation.
    • Reducing Poverty and Inequality: Targeted efforts to address regional disparities and uplift impoverished populations are crucial. Programs focusing on education, healthcare, and infrastructure development, particularly in states with high poverty levels like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Jharkhand, are essential to ensure inclusive growth.
    • Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: India should implement strategies to mitigate climate change impacts, such as investing in renewable energy, enhancing disaster resilience, and promoting sustainable agriculture. While striving for net-zero emissions by 2070, India must ensure that climate actions do not compromise its economic growth and poverty eradication goals.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q Critically examine whether growing population is the cause of poverty OR poverty is the mains cause of population increase in India. (UPSC IAS/2015)

  • Muslim Women entitled to seek Alimony, says SC

    PC: Hindustan Times

    Why in the News?

    • The Supreme Court has ruled that a divorced Muslim woman is entitled to seek maintenance from her husband under Section 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC).
      • The court asserted that any discrimination against Muslim women in matters of alimony under the secular laws of the country would be regressive and against gender justice, equality.

    Story so far:

    • The Supreme Court bench rejected the argument that Section 125 of the CrPC does not apply to Muslims because they have their own personal law.
    • The court ruled that the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986, does not override the secular law.

    Key Points of the Judgment

    • Legal Standing: “There cannot be the disparity in receiving maintenance on the basis of the law under which a woman is married or divorced.”
    • Application of Section 125: Justice Nagarathna emphasized, “Section 125 of the CrPC cannot be excluded from its application to a divorced Muslim woman irrespective of the law under which she is divorced.”
    • Role of the 1986 Act: The judgment underscored that rights granted under the 1986 Act to receive maintenance during ‘iddat’ are in addition to, not in derogation of, those under Section 125 of the CrPC.

    Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986:

    Purpose:

    • To protect the rights of Muslim women who have been divorced by, or have obtained a divorce from, their husbands.
    • To provide for matters connected with or incidental to their divorce.

    Key Provisions:

    • Maintenance:
      • During Iddat Period: A Muslim woman is entitled to a reasonable and fair provision and maintenance from her husband during the iddat period (a waiting period after divorce).
      • Post-Iddat Maintenance: If she cannot maintain herself after the iddat period, she can claim maintenance from her relatives who would inherit her property on her death. If no relatives are available, the State Wakf Board is responsible for her maintenance.
    • Mehr (Dower): The woman is entitled to the payment of mehr (dower) that was agreed upon at the time of marriage.
    • Return of Property: The woman is entitled to all the properties given to her before or at the time of marriage or after the marriage by her relatives, friends, husband, or any other person.
    • Rights of Children: The Act also provides for the maintenance of children born out of the marriage until they reach the age of two years.
    • Application to Magistrate:
      • A divorced woman, or someone acting on her behalf, can apply to a Magistrate for an order under the Act.
      • The Magistrate has the authority to make orders for payment of maintenance, mehr, and return of property.

    Criticisms and Issues:

    • Limited Scope: Critics argue that the Act’s provisions are limited to the iddat period and do not ensure long-term maintenance.
    • Dependence on Relatives: Post-iddat maintenance depends on relatives, which might not always be practical or feasible.
    • Role of Wakf Board: The effectiveness of the Wakf Board in providing maintenance has been questioned due to administrative and financial constraints.
    • Violation of Right to Equality: The MWPRD Act has been criticized for creating discriminatory practices by limiting the maintenance period for Muslim women compared to women of other communities, thus violating the Right to Equality under Article 14 of the Constitution.

    Context and Historical Perspective:

    • Shah Bano Case (1985): The court referenced the landmark Shah Bano case, which affirmed Muslim women’s right to maintenance under Section 125 of the CrPC.
    • Danial Latifi Case (2001): It highlighted subsequent interpretations ensuring that the 1986 Act does not deprive Muslim women of rights under Section 125.
    • Rejection of Restrictions: The court rejected restrictive interpretations that could hinder gender justice and emphasized the importance of providing adequate maintenance, not minimal amounts, to destitute Muslim women.
    • Continuation of Section 144: The judgment noted that the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, which has replaced the CrPC, retains the older provision on alimony under Section 144.

    Section 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC)

    Purpose:

    • Maintenance Orders: Section 125 of the CrPC provides for the maintenance of wives, children, and parents who are unable to maintain themselves.

