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  • Recognize ‘this leave’ as a woman’s right

    Why in the news?

    The DMK’s 2024 election manifesto in Tamil Nadu pledges to advocate for a law mandating menstrual leave for women, promoting gender equality and women’s welfare.

    Tracking Regional Progress:

    • Indian States:
        • The Kerala Sahitya Academy published work, Kerala in 19th Century, mentions that Kerala was the first (in the Cochin State) to recognize the need for “ period leave” for students and allowed it during examinations in 1912.
        • Kerala, in January 2023, introduced menstrual and maternity leave to all students above the age of 18.
        • Bihar, in 1992, allowed government employees two-day menstrual leave.
    • Asian Countries: 
      • Japan introduced menstrual leave in 1947, Indonesia in 1948, and South Korea. Taiwan and Vietnam have also implemented paid leave. But concerning the Asian countries, the progress made by the western world, except in Sweden and Spain, is still abysmal.

    Global Scenario:

    • International Labour Organisation report, in 2003, asked nations to recognise menstrual leave.
    • The World Health Organization recognised a non-governmental organisation driven World Menstrual Hygiene Day on May 28 from 2014.
    • India’s new code on Social Security, 2020, passed by Parliament, which consolidated existing labour laws (yet to be notified), has not included the aspect of menstrual leave in its code.

    Evidence related to impact:

    Women laborers in the sugarcane fields of Maharashtra and agricultural laborers in Telangana have been documented to have hysterectomies as menstrual-related absences could endanger their livelihoods.

    Legal Initiatives in India:

    • Bill in Tamil Nadu: In December 2021, S. Jothimani, Congress Member of Parliament (MP) from Tamil Nadu, had introduced a Private Member Bill named, ‘Right to Menstrual Hygiene and Paid Leave Bill, 2019’, which sought to bring menstrual leave into the ambit of the rights of a woman.
    • Bill in Arunachal Pradesh: Congress MP from Arunachal Pradesh, introduced a private member Bill on menstrual leave in 2017 (the Menstruation Benefit Bill, 2017).
    • Bill in Kerala: Shashi Tharoor, Congress MP from Kerala, introducing a similar Bill named The Women’s Sexual, Reproductive and Menstrual Rights Bill, 2018.
    • The Supreme Court of India, early in 2023, refused to entertain a public interest litigation in Shailendra Mani Tripathi vs Union of India which sought direction to the state on menstrual leave; it thought that it is in the policy domain of the government. 

    Way Forward: 

    • Legislation and Policy Implementation: Advocate for the passage of bills at both the state and national levels that mandate menstrual leave for women. Additionally, ensure effective implementation and enforcement of these policies to guarantee that women can avail themselves of their entitled leave without fear of discrimination or repercussions.
    • Awareness and Education: Launch comprehensive awareness campaigns to remove shame of menstruation and promote understanding of its biological, social, and cultural aspects.

    Mains PYQ 

    Q Women empowerment in India needs gender budgeting. What are requirements and status of gender budgeting in the Indian context?

  • [pib] National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA)

    Why in the news?

    • The National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA), India, recently concluded its #PlayTrue Campaign, commemorating WADA’s Play True Day.
    • The campaign aimed to raise awareness about clean sport and anti-doping practices across India.

    National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA):

    • Established in November 2005 by the Government of India with the objective of ensuring dope-free sports.
    • Formed as a registered society under the Societies Registration Act of 1860.
    • Functions as an autonomous body under the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports.
    • It follows the World Anti-Doping Code (WADC) and the Prohibited List published annually by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).
    • Primary functions include:
    1. Conducting In-Competition and Out-of-Competition dope testing of athletes across various sports disciplines.
    2. Educating athletes, coaches, and support personnel about the dangers of doping and the importance of clean sports through awareness programs and workshops.
    3. Implementing a robust anti-doping policy framework in line with international standards.
    4. Investigating and prosecuting anti-doping rule violations in accordance with the WADA Code.
    5. Collaborating with international anti-doping organizations and agencies to ensure harmonization of anti-doping efforts globally.
    6. Providing support and guidance to National Sports Federations (NSFs), State Sports Associations (SSAs), and other stakeholders to develop and implement effective anti-doping measures.

