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  • The Tobacco Epidemic in India

    Why in the News?

    Tobacco is a leading preventable cause of disease which affects nearly 26 crore Indians and 60 lakh industry workers, posing significant health risks.

    Reports on Tobacco Consumption in India

    • According to the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS), there is a general decline in tobacco use, except for an increase in women between 2015-2016 and 2019-2021. (above 15 years)
    • According to the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), tobacco use among students aged 13-15 years indicates a reduction in tobacco use in this demographic.
    • The National Family Health Survey (NFHS), which captures data on tobacco use in people above 15 years of age, aligns with the GATS findings, showing a decrease in tobacco use except among women.

    What is the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)?

    • The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) is an international treaty adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2003. It is a legally binding treaty.
    • It means that countries that have ratified it are obligated to implement the measures outlined in the convention within their national jurisdictions.
    • It addresses the global health risks associated with tobacco use and provides a comprehensive framework for governments and organizations to implement effective tobacco control policies and strategies.

    Challenges in India: Lobbying by the Tobacco Industry

    • The tobacco industry exerts substantial influence on policy-making to maintain low tax rates and evade stricter regulations.
    • Government Engagement: Both in-service and retired government officials often engage with the tobacco industry. Example: A retired Indian Administrative Services officer joined the board of Godfrey Phillips as an independent director.
    • Government Stake: The Central government holds a 7.8% stake in ITC Ltd., India’s largest tobacco company.
    • Tax Exemptions:  Continuous exemptions of cess on bidis and smaller tobacco manufacturers. Persistent extensions of these exemptions despite the harmful effects of tobacco.

    Tax Measures and Lobbying

    • Current Tax Burden:  Cigarettes 51%, Bidis 22%, Smokeless Tobacco Products (SLTs) 64%
    • FCTC Recommendation: At least 75% tax on tobacco products.
    • Challenges at affordability level: Low taxes relative to income growth have kept tobacco products affordable, with cigarettes and SLTs becoming more affordable over the past decade due to the transition to the Goods and Services Tax (GST).
    • Thus, India’s score has worsened since 2021, indicating increased interference by the tobacco industry in governance.

    Initiatives taken by the Government:

    • Cigarette and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) 2003: It regulates the advertisement, promotion, and sponsorship of tobacco products, prohibits smoking in public places, mandates pictorial health warnings on tobacco product packaging, and sets rules for the sale of tobacco products to minors.
    • Awareness on Media: India is the first country in the world to implement the larger steps through implementing warnings on OTT platform content when actors are seen using tobacco products.
    • Awareness of Product: India has implemented prominent and graphic pictorial health warnings on tobacco product packaging.

    Challenges in Implementation

    • Poor Enforcement: Existing measures are not strictly implemented, leading to widespread non-compliance, especially among smokeless tobacco products (SLTs).
    • Indirect Advertisements: Surrogate advertisements (e.g., using elaichi to promote tobacco brands) circumvent direct advertising bans, undermining control efforts.
    • Inadequate Fines: Penalties for violations of COTPA regulations have not been updated since 2003, making them ineffective deterrents.

    Way forward:

    • Update COTPA Fines and Penalties: Revise and significantly increase fines for violations of COTPA regulations to create a stronger deterrent.
    • Strengthen Border and Market Surveillance: Improve customs and market surveillance to combat smuggling and illicit trade of tobacco products.

    Mains question for practice:

    Q Discuss the various measures undertaken by the Indian government to control tobacco consumption. Evaluate the effectiveness of these measures and suggest improvements. 15M

     

    Tobacco Board of India

      • The Tobacco Board is a statutory body established under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
      • Hq: Guntur, Andhra Pradesh.
    • Functions:
      • To regulate the production and curing of Virginia tobacco by improving the yields and quality of tobacco.
      • To facilitate the sale of tobacco through e-auctions, undertaking various grower welfare measures and export promotion of tobacco.

  • [pib] India Hosts Digital Health Side Event at World Health Assembly

    Why in the News?

    • India hosted a side event on Digital Health during the 77th World Health Assembly.The event saw participation from Quad countries (Australia, Japan, and the United States of America) and delegates from over 100 countries.

    Key Highlights of the 7th WHA:

    • Transformative Role: India highlighted digital health’s role in ensuring equitable and accessible healthcare services, contributing to Universal Health Coverage and SDG 3.
    • India’s Advancements: WHA noted India’s success in implementing digital public infrastructure at scale, including Aadhaar for digital identities, Unified Payments Interface (UPI) for financial transactions, and Co-WIN for health service delivery during the pandemic.
    • Transition to UWIN: Co-WIN is being transformed into UWIN for the National Immunization Programme, facilitating immunization records for millions of newborns and mothers, as well as Anganwadi and school health records.
    • Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM): India highlighted efforts under ABDM to create a robust national digital health ecosystem, with over 618 million Unique Health IDs (ABHA IDs) generated, 268,000 registered health facilities, and 350,000 healthcare professionals enlisted.
    • National Health Claims Exchange (NHCX): GoI is launching NHCX as part of ABDM to transform the insurance payments ecosystem, enabling real-time settlements with auto adjudication of claims through public-private partnerships leveraging digital public infrastructure.