    Key Provisions:

    • Eligible Persons:
      • Wife: Includes a divorced wife who has not remarried.
      • Legitimate and illegitimate minor children.
      • Adult children are unable to maintain themselves due to physical or mental abnormalities.
      • Parents: Includes both father and mother who are unable to maintain themselves.
    • Conditions:
      • The person liable to pay maintenance has sufficient means.
      • The person liable has neglected or refused to maintain the eligible person.
    • Order: The Magistrate can order a monthly allowance for the maintenance of the eligible person.
    • Maximum Amount: There is no fixed maximum amount; it is determined by the Magistrate based on the circumstances.

    Significance:

    • Social Justice: It aims to prevent vagrancy and destitution by ensuring that dependents are provided for.
    • Secular Applicability: It applies to all religions and is not specific to any particular religion.

    Implications and Legal Precedent

    • Equality under Law: The judgment reinforces the principle that Muslim women have the same legal recourse as women of other faiths under Section 125 of the CrPC.
    • Additional Remedies: It affirmed that provisions like the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019, do not exclude rights under Section 125.

     

    PYQ:

    [2020] Customs and traditions suppress reason leading to obscurantism. Do you agree?

    [2019] Which Article of the Constitution of India safeguards one’s right to marry the person of one’s choice?

    (a) Article 19
    (b) Article 21
    (c) Article 25
    (d) Article 29

  • What is the draft Digital Competition Bill?  

    Why in the news? 

    In February 2023, the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) established a Committee on Digital Competition Law (CDCL) to assess the necessity for distinct legislation concerning competition within digital markets.

    What is an ex-post framework?

    • An ex-post framework refers to a regulatory approach where authorities intervene and enforce regulations after potentially harmful activities or behaviors have already occurred.
    • In the context of competition law, it means that enforcement actions are taken against anti-competitive practices only after they have been observed or reported.

    How is an ex-post framework different from an ex-ante framework?

    Timing of Intervention:

    • Ex-post framework: Intervenes after anti-competitive conduct has occurred and its effects are observed. It relies on retrospective enforcement based on complaints or identified issues.
    • Ex-ante framework: Proactively sets rules and obligations before anti-competitive behavior happens, aiming to prevent market distortions and protect competition from potential harms.

    Nature of Regulation:

    • Ex-post framework: Reactive in nature, focusing on remedial measures and enforcement actions against established instances of anti-competitive behavior.
    • Ex-ante framework: Proactive in nature, establishing upfront rules and obligations to guide behavior and prevent market abuses by dominant players before they occur.

    Focus and Objectives:

    • Ex-post framework: Focuses on addressing past harms to competition, ensuring fair market practices, and correcting market distortions post-occurrence.
    • Ex-ante framework: Focuses on maintaining competitive markets, promoting innovation, and protecting consumer choice by setting clear rules and preventing anti-competitive behavior from developing in the first place.

    Why does the draft Bill encourage an ex-ante competition regulation?

    • Proactive Prevention: Digital markets exhibit characteristics such as rapid growth, network effects, and economies of scale that can lead to quick and irreversible market dominance. An ex-ante framework allows regulatory authorities to preemptively set rules and obligations to prevent anti-competitive practices before they occur, thereby maintaining market competition and ensuring consumer choice.
    • Timely Intervention: The existing ex-post framework under the Competition Act, 2002 is considered inadequate for digital markets, where traditional enforcement mechanisms may be too slow to effectively address evolving market dynamics and prevent potential harms to competition. An ex-ante approach enables timely intervention and regulatory oversight to curb monopolistic tendencies and promote a level playing field for all market participants.

    What framework does the European Union follow?

    • The European Union follows an ex-ante competition framework under the Digital Markets Act (DMA). It regulates large digital platforms identified as gatekeepers, imposing specific obligations to ensure fair competition.
    • Objectives: To promote competition, innovation, and consumer choice in digital markets by proactively addressing potential market distortions caused by dominant players.

    What are systemically significant digital enterprises (SSDEs)?

    • SSDEs are digital enterprises identified as dominant in specific digital market segments under the draft Digital Competition Bill.Identified through quantitative tests based on financial strength and user reach in India, or qualitatively based on significant influence and market impact.
    • SSDEs are required to operate transparently, refrain from anti-competitive practices like self-preferencing and data misuse, and ensure fair access to their platforms for other businesses.