    Key Function: Dope Testing

    • NADA conducts both in-competition and out-of-competition dope testing of athletes participating in various national and international sports events.
    • NADA employs trained Doping Control Officers (DCOs) who are responsible for conducting dope testing at sports events and collecting samples from athletes.
    • These officers are trained to adhere to international standards and protocols during sample collection.
    • NADA works towards ensuring compliance with the WADA Code and the National Anti-Doping Rules by all stakeholders involved in Indian sports, including athletes, coaches, NSFs, and SSAs.

    Allowed Substances and Methods:

    • Therapeutic Use Exemptions (TUEs): Athletes can apply for TUEs to use otherwise prohibited substances for legitimate medical reasons. TUEs are granted based on the assessment of medical documentation by anti-doping authorities.
    • Specified Substances: Some substances, such as certain beta-2 agonists and glucocorticoids, are permitted in specific dosages or routes of administration and may require a TUE depending on the circumstances.
    • PROHIBITED:  Prohibited substances and methods include anabolic agents, peptide hormones, beta-2 agonists, hormone and metabolic modulators, diuretics, stimulants, narcotics, cannabinoids, glucocorticoids, beta blockers, blood doping, and gene doping.

    Back2Basics: World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)

    • WADA was established in 1999 and is headquartered in Montreal, Canada.
    • It was set up as a foundation under the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
    • It was formed pursuant to the terms of the Lausanne Declaration (1999), which provided for the creation of an independent international anti-doping
    • WADA is responsible for the World Anti-Doping Code, adopted by more than 650 sports organizations, including international sports federations, national anti-doping organizations, the IOC, and the International Paralympic Committee

     

    PYQ:

    [2021] Consider the following statements in respect of the Laureus World Sports Award which was instituted in the year 2000:​

    1. American golfer Tiger Woods was the first winner of this award.​

    2. The award was received mostly by ‘Formula One’ players so far.​

    3. Roger Federer received this award maximum number of times compared to others.​

    Which of the above statements are correct?

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • Hindu Marriage not valid without requisite Ceremonies: SC

    Why in the news?

    • The Supreme Court recently emphasized the sacredness of Hindu marriage, stating it is not merely a social event but a ‘samskara’ and a sacrament of significant value in Indian society.
    • The court’s observations came in response to a case involving two commercial pilots seeking a divorce decree without a valid Hindu marriage ceremony.

    About Hindu Marriage Act, 1955

    Details
    Enactment Passed by the Parliament of India on May 18, 1955.
    Purpose Amendment and codification of laws related to marriage among Hindus and others.
    Applicability
    • Applies to Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, Sikhs, and others NOT governed by Muslim, Christian, Parsi, or Jewish laws.
    • NOTE: The Special Marriage Act, 1954 applies to all citizens of India, irrespective of religion, faith, or belief.  It facilitates inter-religious and inter-caste marriages.
    Conditions for Marriage Section 5 specifies conditions including age, mental capacity, consent, and absence of prohibited relationships.

    Features of the HMA
    Guardianship for Marriage Section 6 outlines the persons entitled to give consent for a bride’s marriage.
    Solemnization of Marriage Section 7 recognizes customary rites and ceremonies for Hindu marriage.
    Registration of Marriage Section 8 allows for the registration of Hindu marriages for facilitating proof.
    Ceremonies for a Hindu Marriage
    • Explains the special varieties of ceremonies that may be done to solemnize a Hindu marriage. Ex. ‘Saptapadi’
    • It acknowledges each conventional and court-registered marriage.
    Restitution of Conjugal Rights Section 9 permits application for restitution of conjugal rights if one spouse withdraws without excuse.
    Judicial Separation Section 10 provides for judicial separation based on certain grounds.
    Nullity of Marriage and Divorce Grounds for voidable marriages and divorce specified in Sections 11-13.
    Mutual Divorce Section 13B allows mutual divorce by consent of both parties.
    Alimony and Maintenance Sections 24-25 enable spouses to seek maintenance and alimony post-divorce.
    Marriage Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2010 Proposed amendments for easier divorce on grounds of irretrievable breakdown.
    Judicial Review Supreme Court rulings on divorce petitions and exercise of powers under Article 142.