    About World Health Assembly (WHA):

    Details
    Establishment Established in 1948 as the decision-making body of the World Health Organization (WHO)
    Frequency Typically meets annually in Geneva, Switzerland
    Membership Includes all 194 member states of the WHO, as well as certain international organizations as observers
    Role and Functions
    • Setting Health Policies
    • Adoption of Resolutions
    • Reviewing Reports
    • Collaboration and Partnerships
    Decision-Making Process Decisions made by a simple majority vote of member states present and voting
    Themes and Agendas Each session focuses on specific global health priorities, addressing a wide range of health topics
    Notable Achievements Development and adoption of international health instruments and initiatives, including:

    • International Health Regulations (IHR),
    • Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC),
    • Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), and
    • Global Strategy for Women’s, Children’s, and Adolescents’ Health.
    Challenges Resource constraints, geopolitical tensions, need for greater inclusivity and transparency in decision-making

     

    PYQ:

    [2016] ‘Doctors Without Borders (Medecins Sans Frontieres)’, often in the news, is

    (a) A division of World Health Organization.

    (b) A non-governmental international organization.

    (c) An inter-governmental agency sponsored by European Union.

    (d) A specialized agency of the United Nations.

  • [30 May 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: India, liberalism and its crisis of legitimacy

    PYQ Relevance:

    Mains: 

    Q. Explain how the foundations of the modern world were laid by the American and French revolutions. (UPSC IAS/2016)

    Q. “Refugees should not be turned back to the country where they would face persecution or human rights violation”. Examine the statement concerning the ethical dimension being violated by the nation claiming to be democratic with an open society. (UPSC IAS/2021)

    Prelims:
    Which one of the following objectives is not embodied in the Preamble to the Constitution of India?  (UPSC IAS/2017)
    (a) Liberty of thought
    (b) Economic liberty
    (c) Liberty of expression
    (d) Liberty of belief

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims: Liberalism; Constitutional Values;

    Mains: Liberalism; Democratic System;

    Mentor comment: Since all of us are the form of Nature, we all are equal in a moral sense. Thus Liberalism started as a progressive idea. It aimed at giving liberty and protecting people from coercion. Once the capitalist class could establish themselves in power, their revolutionary fervor had gone. From a progressive philosophy, it was limited to the economic doctrine. It came to be dominated by utilitarians. Liberalism came to be criticized as ‘a pig’s philosophy’ because of utilitarians. Liberalism/utilitarianism became the basis of justification for the extreme exploitation of workers. There were protests against such policies. It has led to the growth of left movements. It forced liberals to change. Liberalism has been the longest-surviving ideology because of its flexible nature. Every ideology represents the interest of a particular class. Liberalism is an ideology of the middle classes. (emerging capitalist class). Liberalism is a philosophy of modern times. Liberalism is a by-product of the Renaissance, reformation, and scientific revolution. 

    Let’s learn.

    –

    Why in the News?

    Indian liberalism faces challenges from both left and right, with criticisms of elitism, individualism, and Western colonialism.

    • India’s tryst with liberalism began in the 1990s, but it has faced criticism and a decline in support.
    • The rise of populist and authoritarian leaders has led to a decline in liberal democracy, with only 34 countries maintaining it in 2022.

    Attacks by the left and the right

    • Left Criticisms
      • Elitism: Liberalism is seen as prioritizing individual interests over collective needs, promoting inequality and corporate interests.
      • Individualism: The left views individualism as a dangerous doctrine that widens the gap between the haves and have-nots, marginalizes the disadvantaged, and prioritizes corporate interests over social justice.
      • Contradiction with Egalitarian Democracy: The left argues that the commitment to egalitarian democracy is incompatible with the individualistic market capitalism promoted by liberalism.
    • Right Criticisms
      • Emphasis on Individual Freedom: The right sees individual freedom as a Western colonial import that has no connection with traditional Indian values and way of living.
      • Disconnection from Tradition and Identity: The right argues that liberalism is disconnected from Indian traditions and identity, prioritizing individual freedom over community and social values.
    Liberalism is deeply ingrained in Indian society:

    Amartya Sen has pointed out, the key values of liberalism like an emphasis on individual liberty, freedom, social justice, and societal harmony, have been deeply ingrained in Indian society since ancient times. 

    Liberal values can be found in our civilizational traditions and cultural beliefs, with giants such as Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Swami Vivekananda, M.G. Ranade, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Gurudev Tagore, and B.R. Ambedkar situating their critique of colonial rule within a liberal framework. 