    Conclusion: Ensure that the criteria used to designate SSDEs are well-defined and balanced. Conduct periodic reviews to adjust these criteria based on market dynamics and technological advancements to accurately capture entities with significant market power without overly burdening smaller players.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q Examine the impact of liberalization on companies owned by Indians. Are they competing with the MNCs satisfactorily? Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2013)

  • India, Russia to boost bilateral trade to $100 billion by 2030

    Why in the News? 

    During the 22nd Annual Summit on Tuesday, both countries agreed to elevate bilateral trade to $100 billion by 2030. This agreement includes the use of national currencies to bypass Western sanctions.

    Bilateral ties between India-Russia  

    • Long-standing strategic partnership: India and Russia have enjoyed a strong strategic partnership since the Cold War era.
      • This was further strengthened with the signing of the “Declaration on the India-Russia Strategic Partnership” in 2000, which elevated cooperation in various areas including politics, security, defense, trade, and culture.
      • In 2010, the partnership was elevated to a “Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership”.
    • Robust defense cooperation: Russia is India’s largest defense partner, accounting for approximately 68% of India’s military hardware imports in 2017.
      • The two countries have an Inter-Governmental Commission on Military-Technical Cooperation that meets annually.
      • Major defense projects include the MiG-21, Su-30, and the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant.
    • Economic and Trade Relations: Russia is India’s 7th largest trading partner, with bilateral trade reaching $45 billion, surpassing the target of $30 billion by 2025.
      • Key areas of economic cooperation include energy, nuclear energy, and the North-South Transport Corridor.
      • Russia is also an important partner in India’s energy security, with investments in the oil and gas sectors.
    • Geopolitical coordination: India and Russia closely collaborate on matters of shared national interest at international forums such as the UN, BRICS, G20, and SCO.
      • Russia supports India’s permanent seat on the UN Security Council and its membership in the NSG and APEC.
      • The two countries also coordinate on regional issues like Afghanistan and the Indo-Pacific.

    Key highlights of the 22nd Annual Summit   

    • Trade and Economic Cooperation: India and Russia have set an ambitious target to increase bilateral trade to $100 billion by 2030. They plan to use national currencies for trade to bypass Western sanctions, reflecting a strategic shift in their economic engagements.
    • Defense and Strategic Partnership: The countries discussed delays in defense supplies and committed to enhancing the co-production of defense equipment.
    • Response to Ukraine Conflict: Prime Minister Modi made a plea for ending civilian casualties and the conflict in Ukraine. Both countries called for a peaceful resolution to the Ukraine conflict in their joint statement, highlighting mediation efforts and adherence to international law.
    • Institutional Agreements and MoUs: Several MoUs were signed on topics including climate change, polar research, legal arbitration, and pharmaceutical certification, demonstrating broad-based cooperation.
    • Recognition and Future Engagements: Modi received Russia’s highest civilian honor, the Order of St. Andrew the Apostle. Putin invited Modi to the “Extended BRICS” summit in Kazan in October 2024, emphasizing ongoing and future high-level engagements.

    Russia Offers Compensation and Citizenship to Kin of Indians Killed in War Against Ukraine

    • Expedited Discharge of Indian Recruits: President Putin accepted Prime Minister Modi’s request to expedite the discharge of Indian nationals recruited by the Russian military. Approximately 40 Indians, currently at the war front, are to be discharged through diplomatic processes.
    • Compensation and Citizenship Offer: Russia has offered compensation and citizenship to the families of Indian nationals who have been killed in the conflict in Ukraine. This move aims to provide support and recognition to the families of the deceased.

    New Delhi and Moscow call for ‘zero tolerance’ towards terrorism

    • Joint Statement on Terrorism: India and Russia reiterated their strong stance against terrorism, emphasizing the need for “zero tolerance” towards all forms of terrorism.
    • Commitment to International Cooperation: Both countries underscored the importance of international cooperation to combat terrorism effectively. They highlighted the necessity for a coordinated global response to address the threat of terrorism.
    • Condemnation of Terrorist Acts: The leaders condemned terrorist acts worldwide and stressed that no cause or ideology could justify the killing of innocent people. They called for the strictest measures to combat and eliminate terrorism.

    Do you know – Why Western sanctions haven’t worked on Russia?