    Essence of Hindu Marriage: Supreme Courts’ Observations

    • Denouncement of Unrecognized Marriages:
        • The Supreme Court denounced the practice of seeking marital status without a valid ceremony.
        • Emphasized that marriage is a lifelong commitment and not to be treated lightly.
    • Sacred Character of Hindu Marriage:
        • Hindu marriage is termed as a ‘sacrament’ with a sacred character.
        • It symbolizes the unity of two individuals into a dignified, equal, and consensual union.
    • Institutional Importance:
        • Viewed as a vital institution for procreation, family consolidation, and fostering fraternity within communities.
    • Adherence to Rites and Ceremonies:
        • The court reiterated that a Hindu marriage must adhere to the rites and ceremonies prescribed under the Hindu Marriage Act.
        • For instance, the ‘saptapadi’ ceremony is essential for validity.
    • Role of Marriage Registration:
      • Marriage registration aids in providing evidence of the wedding.
      • However, it does not confer legitimacy if the marriage is not solemnized according to the Hindu Marriage Act.

    PYQ:

    [2020] Customs and traditions suppress reason leading to obscurantism. Do you agree?

    [2015] Discuss the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting for its citizen a uniform civil code as provided for in the Directive Principles of State Policy.

  • [pib] 57th Session of the Commission on Population and Development (CPD57)

    Why in the news?

    India’s Elected Women Representatives (EWRs) are participating in the Commission on Population and Development (CPD57) 57th session at the United Nations Headquarters in New York.

    About Commission on Population and Development (CPD)

    Details
    Establishment Established by United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) resolution 18(IV) in 1946 to advise on population and development issues.
    Mandate Provides guidance and recommendations on population and development policies to ECOSOC and the UN General Assembly.
    Membership Comprises 47 member states elected by ECOSOC for 4-year terms, based on geographic representation and expertise.
    Meetings Holds annual sessions at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, typically in April.
    Themes Focuses each session on specific population and development themes, such as youth empowerment and gender equality.
    Reports and Resolutions Prepares reports and adopts resolutions containing recommendations for action by ECOSOC and the UN General Assembly.
    Linkage to SDGs Closely aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 3, 5, 10, and 17.
    Regional Collaboration Collaborates with regional commissions and expert groups to analyze population trends and develop strategies at regional and national levels.

     

    PYQ:

    [2017] What are the main functions of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)? Explain different functional commissions attached to it.

    [2017] With reference to the role of UN-Habitat in the United Nations programme working towards a better urban future, which of the statements is/are correct?

    1. UN-Habitat has been mandated by the United Nations General Assembly to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities to provide adequate shelter for all.

    2. Its partners are either governments or local urban authorities only.

    3. UN-Habitat contributes to the overall objective of the United Nations system to reduce poverty and to promote access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1, 2 and 3

    (b) 1 and 3 only

    (c) 2 and 3 only

    (d) 1 only

  • Analyzing labor on a warming planet

    Why in the News?

    The International Labour Organization’s (ILO) latest report, ‘Ensuring safety and health at work in a changing climate’, is an urgent call to ensure the future of labour is climate proofed and to address the constantly evolving work environment as the planet warms.

    What are the Emerging Hazards? (The ILO has identified six key impacts of climate change)

    • Solar Ultraviolet Radiation: Increased exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation due to climate change can have adverse effects on outdoor workers, potentially leading to skin damage and cancer.
    • Extreme Weather Events: Climate change is contributing to the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as hurricanes, floods, and wildfires, which pose significant risks to workers in various sectors.
    • Workplace Air Pollution: Climate change can exacerbate air pollution in workplaces, particularly in industrial settings, leading to respiratory illnesses and other health problems among workers.
    • Vector-Borne Diseases: Changing climate patterns can influence the distribution and prevalence of vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, and Zika virus, posing risks to workers in affected regions.
    • Agrochemicals: Agricultural workers may face increased exposure to agrochemicals due to changes in pest and disease patterns resulting from climate change, potentially leading to health issues such as pesticide poisoning.
    • Gig Economy Workers: The rise of gig employment, particularly in heat-susceptible sectors such as transportation and delivery services, exposes workers to additional risks related to heat stress and other climate-related hazards.