    Radical liberal thinkers such as Jyotirao Phule and Ambedkar argued that progress could be achieved through better (and more representative) political instruments rooted in liberal ideals. 

    What are the proposed solutions for making liberalism more inclusive in India?

    Indian liberalism needs to evolve to address the challenges it faces, and the time to start this process is now.

    • Syncretic Liberalism: Engage with tradition and identity in a more comprehensive and sustained manner to address the feelings of marginalization and overlook that have driven populist success.
      • This involves recognizing the importance of community and tradition in Indian society and incorporating these values into liberal thought.
    • Economic Reforms: Adopt a more inclusive and socially just approach to markets, balancing free enterprise with social justice through welfare.
      • This includes ensuring that economic growth benefits all sections of society, not just the privileged few.
    • Political Reforms: Revive representative institutions to restore public trust in democracy.
      • This involves decentralizing power, improving representation, and addressing issues of government overreach and surveillance.
    • Consensus: Develop a basic consensus among liberals to address criticisms and work together effectively.
      • This involves recognizing the vast areas of agreement among liberals and focusing on these rather than contesting each other’s political commitments

  • Dispelling population myths triggered by a working paper

    Why in the News?

    The working paper released by the Economic Advisory Council (EAC) to the Prime Minister makes an erroneous assertion regarding the growth of the Muslim population.

    Composition of the Population of various communities highlighted by EAC:

    • Absolute Increase in Population (1950-2015): Hindu population grew by 701 million. The Muslim population increased by 146 million.
    • Proportional Changes: The proportion of Hindus in the population fell by 6.64 percentage points (from 84.7% in 1950 to 78.06% in 2015). The proportion of Muslims increased by 4.25 percentage points (from 9.84% in 1950 to 14.09% in 2015).
      • Despite these changes, the Muslim population remains significantly smaller compared to the Hindu population.

    What does the 2011 census say?

    • The proportion of the Hindu population to the total population in 2011 declined by 0.7 percentage points (PP); the proportion of the Sikh population declined by 0.2 PP and the Buddhist population declined by 0.1 PP during the decade 2001-2011.
    • The proportion of the Muslim population to the total population has increased by 0.8 PP. There has been no significant change in the proportion of Christians & Jains.

    Issue of Misinterpretation and Sensationalism of Data:

    • Misleading Media Reports: Many media reports and politicians have sensationalized the findings of the EAC-PM working paper inaccurately suggesting that the Muslim population in India is growing rapidly while posing a threat to the Hindu population.
      • Such interpretations contribute to a divisive political narrative and misinform the public about population issues.
    • Limitations of the Paper: The working paper itself states that understanding changes in religious demography is a multivariate phenomenon. However, the paper does not contain sufficient evidence to support this claim.

    The true story behind this Data::

    • Influence of Socio-Economic Factors: Population growth is significantly influenced by socio-economic conditions such as education, healthcare, and economic opportunities. Higher fertility rates in a community often reflect lower levels of socio-economic development rather than religious factors.
    • Policies and Development Indicators: The Muslim community in India has a higher population growth rate primarily because it lags in some of the Population and Marriage policies that affect socio-economic development indicators as compared to the Hindu community.

    Need for Exact Data:

    • Contextual Analysis: Detailed analysis is essential to avoid misinterpretation of demographic changes. Understanding the multi-faceted reasons behind population changes requires considering socio-economic, cultural, and political factors.
      • Religious Composition: According to the Pew Research Center (2021), the proportion of India’s six largest religious groups has remained relatively stable since Partition.
      • Fertility Rates: Recent National Family Health Survey (NFHS) rounds indicate significant declines in Muslim fertility rates.

    Conclusion: Accurate and comprehensive analysis is necessary to understand population trends and avoid fueling divisive narratives.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower becomes more educated, aware, skilled, and creative.” What measures have been taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive and employable? (UPSC IAS/2016)

  • An overview of the AMRUT scheme | Explained

    Why in the News?

    By 2047, over 50% of India’s population will be urban. The AMRUT scheme launched in 2015 and updated in 2021, addresses urban infrastructure needs.

    About Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation -AMRUT:

    • It is a flagship urban development scheme launched by the Government of India in June 2015.
    • The mission is being operated as a Central Sponsored Scheme.
    • Aim: To provide basic urban infrastructure to improve the quality of life in cities and towns.
    • Objectives:  
      • Ensure that every household has access to a tap with an assured water supply and a sewerage connection.
      • Increase the green areas in the cities.
      • Reduce pollution by promoting public transport and constructing facilities for non-motorized transport.
    • Funding: It is divided among States/UTs in an equitable formula in which 50:50 weightage.
    • The Mission covers 500 cities including all cities and towns with a population of over one lakh with notified Municipalities.
    • Revenue Set Aside for the Scheme:
      • AMRUT 1.0: Total outlay was ₹50,000 crore for five years from FY 2015-16 to FY 2019-20.
      • AMRUT 2.0: Total outlay is ₹2,99,000 crore, with a central outlay of ₹76,760 crore for five years, starting from October 1, 2021.