    While the U.S. and some European countries have imposed extensive sanctions, enforcement has been uneven across the coalition. Some nations lack robust mechanisms to prevent violations and struggle to track and penalise offenders effectively. Russia has found ways to sidestep restrictions on critical technologies and dual-use items by re-labelling shipments, diverting products through third countries, and exploiting loopholes in regulations.  They are:

    • Collaborative evasion tactics: Russia’s partnerships with countries like China, Iran, and North Korea enable it to circumvent sanctions and sustain its military capabilities. These strategic alliances facilitate the procurement and transfer of goods, including weapons used in Ukraine.
    • Mutual economic dependence: Europe’s reliance on Russian energy, particularly natural gas, complicates the imposition of severe sanctions without causing significant repercussions for European economies.
      • Russia’s dependence on energy export revenue also makes it reluctant to disrupt energy flows to Europe.
    • Resilience of the Russian economy: Despite the sanctions, Russia’s economy has shown remarkable adaptability. It has redirected trade to China, found alternative suppliers for critical goods, and maintained robust oil and gas sales.

     

    Conclusion: India should work on broadening the range of goods and services exchanged with Russia. Focusing on sectors like pharmaceuticals, information technology, and agricultural products can reduce dependency on any single industry and promote sustainable trade growth.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (UPSC IAS/2020)

  • India to ratify High Seas Treaty

    Why in the News? 

    India has chosen to endorse and formally adopt the High Seas Treaty, a global accord aimed at conserving and safeguarding biodiversity in the oceans.

    • This treaty is frequently linked to the 2015 Paris Agreement due to its extensive scope and potential influence.

    What is the ‘High Seas Treaty’ agreement?

    • The agreement being referred to is the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement, also known as the High Seas Treaty.
    • Aim: To address the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction, which constitute about 64% of the ocean surface.
    • Objective:  To establish a framework for governing activities in these high seas areas to ensure environmental protection, regulate resource extraction, and promote equitable sharing of benefits from marine genetic resources.
      • It operates within the framework of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and aims to strengthen international cooperation and governance for the preservation of marine biodiversity.

    Significance of the Treaty:

    • Conservation of Marine Biodiversity: It covers a vast portion of the global ocean- these areas are crucial for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem functions that are vital for global marine health.
    • Governance and Regulation: The treaty establishes a framework for governing human activities in the high seas, such as fishing, mining, and bioprospecting. It seeks to regulate these activities to ensure they are sustainable and do not cause irreversible harm to marine ecosystems.
    • Global Environmental Protection: Similar to the Paris Agreement on climate change, the BBNJ Agreement represents a global effort to protect and manage resources that are essential for the well-being of present and future generations.
      • Addressing threats like overfishing and habitat destruction, it contributes to global efforts towards sustainable development and environmental conservation.
    • Equitable Sharing of Benefits: The treaty includes provisions such as pharmaceutical developments. This ensures that benefits derived from these resources are shared fairly among countries and communities, promoting global equity and access to valuable resources.
    • International Collaboration: It fosters international cooperation and collaboration in ocean governance.
      • By bringing together countries it strengthens the rule of law and promotes transparency and accountability in global ocean management.

    Comparison with the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change

    Dimensions  High Seas Treaty- Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) 2015 Paris Agreement 
    Scope and Focus Marine biodiversity conservation in the case of BBNJ Focuses on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climate impacts
    Legal Framework It integrates with the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) Paris Agreement operates under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
    Approach to Governance Promotes governance structures that facilitate cooperation among nations to achieve common environmental goals. same
    Implications for Global Cooperation Underscore the importance of multilateralism and collective action in addressing global environmental challenges. same

     

    Conclusion: Need to establish robust mechanisms for implementing and monitoring the BBNJ Agreement at national and international levels. This includes setting up effective reporting systems, conducting regular assessments of biodiversity conservation measures, and ensuring compliance with regulations on resource extraction and marine genetic resources.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (UPSC IAS/2021)

  • [pib] National Commission for Minorities (NCM)

    Why in the News?

    The National Commission for Minorities (NCM) has advised State Governments/UTs to conduct “Sarv Dharma Meetings”.