    Most affected Sectors of the Economy:

    • Agriculture: Despite a decline in the proportion of the workforce engaged in agriculture over the past few decades, it remains the most heat-susceptible sector, particularly in the developing world like India.
      • The NSSO data of July 2018-June 2019 reveal that almost 90% of Indian farmers own less than two hectares of land, and earn an average monthly income of a little over â‚č10,000
    • Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs): India’s vast MSME sector, employing over 123 million workers, contributes significantly to the country’s economy. However, the sector’s informalization poses challenges in ensuring worker safety and health.
      • Lack of oversight by state Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) departments makes workers highly vulnerable to heat hazards, despite the sector’s substantial contribution to exports and manufacturing output.
    • Building and Construction: With approximately 70 million workers, the construction sector in India faces the urban heat island effect, especially in rapidly growing cities. Workers in this sector are exposed to physical injuries and health hazards such as asthma due to air pollution, as many Indian cities rank among the most polluted globally as per World Air Quality Report 2023 by IQAir.

    About Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020 (OSH Code, 2020): 

    • This is a comprehensive law, enacted in September 2020.
    • It consolidates and amends more than 13 central laws related to workplace safety, including the Factories Act, 1948, the Workmen Compensation Act, 1923, the Building and Other Construction Workers Act, 1996, the Plantations Labour Act, 1951, the Mines Act, 1952, and the Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act, 1979.
    • However, the enforcement of this law is yet to be officially notified by the Union government.

     

    Way forward:

    • Enhanced Regulations and Enforcement: Implement and enforce the Occupational Safety, Health, and Working Conditions Code, 2020 to ensure comprehensive protection for workers across all sectors. This includes setting clear standards for workplace safety, regular inspections, and penalties for non-compliance.
    • Heat Stress Management: Implement measures to manage heat stress in workplaces, especially in heat-susceptible sectors like agriculture and construction. This can include providing access to shaded rest areas, increasing hydration facilities, adjusting work schedules to avoid peak heat hours.
    • Healthcare Access: Ensure access to healthcare services for workers, including regular health check-ups and treatment for heat-related illnesses and other occupational health issues. This may involve setting up medical facilities near worksites or providing transportation to nearby healthcare facilities.

    Mains PYQ 

    Q ‘Climate change’ is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change? (UPSC IAS/2017)

  • Budgets and Bills passed with little deliberation

    Why in the news? 

    • Madhya Pradesh passed 85% of its Budget without discussion in 2023 followed by Kerala and Jharkhand.
    • These observations are based on repot of PRS Legislative Research’s Annual Review of State Laws 2023.The report analyses the performance of State legislatures in various key functions.

    BACK2BASICS: 

    What is Public Accounts Committee (PAC)? 

    • The inception of the Public Accounts Committee dates back to 1921 following its initial reference in the Government of India Act, 1919, commonly known as the Montford Reforms.
    • Currently, the formation of the Public Accounts Committee is an annual occurrence as per Rule 308 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Lok Sabha.
    • The primary objective of the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) is to examine and scrutinize the government’s financial transactions and expenditures to ensure transparency, accountability, and proper utilization of public funds.

     

    Key points related to report on the performance of State legislatures in India in 2023:

    • Budget Passing Without Discussion: Nearly 40% of the â‚č18.5 lakh crore budget presented by 10 States was passed without discussion. In some States like Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Jharkhand, and West Bengal, a significant portion of the budget was passed without debate.
    • Public Accounts Committee (PAC) Inactivity: In five States, including Bihar, Delhi, Goa, Maharashtra, and Odisha, the PAC did not table any reports in 2023. Maharashtra’s PAC neither met nor released a report during the year.
    • Fast-Track Passage of Bills: A significant number of bills were passed quickly with minimal debate, with 44% passed either on the same day they were introduced or the next day. This trend was consistent with previous years, indicating a pattern of swift legislative activity.
    • Promulgation of Ordinances: 84 ordinances were promulgated in 20 States, covering various subjects such as new universities, public examinations, and ownership of apartments. Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra accounted for the highest number of ordinances.
    • Regional Disparities: There were regional disparities in legislative activity, with states like Tamil Nadu and Himachal Pradesh tabling a significant number of PAC reports, while others like Maharashtra and Bihar saw inactivity. Similarly, some states passed bills quickly, while others took more time for deliberation.