    Achievements by AMRUT Mission:

      • Financial Utilization: As of May 19, 2024, a total of ₹83,357 crore has been disbursed under the AMRUT scheme, combining contributions from the Central Government, States, and cities.
    • Infrastructure Achievements:
      • Tap Connections: A total of 58,66,237 households have been provided with tap connections, ensuring access to a reliable water supply.
      • Sewerage Connections: 37,49,467 households have been connected to the sewerage system, improving sanitation and hygiene.
      • Parks Development: 2,411 parks have been developed, enhancing urban green spaces and recreational areas.
      • LED Street Lights: 62,78,571 LED street lights have been replaced, contributing to energy efficiency and better urban lighting.

    Present Challenges:

    • Public Health Crisis: Approximately 2,00,000 deaths annually due to inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene. The disease burden from unsafe water and sanitation in India was 40 times higher per person than in China as of 2016.
    • Water and Sanitation Issues: Significant untreated wastewater increases vulnerability to diseases. Major reservoirs are at just 40% capacity, threatening water supply for drinking, irrigation, and hydro-electricity.21 major cities are projected to run out of groundwater soon.

    Causes for the present shortcomings:

    • Non-Comprehensive Approach: The scheme adopted a project-oriented rather than a holistic approach, failing to integrate comprehensive urban planning.
      • For example, cities had no significant participation in the scheme’s design or implementation, reducing its effectiveness.
      • Secondly, the governance was led by bureaucrats and private interests with little involvement of elected city governments, violating the 74th constitutional amendment.
    • Inadequate Water Management: The scheme did not adequately factor in local climate, rainfall patterns, or existing infrastructure, leading to inefficient water and sewage management.
      • Urban planning became dominated by real estate development interests, resulting in the disappearance of water bodies, disrupted stormwater flows, and poor drainage systems.
      • Continued inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene contribute to significant public health problems, including high disease burden and mortality rates.

    Way Forward:

    • Comprehensive Approach: Shift from a project-oriented to an extensive urban planning approach that includes all aspects of infrastructure development.
      • Ensure active participation of city governments and local bodies in planning and implementation to reflect local needs and conditions.
      • Strengthen the role of local elected representatives in decision-making processes to ensure accountability and community involvement.
    • Nature-Based Solutions: Incorporate sustainable urban planning, including preserving and restoring water bodies and green spaces.
      • Integrate climate and rainfall pattern considerations into water and sewage management to enhance efficiency and resilience.
      • Prioritize water, sanitation, and hygiene infrastructure improvements to reduce disease burden and improve public health outcomes.

    Conclusion: The need to take a balanced approach combining holistic urban planning, enhanced city participation, empowerment of local bodies, nature-based solutions, climate-responsive strategies, and a strong public health focus is essential for sustainable urban development.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Major cities of India are becoming vulnerable to flood conditions. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2016)

    Q What are ‘Smart Cities’? examine their relevance for urban development in India. Will it increase rural-urban differences? Give arguments for ‘Smart Villages’ in the light of PURA and RURBAN Mission. (UPSC IAS/2016)

    Q With a brief background of quality of urban life in India, introduce the objectives and strategy of the ‘Smart City Programme.” (UPSC IAS/2016)
  • [29 May 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The Constitution, a surprise entrant in poll battlefield

    [29 May 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The Constitution, a surprise entrant in poll battlefield

    PYQ Relevance:

    Mains: 

    Q. Discuss each adjective attached to the word ‘Republic’ in the preamble. Are they defendable in the present circumstances stances? (UPSC IAS/2016)
    Q. ‘Constitutional Morality’ is rooted in the Constitution itself and is founded on its essential facets. Explain the doctrine of ‘Constitutional Morality’ with the help of relevant judicial decisions. (UPSC IAS/2021)

    Prelims:
    Which one of the following objectives is not embodied in the Preamble to the Constitution of India?  (UPSC IAS/2017)
    (a) Liberty of thought
    (b) Economic liberty
    (c) Liberty of expression
    (d) Liberty of belief

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims: Preamble; Constitutional Values;

    Mains: Democratic Political System;

    Mentor comment: Do you know what is the meaning of the word, ‘values’? You may immediately say that truth, non-violence, peace, cooperation, honesty, respect, and kindness are values, and you may continue to count many such values. In fact, in a layman’s understanding, value is that which is very essential or ‘worth having and observing’ for the existence of human society as an entity. The Indian Constitution contains all such values, the values that are universal, human, and democratic of the modern age. The constitutional values are reflected in the entire Constitution of India, but its Preamble embodies ‘the fundamental values and the philosophy on which the Constitution is based’. Political Democracy contributes to stability and continuous progress in society and it secures peaceful political change. But, during the recent General Elections, the interplay between the Constitution and political mobilization has fundamentally shaped the trajectory of democratic politics.