    Advisory on “Sarv Dharma Meetings”

    • NCM advised State Governments/UTs to conduct “Sarv Dharma Meetings”:
    1. At Sub-divisional level of States monthly.
    2. At District level half-yearly.
    • It is aimed at curbing attacks and hate crimes against minority communities to prevent communal disharmony.
    • NCM emphasized that hate crimes stem from mental weakness and anger, highlighting citizens’ rights to practice and preach their religion freely.

    Responsibilities and Recommendations

    • Citizens and society urged to disown and condemn hate crimes.
    • Advocated for punitive actions by authorities against anti-social elements.
    • Proposed mechanisms involving civic society to deter anti-social and anti-national forces and prevent societal violence.

     

    About National Commission for Minorities (NCM)

    • It is a statutory body formed on the basis of National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992 and replaced an earlier body called Minorities Commission.
    • The Commission consists of a total of 7 persons to be nominated by the Central Government from amongst persons of eminence, ability and integrity.
    • It consists of a Chairperson, a Vice- Chairperson and 5 Members.
    • Each Member holds office for a period of 3 years from the date of assumption of office.

    Functions of NCM:

    1. Evaluate minority development progress.
    2. Monitor constitutional and legal safeguards.
    3. Recommend effective safeguard implementation.
    4. Address complaints regarding deprivation of rights.
    5. Conduct studies on discrimination and recommend measures.
    6. Research socio-economic and educational development.
    7. Suggest measures to Central or State Governments.
    8. Make periodical or special reports to the Central Government.
    9. Address any matter referred by the Central Government.

    Powers of NCM:

    1. Summon and enforce attendance of any person from India.
    2. Require discovery and production of documents.
    3. Receive evidence on affidavit.
    4. Requisition public records from courts or offices.
    5. Issue commissions for examining witnesses and documents.

    Who are Minorities?

    • The Central has notified minority communities at the national level in consultation with various stakeholders under Section 2 (c) of the National Commission for Minorities (NCM), Act, 1992.
    • The six communities notified as minority communities under Section 2(c) of the NCM Act are Christians, Sikhs, Muslims, Buddhists, Parsis, and Jains.
      • Jains were notified as minority community in January 2014.
    • Notification of any community-specific to a State as a minority community within a State comes under the purview of the respective State.

    Total Minority Population in India as per 2011 Census: 

    19.3% of the total population (Muslims: 14.2%; Christians: 2.3%; Sikhs: 1.7%; Buddhists: 0.7%; Jains: 0.4%; Parsis: 0.006%)

    Rights & Safeguards for Minorities:

    Under Fundamental Rights (Part III of the Indian Constitution):

    1. Article 29(1): Right to conserve distinct language, script, or culture.
    2. Article 30(1): Right to establish and administer educational institutions.
    3. Article 30(2): Freedom from discrimination in receiving state aid.

    Under Official Language (Part XVII of the Indian Constitution):

    1. Article 347: Rights for language spoken by any section of the population.
    2. Article 350A: Instruction in mother tongue.
    3. Article 350B: Special officer for linguistic minorities.

    Sachar Committee Report (2006):

    Constitution Date: 9 March 2005

    Key Recommendations:

    • Create a National Data Bank (NDB) for socio-religious data.
    • Establish an Equal Opportunity Commission.
    • Provide incentives for a ‘diversity index.’
    • Ensure high-quality education for children aged 0-14.
    • Set up government schools in Muslim-concentrated areas.
    • Increase Muslim employment share in public-facing jobs.
    • Enact state laws for minority representation.
    • Support initiatives in Muslim-concentrated occupations.
    • Improve minority participation in commercial banks.
    • Focus on inclusive development while respecting diversity.

     

    PYQ:

    [2011] In India, if a religious sect/community is given the status of a national minority, what special advantages it is entitled to?

    1. It can establish and administer exclusive educational institutions.
    2. The President of India automatically nominates a representative of the community to Lok Sabha.
    3. It can derive benefits from the Prime Minister’s 15-Point Programme.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 1 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3
  • [9th July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: A brewing duel amid Manila’s dual engagement

    [9th July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: A brewing duel amid Manila’s dual engagement

    PYQ Relevance:

    Mains: 

    Q) With respect to the South China sea, maritime territorial disputes and rising tension affaire the need for safeguarding maritime security to ensure freedom of navigation and ever flight throughout the region. In this context, discuss the bilateral issues between India and China. (UPSC IAS/2014)