    Negative implication

    • Lack of Transparency: Budgets being passed without discussion indicate a lack of transparency and accountability in the budgetary process, potentially leading to decisions being made without proper scrutiny or public input.
    • Ineffective Oversight: The inactivity of Public Accounts Committees (PACs) in some states suggests a failure of oversight mechanisms, undermining the scrutiny of government expenditure and accountability for public funds.
    • Quality of  Legislation: The fast-track passage of bills with minimal debate raises concerns about the quality of legislation and the thoroughness of deliberation, potentially resulting in hastily drafted or poorly scrutinized laws.
    • Overuse of Ordinances: The high number of ordinances promulgated signifies a reliance on executive orders to bypass the legislative process, which can undermine democratic principles and the role of the legislature in lawmaking.

    Way forward 

    • Enhancing Transparency and Accountability: Mandate thorough discussions and debates on budgets before passage to ensure transparency and accountability in financial decision-making.Establish mechanisms for public participation and input in the budgetary process to increase transparency and foster citizen engagement.
    • Reforming Oversight Mechanisms: Strengthen the functioning of Public Accounts Committees (PACs) by ensuring regular meetings and timely submission of reports.Empower PACs with adequate resources, authority, and independence to effectively scrutinize government expenditure and promote accountability.

    Mains PYQ 

    Q Discuss the role of Public Accounts Committee in establishing accountability of the government to the people. (UPSC IAS/2017) 

  • EC’s Model Code of Conduct (MCC) Need Reforms

    Why in the news?

    The Election Commission of India (ECI) has issued notifications regarding complaints of violations of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) against prominent leaders in India.

    Model Code of Conduct (MCC)

    • Set of guidelines : The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) is a set of guidelines issued by the Election Commission of India (EC) for political parties and candidates.
    • Aim: It aims to establish standards of conduct during election campaigns and polling.The MCC includes provisions for lodging complaints with EC observers and dictates the conduct of ministers from ruling parties during the MCC period.
    • In 2019, an addition was made concerning election manifestos, prohibiting promises contrary to constitutional ideals.
    • The MCC is not legally binding as it is not a statutory document enacted by Parliament.
    • While violating many MCC guidelines may not result in punitive action, certain actions are categorized as electoral offenses and corrupt practices under the Indian Penal Code and the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
    • Violators of these laws will face appropriate punishment.

    Evolution of MCC:

    • Origin: The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) originated as a small set of guidelines for the Assembly election in Kerala in 1960.
    • Initially, it covered various aspects such as the conduct of election meetings, processions, speeches, slogans, posters, and placards.
    • Expansion of MCC: Under Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) K V K Sundaram in 1968, the EC consulted with political parties and expanded the MCC to ensure minimum standards of behavior for free and fair elections.
    • Standard practice: By 1979, it became a standard practice for the EC to circulate the MCC before every General Election.
    • Consolidation of MCC: Over time, the MCC evolved further with consultations between the EC and political parties. In 1991, it was consolidated and re-issued with additional sections, including restrictions on the “party in power” to prevent the misuse of authority for unfair advantages.

    Features of MCC: 

    • Activation of MCC: The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) is activated immediately upon the announcement of the election schedule by the Election Commission and remains in effect until the completion of the election process, including the announcement of results.
    • Applicable on all election: It applies to all elections to the Lok Sabha, State Assemblies, State Legislative Council elections from Local Bodies, and Graduates’ and Teachers’ Constituencies.
    • Across all India: During General elections, the MCC is enforced across India, while during Legislative Assembly elections, it is enforced in the specific state going to polls.
    • Funded to adhere with MCC: All organizations, committees, corporations, and commissions funded wholly or partially by the Central or State governments are obligated to adhere to the MCC.
    • List of Political parties: In addition to listed political parties and candidates, non-political organizations conducting campaigns in support of a political party or candidate are also required to follow specific guidelines outlined by the Election Commission.