    Let’s learn.

    –

    Why in the News?

    The General Elections of 2024 have established larger concerns over the Constitution constraint and the democratic legitimacy of the government, regardless of the election’s outcome.

    • The silences around secularism and the focus on caste-based discrimination and reservations reveal critical fault lines. 

    The Constitution as a Battleground in the 2024 Indian Election:

    • Political Tussle: The BJP’s declaration of winning 400+ seats and remarks about changing the Constitution if they achieve electoral dominance.
      • Opposition leaders portray this election as a battle to “save the Constitution” and it resonates with voters on the ground.
    • Constitutional Principles vs Ordinary Laws: Ordinary laws in India are often seen as discriminating and are used coercively by the state to undermine freedoms and disempower citizens. However, the Constitutional values provide the basis for challenging discriminatory laws. 

    The Constitution’s commitment to secure Liberty, Equality, and Dignity:

    • Liberty: The Preamble prescribes liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship as one of the core values. These have to be assured to every member of all the communities.
    • Equality: Inequality based on the concept of rulers/caste/gender is to be eliminated. All citizens of India should be treated equally.
      • Similarly, equal opportunities imply that regardless of the socioeconomic situation, he/she will have the same chance as everybody else to develop his/her talents and choose a means of livelihood.
    • Dignity: The promotion of ‘Fraternity’ is essential to realize the dignity of the individual. It is essential to secure the dignity of every individual without which democracy cannot function.
      • It ensures equal participation of every individual in all the processes of democratic governance.
      • Although the word ‘dignity’ has no textual mention in the Constitution, the Supreme Court has held dignity to be the “founding faith” of the Constitution and the “core of Fundamental Rights.”
    Other core Constitutional values are expressed in the Preamble as objectives of the Constitution. Some of these are as follows:

    Sovereignty: Being sovereign means having complete political freedom and being the supreme authority. It implies that India is internally all-powerful and externally free. It is free to determine for itself without any external interference (either by any country or individual) and nobody is there within to challenge its authority.

    Socialism: Our Constitution directs the governments and the people to ensure the prevention of the concentration of wealth and power in a few hands. The Constitution has specific provisions that deal with inequalities in the chapters of Fundamental Rights
    and Directive Principles of State Policy.

    Secularism: India is home to almost all major religions in the world. In the context of this plurality, secularism is seen as a great Constitutional value. The Constitution strictly prohibits any discrimination on the grounds of religion.

    Democracy:
    The people elect the rulers of the country and the elected representatives remain accountable to the people. It allows dissent and encourages tolerance. More importantly, it is based on the principles of the rule of law, independence of the judiciary, free and fair elections, and freedom of the press.

    Contradictions in Contemporary Indian Politics:

    • Secularism vs Equality: Dalit voters emphasize the Constitution’s principles of Right to equality, while Muslim voters primarily express concerns about Secularism.
    • Secularism vs Equity: Ordinary young citizens have mobilized around Constitutional principles throughout India’s history to secure their Rights and challenge Socioeconomic deprivation.
      • For much of this decade, the logic of caste-based mobilization seemed to have receded in the background, for example, the introduction and passage of the 103rd Amendment to the Constitution mandated 10% reservations for economically weaker sections (EWS) amongst unreserved ( upper caste) categories.
      • A young BJP supporter fears that a “Hindu Rashtra” would lead to discrimination, while a Yadav farmer believes the Constitution protects them and gives them reservations.

    Conclusion: If the 2024 election is indeed a battle for the Constitution, the silences around secularism and the focus on caste-based discrimination and reservations reveal critical fault lines that the polity must confront. However, the heightened concerns over the Constitution also constrain the democratic legitimacy of the government, regardless of the election’s outcome.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-constitution-a-surprise-entrant-in-poll-battlefield/article68225687.ece

  • Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC)

    Why in the News?

    • India as a member of FIPIC, has pledged $1 million for relief efforts in flood-hit “Papua New Guinea” showcasing solidarity with the affected nation.

    What is the Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC)?

    • The Forum for India-Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC) is a multilateral platform established by India to enhance cooperation with the Pacific Island countries.
    • FIPIC was established by India in 2014 during the first FIPIC Summit held in Suva, Fiji.
    • The initiative was announced by PM Narendra Modi as part of India’s broader “Act East” policy to strengthen engagement with the Pacific Island countries.

    Overview

    • Purpose: To enhance India’s engagement with Pacific Island nations and support their development priorities through cooperative projects and initiatives.
    • Members: Includes India and 14 Pacific Islands nations (Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, Niue, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu).