    Q) Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) is transforming itself into a trade bloc from a military alliance, in present times Discuss.  (UPSC IAS/2020)

    Q) The new tri-nation partnership AUKUS is aimed at countering China’s ambitions in the Indo-Pacific region. Is it going to supersede the existing partnerships in the region? Discuss the strength and impact of AUKUS in the present scenario. (UPSC IAS/2021)

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims: QUAD countries; South China Sea;

    Mains:  Regional Security and Institutions; QUAD countries; South China Sea;

    Mentor comment: There is growing anti-China sentiment in India, with 84% of Indians believing they “cannot trust China” and 59% believing “India should go to war with China over the border conflict. There is also growing sentiment of anti-Chinese feeling in several Southeast Asian countries, driven by a mix of historical prejudices, economic resentment, and concerns over China’s growing regional influence.

    Under President Marcos Jr., the Philippines is taking a more assertive stance against China’s actions in the South China Sea, in contrast to the previous administration’s conciliatory approach. However, the Philippines remains economically reliant on China, creating a “dual engagement” that may become difficult to maintain as tensions rise.

    Today’s Article suggests that the Philippines under Marcos Jr. is poised for a more confrontational approach towards China, with significant implications for regional security and the country’s complex relationships with both the US and China.

    Let’s learn!

    __

    Why in the news? 

    Ferdinand Marcos Jr. (affectionately known as “Bongbong”) is leading the Philippines with a more assertive stance compared to his predecessor, Rodrigo Duterte.

    Background:

    • US-Philippines Relationship: The relationship has seen an upswing since Marcos Jr.’s election victory in 2022, marking the return of the Marcos family to Malacañang Palace.
    • Tensions in the South China Sea: Tensions have increased due to territorial disputes and competing claims.
      • Images of the Chinese maritime militia using water cannons against Philippine fishing boats raised tensions in the region.
      • Marcos Jr. sharply criticized China’s actions in the South China Sea at the Shangri-La Dialogue in Singapore.
      • China views Marcos Jr. as an American lackey, bent on inviting chaos and conflict in the region.

    American stakes in the Philippines

    • Historical Context:
      • The Philippines’ strategic location in the South China Sea makes it an indispensable actor in the U.S.’s Indo-Pacific strategy to counter China.
      • The U.S. has a Mutual Defense Treaty with the Philippines dating back to 1951, but is cautious about getting entangled in a naval battle with China, its peer competitor
      • The U.S. has around 400,000 American citizens, including many military veterans, residing there.

    Leveraging support from Quad partners: Mr. Marcos Jr. is leveraging support from Quad partners (India, Australia, Japan, U.S.) to transform the Philippines’ military forces.

    • India: India delivered BrahMos missile launchers and missiles to the Philippines in a $374.96 million deal.
      • India supports the 2016 Tribunal ruling against China’s actions in the Philippines’ exclusive economic zone, which China ignored.
    • Japan: Japan provided $4 million worth of coastal surveillance radars to the Philippine Navy and pledged to fund 7 more patrol ships.
      • Japan’s assistance aims to help the Philippine Coast Guard focus on military missions rather than enforcing the EEZ.
    • Australia: South Korea is also approached for coast guard vessel development, and Australia is the Philippines’ second largest bilateral grant aid donor.
      • Despite preparing to confront China, the Philippines remains reliant on China’s $9.1 billion in financial support to previous administrations.
    • USA: It is uncertain how long the Philippines can maintain this dual engagement with the U.S. and China, as Marcos Jr.’s friction with China is likely to affect Beijing’s financial flows.
    What role do Quad partners play in the Philippines’ strategy against China?

    • Enhanced Defense Cooperation: President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. has granted US troops expanded access to Philippine bases under the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) and negotiated new defense deals with Japan.
    • Joint Military Exercises: The Philippines conducts joint military exercises with the US, Japan, and Australia, focusing on potential contingencies in the South China Sea and Taiwan. These exercises aim to improve military interoperability and enhance the Philippines’ ability to respond to Chinese coercion.
    • Maritime Security: Australia and the Philippines have agreed to conduct joint maritime patrols across the South China Sea, which will help monitor and counter Chinese maritime activities. This cooperation is seen as a significant deterrent to Chinese aggression. 