    Issues related to MCC: 

    • The political environment in the country has become more intense, leading to a decrease in the effectiveness of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC).
    • Instances of violations of the MCC are increasing rapidly and are becoming widespread and aggressive.
    • Political leaders are using their influence, resources, and persuasive tactics more aggressively than ever, often exploiting loopholes between the literal and intended meanings of the MCC.
    • Money power has become more prominent than physical strength, and advancements in technology have provided new ways to circumvent regulations.
    • The MCC lacks clarity on the consequences of violations, which weakens its ability to deter misconduct.
    • Delayed responses to violations reduce the impact of penalties and erode public trust in the Election Commission’s credibility.

    Way Forward

    • Strengthen Enforcement: Enhance the enforcement mechanisms to ensure strict adherence to the MCC guidelines. 
    • Technological Solutions: Leverage technology to improve monitoring and enforcement of MCC compliance. Implement tools such as social media monitoring, data analytics, and surveillance technology to detect and deter violations effectively.
    • Swift and Transparent Action: Ensure timely and transparent action against MCC violations. Establish clear protocols for investigating complaints and imposing penalties on violators. Swift action will enhance the deterrent effect of the MCC.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q ‘Simultaneous election to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies will limit the amount of time and money spent in electioneering but it will reduce the government’s accountability to the people’ Discuss. [2017]

  • 10 Years of Street Vendors Act, 2014

    Why in the news?

    • It has been a decade since the enactment of the Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act on May 1, 2014.
    • It marks a significant milestone in the recognition of the rights and contributions of street vendors across India.

    About Street Vendors Act, 2014

      • The Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act, 2014, was enacted
        • Objective: To regulate street vendors in public areas and protect their rights.
      • It was introduced in the Lok Sabha (Lower House of the Parliament of India) on 6 September 2012 by then Union Minister of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Kumari Selja.
      • The Act came into force from 1 May 2014.
    • History:
      • 2004: The bill aimed at providing social security and livelihood rights to street vendors, has its origins in the ‘National Policy for Urban Street Vendors’ introduced in 2004.
      • 2009: It was later revised as ‘National Policy on Urban Street Vendors’ in 2009.
    • 3 Recognized categories of street vending:

    Key Provisions of the Bill:

    Details
    Town Vending Committee
    • Responsible for conducting surveys of all vendors, issuance of certificates of vending, and designation of vending zones.
    • Surveys to be conducted every 5 years.
    • No eviction until certificates are issued.
    • TVCs to have 40% representation of street vendor representatives and 33% of women street vendors.
    Designated Vending Zones
    • All street vendors to be accommodated in designated vending zones.
    • Allocation of space by drawing lots if necessary.
    • Those unable to secure space in the same zone to be accommodated in adjoining zones.
    Certificate of Vending
    • Granted to street vendors above 14 years of age.
    • Can be transferred to family members in certain circumstances.
    • Can be cancelled if conditions are breached.
    No-Vending Zones
    • Prohibits vending activities in designated no-vending zones.
    • Relocation provisions for affected vendors.
    • Notice period of at least 30 days for relocation.
    • Failure to vacate may result in penalties.
    Dispute Resolution Body Consists of a Chairperson (civil judge or judicial magistrate) and two other professionals.
    Responsibility of Local Authorities for Implementation Responsibility for creating schemes and implementation delegated to local municipalities.
    Role of Town Vending Committee Each zone or ward of the local authority to have a Town Vending Committee.
    Relocation and Penalties Vendors failing to relocate from no-vending zones after notice may face penalties, including fines.
    Representation and Legal Ambiguities Criticisms include lack of adequate representation of street vendors in decision-making bodies and legal ambiguities.

     

    Also read about: PM SVANidhi Scheme

    PYQ:

    [2016] How has globalization led to the reduction of employment in the formal sector of the Indian economy? Is increased informalization detrimental to the development of the country?