    Summits

    1. First Summit – Suva, Fiji (November 2014)
      • Context: Initiated by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi following the re-establishment of democracy in Fiji.
      • Significance: The summit highlighted the geopolitical interest of major powers in the Pacific, with Chinese leader Xi Jinping visiting Fiji shortly after Modi.
    2. Second Summit – Jaipur, India (August 2015)
      • Follow-up: As a continuation of the first summit, Modi invited the leaders of the 14 Pacific Islands to Jaipur.
      • Discussions: Covered cooperation in areas such as the blue economy, oil and natural gas, IT, healthcare, fishing, and marine research. Modi also assured to address their climate change concerns at the 2015 UN Climate Change Conference (COP 21) in Paris.
    3. Third Summit – Papua New Guinea (May 2023)
      • Current Status: Most recent summit, emphasizing ongoing cooperation and collaboration between India and the Pacific Island nations.

    Back2Basics: India’s Act East Policy

    Details
    Launched in November 2014, by PM Modi
    Objective
    • To promote economic cooperation, cultural ties, and develop a strategic relationship with countries in the Indo-Pacific region;
    • Enhancing India’s influence and economic development, especially in the North Eastern Region (NER).
    Scope
    • Extends beyond ASEAN to include East Asian countries.
    • Intensive and continuous engagement in connectivity, trade, culture, defense, and people-to-people contact at bilateral, regional, and multilateral levels.
    Key Dimensions (4C’s)
    1. Culture
    2. Commerce
    3. Connectivity
    4. Capacity building
    Security Focus
    • Enhanced security cooperation, particularly in the context of Chinese assertiveness in the South China Sea and Indian Ocean.
    • Promoting freedom of navigation and securing India’s role in the region.
    Historical Context (Look East Policy)
    • Look East Policy initiated in 1992 by Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao.
    • Focused on strengthening economic integration and cultural ties primarily with ASEAN countries.
    • Aimed to bolster India’s role as a regional power and counter China’s strategic influence.
    Evolution from Look East Policy Act East Policy is an upgrade and expansion of the Look East Policy, incorporating more comprehensive engagement strategies, including security cooperation and broader geographical focus.
    Significant Engagements
    • India’s active participation in regional forums like the East Asia Summit (EAS), ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), and informal groupings such as the Quad.
    • Strategic partnerships and dialogues at various international platforms.
    Major Projects Major projects under the policy include:

     

    PYQ:

    [2016] Evaluate the economic and strategic dimensions of India’s Look East Policy in the context of the post-Cold War international scenario. 

    [2011] With reference to “Look East Policy” of India, consider the following statements:

    1. India wants to establish itself as an important regional player in East Asian affairs.
    2. India wants to plug the vacuum created by the termination of Cold War.
    3. India wants to restore the historical and cultural ties with its neighbours in Southeast and East Asia.

    Which of the statements given above is / are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 1 and 3 only

    (c) 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • Menstrual hygiene in Indian prisons | Explained

    Why in the News?

    Despite improvements in menstrual hygiene, female prisoners in India face neglect, highlighting systemic biases and unmet basic needs like sanitary products and proper facilities.

    About NFHS Recently Conducted Survey:

    • The 5th round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS 2019-2020) revealed that approximately 80% of young women aged 15-24 years are now using safe menstrual hygiene products.
    • This survey highlights a positive shift in menstrual hygiene management across India, particularly in urban areas and among certain demographics.

    About the NCRB Data:

    • According to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), there are 23,772 women in Indian prisons. Of these, 77% are in the reproductive age group (18-50 years) and are likely to be regular menstruators.
    • The availability of sanitary napkins has been inconsistent across different prisons, and the quality has often been unsatisfactory.
    • Many States have not implemented provisions from “the 2016 Model Prison Manual”, such as supplying adequate water and washroom facilities for female prisoners.
    • Overcrowding and poor socio-economic conditions further exacerbate the struggle of incarcerated women to secure basic necessities during menstruation.

    BACK2BASICS: National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)

    • NCRB was set up in 1986 to serve as a repository of information on crime and criminals. Its establishment was based on the recommendations of the Tandon Committee, the National Police Commission (1977-1981), and the Ministry of Home Affairs Taskforce (1985).
    • It is part of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) and is headquartered in New Delhi.
    • NCRB acts as a “national warehouse” for the fingerprint records of both Indian and foreign criminals. It assists in locating interstate criminals through fingerprint searches.

    About the National Menstrual Hygiene Policy:

    • In 2023, India formulated this policy to recognize menstruation as a natural process requiring meaningful attention. The policy aims to ensure equity in the safe and dignified management of menstrual hygiene.
    • It prioritises ensuring that all menstruating individuals, regardless of their socioeconomic status and geographical location, have equal opportunities to access and manage their menstruation safely and hygienically.
    • The Ministry of Home Affairs, which influences menstrual hygiene management in prisons, is overlooked as a critical stakeholder in the policy.