    Conclusion: The Philippines is part of a new quadrilateral grouping, dubbed the “Squad,” which includes the US, Japan, Australia, and the Philippines. This grouping aims to enhance military interoperability and address the challenges posed by China’s expansive military activities in the region.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-brewing-duel-amid-manilas-dual-engagement/article68381943.ece

  • What are the new provisions for Police Officers?  

    Why in the News? 

    The Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPRD) has issued Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) to assist police officers in implementing these new provisions in the criminal laws.      

    With the new criminal laws coming into effect, how have the basic duties of police officers changed?

    • Registration of FIRs: The officer in charge cannot refuse to register an FIR due to jurisdiction issues. They must register a zero FIR and transfer it to the respective station. Non-registration can attract penal action.
    • Electronic Filing of FIRs: Information for FIRs can be given electronically, which must be signed within three days.
    • Mandatory Videography: Videography is now required during searches, crime scene documentation, and property possession processes. This is to ensure transparency and integrity in investigations.
    • Display of Arrest Information: Information about arrested individuals must be displayed prominently in police stations, ensuring transparency and accountability.

    What are some of the changed provisions concerning arrests of elderly and infirm people?

      • Permission from an officer not below the rank of DySP is required to arrest individuals above 60 years or those who are infirm for offenses punishable by less than three years.
      • Handcuffing is restricted and can only be used if there is a possibility of the person escaping custody or causing harm. This aligns with the Supreme Court guidelines.
    • What about preserving electronic evidence?
      • The new laws emphasize maintaining the sequence of custody for electronic devices to ensure the integrity of evidence.
      • The investigating officer must inform the informant or victim about the progress of the investigation within 90 days.

    How can electronic evidence be stored?

    • Use of eSakshya App: A cloud-based mobile app, eSakshya, allows police to capture photos and videos, ensuring they are geo-tagged and time-stamped.
    • Integration with ICJS: The data captured via eSakshya is part of the Inter-operable Criminal Justice System (ICJS), making it accessible to the judiciary, prosecution, and forensic experts.
    • Training and Equipment: Investigating officers must be provided with electronic devices and proper training to handle and preserve electronic evidence effectively.

    Challenges and Implementation Issues: 

    • Implementation and Training: The transition to new protocols, such as mandatory videography and electronic filing of FIRs, requires extensive training for police officers. 
      • Ensuring that all officers are proficient with the new technology and understand the updated procedures can be a significant logistical and financial challenge.  
    • Infrastructure and Connectivity: Effective implementation of electronic evidence preservation and zero FIR registration demands robust digital infrastructure and reliable internet connectivity, especially in remote or rural areas. 
      • Many police stations may lack the necessary resources or face frequent connectivity issues, potentially hindering the timely and accurate processing of electronic evidence and FIRs.  

    Way forward:

    • Need Enhanced Training Programs: Implement comprehensive training programs for police officers nationwide to familiarize them with the new criminal laws and technological advancements.
    • Need Improved Digital Infrastructure: Invest in upgrading digital infrastructure and ensuring reliable internet connectivity across all police stations, especially in rural and remote areas.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q The jurisdiction of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) regarding lodging an FIR and conducting probe within a particular State is being questioned by various States. However, the power of the States to withhold consent to the CBI is not absolute. Explain with special reference to the federal character of India. (UPSC IAS/2021)

     

  • State of Economic Emergency in Argentina

    Why in the News?

    Argentina faces one of the world’s highest inflation rates and a decade-long economic stagnation.

    • The International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) earlier decision to release $4.7 billion from a $57 billion bailout package to Argentina, despite missed targets, raised eyebrows.

    IMF’s Controversial Decision:

    • The IMF dispersed $4.7 billion, including overdue and advanced payments, to bolster President Milei’s nascent government.
    • This move contradicted IMF guidelines requiring adherence to economic conditions, signaling geopolitical influence and strategic support.

    Argentina’s Economic Struggles

    • Persistent fiscal deficits and chronic inflation have plagued Argentina, with historical inflation averaging 190% from 1944 to 2023.
    • The government defaulted on sovereign debt nine times, exacerbating economic instability.
      • Since 2009, fiscal deficits persisted, reaching 4.4% of GDP in 2023, fueled by overspending and reliance on the inflation tax.
    • Milei’s administration targets fiscal reform to eliminate large deficits, contrasting with past failed attempts like the Austral Plan.
      • Alfonsín launched the Austral Plan, an austerity program that implemented a new currency (the austral), wage and price controls, and currency devaluations.