  • [1 May 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Make EPI an ‘Essential Programme on Immunization’

    Mains PYQ Relevance: 

    Q) Identify the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that are related to health.Discuss the success of the actions taken by the Government for achieving the same. (UPSC  IAS/2013)

    Q) “Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyse. (UPSC  IAS/2021)

    Prelims:
    ‘Mission Indradhanush’ launched by the Government of India pertains to   (UPSC  IAS/2016)

    a) Immunization of children and pregnant women
    b) Construction of smart cities across the country
    c) India’s search for the Earth-like planets in outer space
    d) New Educational Policy

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims: Government Schemes and Policies;

    Mains: Health Care System in India; Immunization Programme;

    Mentor comments: The Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) initiative by WHO was crucial as it coincided with the near eradication of smallpox, prompting the need to expand immunization efforts globally. Following this, most countries, including India, established their national immunization programs. India’s EPI was later renamed the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) in 1985.  Universal health coverage means that all people can benefit from quality health services, where and when they need them, without suffering financial hardship.

    Let’s learn

    —

    Why in the News?

    Year 2024 marks the completion of 50 years of the Global and Indian Immunization Programs since the launch of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) by the World Health Organization in 1974. 

    • This year also marks the completion of 20 years since India’s last nationwide independent field evaluation of the  Universal Immunization Programme (UIP), highlighting the need to assess progress and plan for the future.
    Present Status of Immunization in India:

    In 1974, there were vaccines to prevent only six diseases. But after five decades, there are now vaccines for 13 diseases that are universally recommended.There are also vaccines against 17 additional diseases for a context-specific situation. 

    Ongoing research aims to develop vaccines for around 125 pathogens, with a focus on diseases prevalent in low- and middle-income countries. 

    This progress underscores the importance of continuous evaluation, innovation, and collaboration in advancing immunization efforts for better public health outcomes.

    Initiatives and Success stories by governments:

    • Low and Middle-Income countries: In the early 1970s, around 5% of children in low- and middle-income countries had received three doses of DPT, which increased to 84% in 2022 at the global level. 
    • Disease Eradication: Smallpox has been eradicated, polio eliminated from all but two countries and many vaccine-preventable diseases have nearly disappeared.
      • India launched a pilot initiative of adult BCG vaccination as part of efforts to ‘end TB’ in India.
    • Vaccination Coverage: In India, the coverage has increased every passing year, and in 2019-21, 76% of children received the recommended vaccines.
      • Vaccines have been instrumental in saving lives and reducing hospitalizations, with a high cost-effectiveness ratio. 
    • Built Health Infrastructure: In Public-private health systems, immunization often remains the only health intervention with greater utilization from the government sector.
      • For instance, in India, the share of the private sector in overall health services is nearly two-thirds; however, almost 85% to 90% of all vaccines are delivered from government facilities. 

    Challenges faced by Immunization Programs:

    • Issue with Coverage: In early 2023, UNICEF’s ‘The State of the World’s Children’ report revealed a concerning trend: for the first time in more than a decade, childhood immunization coverage had declined in 2021. 
    • Issue with Recommendations: In 2022, globally, an estimated 14.3 million children were zero doses (did not receive any recommended vaccine) while another 6.2 million children were partially immunized.
    • Issue of Inequities: Over the years, vaccination coverage in India has increased, both nationally and State-wise. However, there are persisting inequities in coverage by geography, socio-economic strata, and other parameters, which demand urgent interventions.

    Need to shift focus from Child vaccination to Adult Vaccination:

    • Vaccines have historically been available for all age groups, not just children. While children were prioritized due to limited resources, adult vaccination is now crucial as vaccine-preventable diseases are becoming more common in the adult population. 
    • Governments should focus on expanding adult vaccination coverage, learning from the success of childhood immunization programs

    What can be done?

    • Need for Better Policies: Considering that vaccines are highly cost-effective, once recommended by the National Technical Advisory Group on Immunization (NTAGI), vaccines for all age groups should be made available as free at government facilities.
    • Technical expansion of the Program: The recent announcement on HPV vaccines for teenage girls is a good start. However, we need to remember that once a vaccine is recommended by the government body, the coverage is likely to be far greater than if the vaccines are not recommended by the government.
    • Generating Awareness: The government must consider the help of professional communication agencies to dispel myths (and in a layperson’s language and with the use of social media).
      • Medical colleges and research institutions should generate evidence on the burden of diseases in the adult population in India.