    The key challenge of the policy is that it identifies prisoners as a target population with compromised access to menstrual hygiene facilities but lacks a concrete action plan to enhance menstrual hygiene management in prisons.

    Other Government Initiatives to Improve Menstrual Health and Hygiene (MHH) in India

    • Integration of MHH into ASHA’s Role (2005-2010): The government integrated menstrual health and hygiene into the responsibilities of Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA) as part of the National Rural Health Mission.
    • Menstrual Hygiene Scheme (MHS) Launched (2010): India initiated the Menstrual Hygiene Scheme (MHS) to distribute sanitary napkins to young girls.
    • Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram Programme (2010): This program, under the Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health scheme, increased awareness and access to sanitary pads.
    • Menstrual Hygiene Management Guidelines Issued (2011-2015): In 2011, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare issued menstrual hygiene management guidelines. Additional directions were issued by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation in 2015.
    • Nirmal Bharat Yatra and Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (2012): The Nirmal Bharat Yatra, a flagship sanitation program, included MHH as an integral aspect of its agenda. Simultaneously, other similar programs under the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan began, including initiatives to promote sanitary napkin vending machines and incinerators for safe disposal.
    • WASH targets for prisons:

    Way Forward:

    • Ensure Basic Standards of Menstrual Hygiene: The Indian government must guarantee that basic standards of menstrual hygiene for women in captivity are met consistently across all prisons.
    • Implement Model Prison Manual 2016: The government must ensure that all States adhere to the recommendations outlined in the manual, which includes provisions for adequate water and washroom facilities for female prisoners.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q In order to enhance the prospects of social development, sound and adequate health care policies are needed particularly in the fields of geriatric and maternal health care. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2020)

  • Small Island Developing States (SIDS)

    Why in the News?

    The 4th International Conference on Small Island Developing States (SIDS-4) is underway in Antigua and Barbuda.

    What are Small Island Developing States (SIDS)?

    • SIDS encompass 39 States and 18 Associate Members of United Nations regional commissions, facing unique social, economic, and environmental vulnerabilities.
    • SIDS are situated across three regions:
    1. the Caribbean,
    2. the Pacific
    3. the Atlantic, Indian Ocean, and South China Sea (AIS).
    • Their distinctive challenges were acknowledged at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

    SDGs supporting SIDS

    • Small island development states are mentioned in several of the Sustainable Development Goals.
    • For example, Target 7 of Sustainable Development Goal 14 (“Life below Water“) states-

    “By 2030, increase the economic benefits to Small Island developing States and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism”.

    Challenges Faced by SIDS:

    • Remote geography and reliance on external markets due to narrow resource bases contribute to high import/export costs.
    • Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), substantially larger than landmasses, provides vital resources but poses challenges like high transportation costs and vulnerability to economic shocks.

    Biodiversity and Economic Significance:

    • Biodiversity sustains key industries like tourism and fisheries, often constituting over half of SIDS’ GDP.
    • Beyond economic benefits, biodiversity holds aesthetic and spiritual value, providing essential services like food supply, erosion prevention, and protection from natural disasters.

    UN Programmes Supporting SIDS:

    • The Barbados Programme of Action (1994), Mauritius Strategy (2005), and Small Island Developing States Accelerated Modalities of Action (SAMOA) Pathway (2014) outline specific actions to achieve sustainable development and address gaps in implementation.
      • Barbados Programme of Action (1994): It prescribed actions enabling SIDS to achieve sustainable development.
      • Mauritius Strategy (2005): It addressed remaining gaps in implementing the Barbados Programme of Action.
      • SAMOA Pathway (2014): It emphasises challenges like climate change and biodiversity loss, outlining priorities for sustainable development.
    • These programmes underscore the ongoing commitment to supporting SIDS’ development and resilience.

    Priority areas defined by SAMOA Pathway:

    1. Economic Growth: Promote sustainable, inclusive economic growth, sustainable consumption/production, and transportation.
    2. Climate Action: Mitigate climate change, and implement sustainable energy, and disaster risk reduction programs.
    3. Biodiversity Protection: Safeguard biodiversity, mitigate invasive species, manage chemicals/water, and protect oceans/seas.
    4. Human Health and Social Development: Enhance food security, and water/sanitation, reduce non-communicable diseases, and promote gender equity.
    5. Partnerships: Foster collaborations among SIDS, UN Agencies, development partners, and stakeholders to achieve sustainable development goals.