    IMF and its Bailout

    • The IMF is an international organization (190 member countries) that provides loans, technical assistance, and policy advice to member countries.
    • Established in 1944 to promote international monetary cooperation, exchange rate stability, balanced economic growth, and poverty reduction.
    • Hq: Washington, D.C.
    • An IMF bailout, or an IMF program, is a loan package provided to financially troubled countries.
      • Bailout programs have specific terms and conditions that borrowing countries must meet to access the funds.

    Types of IMF Bailout Packages:

    Description Duration Conditionality
    Stand-by Arrangements Short-term lending programs for countries with temporary balance of payments problems. 1-2 years Specific macroeconomic policies for stabilization
    Extended Fund Facility Medium-term lending programs to address balance of payments difficulties from structural weaknesses. Longer-term Extensive conditionality and significant reforms
    Rapid Financing Instrument Loan program providing quick financing for countries with urgent balance of payments needs. Flexible Fewer conditions and shorter application process

     

     

    PYQ:

    [2016] With reference to the International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC), consider the following statements:

    1. IMFC discusses matters of concern affecting the global economy and advises the International Monetary Fund (IMF) on the direction of its work.

    2. The World Bank participates as an observer in IMFC’s meetings.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2 

     

  • Food Colorants and Chemical Additives Under Crackdown in Karnataka

    Why in the News?

    Karnataka’s Food Safety Department ordered action after 40 kebab samples showed unsafe artificial colours, extending the crackdown to Panipuri, Cotton candy, and Gobi Manchurian.

    Artificial Colours in the Controversy 

    • Some artificial colours under scrutiny include:
    1. Sunset Yellow (Yellow 6, E110): Approved in the US but requires a warning label in the EU.
    2. Carmoisine (Red No. 10, E122): A deep red dye often used in food.
    3. Rhodamine B: A banned textile dye sometimes illegally used in food.
    • Different countries have varying regulations for these dyes. For example, tartrazine (E102 in the EU, Yellow 5 in the US) is permitted but only in limited quantities. 

     

    Legal Action against FBOs

    • To take legal action, the department collects a survey sample from an FBO and, if found unsafe, collects four more legal samples for further testing at the Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI).
    • If CFTRI deems the samples unfit for consumption, the FBO is booked under the Food Safety Act and tried at a court of Judicial Magistrate of First Class (JMFC). Penalties can include a fine of up to Rs 10 lakh and imprisonment for 7 years.

    Role of FSSAI in Food Safety and Colorants Regulation

    • The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) plays a crucial role in regulating and ensuring food safety across the country under the Food Safety & Standards Act, 2006. 

    Ingredients legally banned in India by the FSSAI and various states initiatives:

    Parameters Details
    Ingredients Banned in India
    • Rhodamine B: A textile dye sometimes illegally used as a food colorant.
    • Potassium Bromate: A flour treatment agent linked to cancer.
    • Oxytocin: A hormone used unethically in the dairy industry to increase milk production.
    • Calcium Carbide: Used for ripening fruits, which is hazardous to health.
    • Formalin: Used in fish preservation, which is carcinogenic.
    • Brominated Vegetable Oil (BVO): Used in soft drinks, which is linked to various health issues.
    State Initiatives for Food Safety
    • Karnataka: Crackdown on use of unsafe food colorants in kebabs, pani puri, cotton candy, and gobi manchurian.
    • Maharashtra: Rigorous checks on milk adulteration and stringent actions against offenders.
    • Kerala: Implementation of ‘Safe Food’ campaign focusing on reducing pesticide use in vegetables.
    • Tamil Nadu: Regular inspections of street food vendors and training programs on food safety.
    • Delhi: Special drives to monitor and control the use of banned substances in sweets during festive seasons.

    State Food Safety Index (SFSI) by FSSAI sheds light on the performance of Indian states in ensuring food safety.

     

    PYQ:

    [2021] Elaborate the policy taken by the Government of India to meet the challenges of the food processing sector.

    [2018] Consider the following statements: 

    1. The Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 replaced the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954.
    2. The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is under the charge of Director General of Health Services in the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only
    (b) 2 only
    (c) Both 1 and 2
    (d) Neither 1 nor 2