    Conclusion: In the 50 years of the EPI, it is time for another expansion of the program with a focus on zero-dose children, addressing inequities in vaccine coverage, and offering vaccines to adults and the elderly. It is time to make EPI an ‘Essential Program on Immunization’. 

  • Implementing the Street Vendors Act

    Why in the News? 

    The Street Vendors Act was celebrated as a progressive legislation, but the law now faces numerous challenges in its implementation.

    The Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act, 2014:

    Details
    Introduction and Objective
    • Introduced in Lok Sabha on 6 September 2012 by Kumari Selja, Union Minister of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation.
    • Objective: Regulate street vendors and protect their livelihoods.
    Enactment and Implementation
    • Came into force on 1 May 2014.
    • Aims to legalize vending rights and establish mechanisms for protection and regulation.
    • State-level rules and schemes are developed for execution.
    Roles and Responsibilities
    • Delineates roles of street vendors and government.
    • Commits to accommodating existing vendors in vending zones and issuing vending certificates.
    Participatory Governance
    • Establishes Town Vending Committees (TVCs).
    • Representation: 40% of TVC members, with 33% for women SVs.
    • TVCs tasked with including all existing vendors in zones.
    Grievance Redressal
    • Mechanisms for addressing grievances and
    • Establishes Grievance Redressal Committee chaired by civil judge or judicial magistrate.
    Survey and Identification States/ULBs conduct surveys to identify vendors at least once every five years.
    Certificate of Vending
    • Granted to vendors above 14 years.
    • Can be transferred to family members.
    • Can be cancelled

    Significance of street vendors 

    • Role of Street Vendors: Street vendors constitute about 2.5% of any city’s population and play multifaceted roles in city life, providing essential services, modest income for migrants and the urban poor, and affordable goods for others.
    • Integral to Urban Life: Street vendors are essential for maintaining affordability and accessibility to food, nutrition, and goods distribution, and they are integral to the cultural fabric of cities like Mumbai and Chennai.

    Challenges faced during the implementation:

    • Administrative Challenges: Increase in harassment and evictions of street vendors despite the Act’s emphasis on protection and regulation.Outdated bureaucratic mindset viewing vendors as illegal entities.
      • Lack of awareness and sensitization about the Act among state authorities, the public, and vendors.
      • Limited influence of street vendor representatives in Town Vending Committees (TVCs), often remaining under the control of local city authorities.Tokenistic representation of women vendors in TVCs.
    • Governance Challenges: Weak existing urban governance mechanisms.
      • Lack of integration of the Act with the framework established by the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act for urban governance.
      • Insufficient powers and capacities of ULBs.
      • Focus on top-down policies like the Smart Cities Mission on infrastructure development, ignoring provisions for the inclusion of street vendors in city planning.
    • Societal Challenges: The prevailing image of the ‘world-class city’ tends to be exclusionary.Marginalization and stigmatization of street vendors as obstacles to urban development rather than legitimate contributors to the urban economy.
      • Reflection of these challenges in city designs, urban policies, and public perceptions of neighborhoods.

    Way forward 

    • Decentralization of Interventions: There’s a need to decentralize interventions and enhance the capacities of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) to plan for street vending in cities.
    • Shift from Department-led Actions to Deliberative Processes: Moving away from high-handed department-led actions towards actual deliberative processes at the Town Vending Committee (TVC) level is crucial.
    • Amendments to Urban Schemes and Policies: Urban schemes, city planning guidelines, and policies need to be amended to include provisions for street vending.
    • Need-based Welfare Provisions: Broad welfare provisions of the Act should be used creatively to meet the emerging needs of street vendors, such as addressing the impact of climate change, competition from e-commerce, and reduced incomes.
    • Adaptation in National Urban Livelihood Mission: The sub-component of street vendors in the National Urban Livelihood Mission should acknowledge changed realities and facilitate innovative measures to address needs.

    Mains PYQ

    Q To what extent, in your opinion, has the decentralisation of power in India changed the governance landscape at the grassroots?