     

    PYQ:

    [2021] Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference?
  • [27 May 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The spectre of nuclear conflict, once again

    [27 May 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The spectre of nuclear conflict, once again

    PYQ Relevance:

    Mains: 

    Q) With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy. (250 Words, 15 Marks) (UPSC CSE 2018)
    Q) In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to its situation? (250 Words, 15 Marks) (UPSC CSE 2018)

    Prelims
    Consider the following countries (UPSC CSE 2015)
    1) China
    2) France
    3) India
    4) Israel
    5) Pakistan
    Which among the countries given above are Nuclear Weapons States as recognized by the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)?
    (a) 1 and 2 only.
    (b) 1, 3, 4 and 5 only
    (c) 2, 4 and 5 only
    (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims: Global Issues; Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT);

    Mains: Global Security Issues; Nuclear Policies;

    Mentor comment: When each country pursues its security without regard for others, we create global insecurity that threatens us all. Almost eight decades after the incineration of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, nuclear weapons still represent a clear danger to global peace and security, growing in power, range, and stealth.  States possessing them are absent from the negotiating table, and some statements have raised the prospect of unleashing nuclear hell — “threats that we must all denounce with clarity and force.” Moreover, emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and cyber and outer space domains have created new risks. We must find a way back to the negotiating table to fully implement the New Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms or START Treaty.

    Let’s learn.

    –

    Why in the News?

    The leaders of France and Russia have raised alarm bells globally with tensions rising between major powers and the threat of nuclear weapons being used.

    Background:

    French President Macron has warned of an “apocalyptic vision” and the danger of nuclear “annihilation” due to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. He plans to raise the nuclear aspect at an upcoming European meeting.

    Russian President Putin has stated that Russia’s nuclear forces are always on alert and that Moscow will not tolerate Western threats. Russia has also revoked its ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.

    These statements reflect rising nuclear tensions between Russia and the West over the war in Ukraine. The international community has expressed concern over Russia’s nuclear posturing.

    How does the specter of Nuclear conflict raise a Global concern?

    • Firstly, the absence of influential global leaders on the brink of a potential nuclear threat of war.
      • Russia is “ready for nuclear war” and would use such weapons if its sovereignty is threatened.
      • China has recently completed sea trials for an aircraft carrier fitted with electromagnetic catapults and is well on its way to building a fourth carrier.
    • Secondly, the prevailing economic turmoil across many regions in the world has exacerbated the situation, making the prospect of nuclear war more alarming.

    The potential consequences of a nuclear war are catastrophic and far-reaching:

    • Immediate Effects
      • Incinerate cities: Intense heat and radiation would incinerate cities within the blast radius leaving millions would suffer fatal burns, blindness, internal injuries, and radiation poisoning.
      • Burden on Healthcare services: Hospitals and emergency services would be overwhelmed and unable to respond to the massive number of casualties.
    • Long-Term Effects
    • Economic Collapse: Radioactive fallout would expose survivors to dangerous radiation levels. Electromagnetic pulses could cripple electrical grids and modern technology.
    • Potential human extinction: Nuclear winter caused by soot and debris in the atmosphere could lead to global famine, killing billions of people.
    • Environmental Devastation: Large parts of the Earth could become uninhabitable due to radiation and climate changes. Contaminated Oceans and the extinction of much of Earth’s biological life are some of the long-lasting consequences.
    BACK2BASICS

    About the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT):

    The CTBT is a multilateral treaty aimed at prohibiting all nuclear explosions, whether for civilian or military purposes, in all environments. It was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1996 but has not yet entered into force.

    The treaty requires ratification by eight key nations, including China, India, Pakistan, North Korea, Israel, Iran, Egypt, Russia, and the United States, which still need to ratify it for it to become effective.

    India avoids the signing of CTBT as it would undermine its National security and Strategic Autonomy, as it would constrain its ability to conduct nuclear tests.

    The CTBT establishes a global monitoring system to verify compliance and allows for on-site inspections of suspicious events to ensure adherence to its provisions.The treaty’s primary goal is to end nuclear weapon test explosions and promote nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation efforts globally.

    The Recent Discussion at the Hoover Institution:

    • The discussion focused on the U.S.-India civil nuclear deal (2005-08) and its impact on bilateral relations, despite the current nuclear tensions in Europe.
    • The deal brought a fundamental change in U.S.-India relations, with relevance to resolving current disputes.
    • India and the U.S. made significant concessions to negotiate the deal:
      • India agreed to separate its nuclear program and accept safeguards, export controls, and a testing moratorium.
      • The U.S. amended laws, obtained NSG approval, and helped India get an IAEA safeguards agreement.
    • The deal lifted roadblocks preventing India from joining the global nuclear regime, giving it a status similar to a nuclear weapon state under the NPT.

    Conclusion: The discussions at the Hoover Institution seemed to be that the deal had even more significance than merely an arrangement about revising India’s nuclear status. From India’s standpoint, the India-U.S. nuclear deal originated from India’s desire to obtain high-grade uranium from outside to complement its energy requirements, the deal confirms that nuclear energy could be a major resource for peaceful purposes.