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  • [pib] IPEF Clean Economy Investor Forum

    Why in the news?

    The Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) Clean Economy Investor Forum is set to be held in Singapore.

    About IPEF Clean Economy Investor Forum

    • The IPEF Clean Economy Investor Forum brings together the region’s top investors, philanthropies, financial institutions, innovative companies, start-ups and entrepreneurs.
    • The Forum aims to mobilize investments into sustainable infrastructure, climate technology and renewable energy projects.
    • It is managed by Invest India (www.investindia.gov.in), India’s National Investment Promotion Agency.
    • The Department of Commerce is the nodal agency for the IPEF engagements.

    The Forum will have opportunity for the Indian industry in the two following tracks:

    1. Climate Tech Track: Under this track, IPEF Clean Economy Investor Forum is holding an open call that aims to recognise the top climate tech companies and start-ups among the member countries and present them to global investors.
    2. Infrastructure Track: Under this track, India will showcase selected investible sustainable infrastructure projects at the 2024 Forum. The sectors of focus are-energy transition (e.g electric gird; renewable energy, including solar, and onshore wind; sustainable aviation fuel; battery storage; hydrogen; green data centers), transport and logistics (e.g. Electric Vehicle, EV charging points), waste management/waste to energy.

    About Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF)

    • It is a US-led initiative that aims to strengthen economic partnerships among participating countries to enhance resilience, sustainability, inclusiveness, economic growth, fairness, and competitiveness in the Indo-Pacific region.
    • The IPEF was launched in 2021 with 12 initial partners who together represent 40% of the world GDP.
    • The IPEF is NOT a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) but allows members to negotiate the parts they want to.

     Four main “Pillars” of IPEF:

     

    Trade that will include digital economy and emerging technology, labor commitments, the environment, trade facilitation, transparency and good regulatory practices, and corporate accountability, standards on cross-border data flow and data localisations;

    Supply chain resilience to develop “a first-of-its-kind supply chain agreement” that would anticipate and prevent disruptions;

    Clean energy and decarbonization that will include agreements on “high-ambition commitments” such as renewable energy targets, carbon removal purchasing commitments, energy efficiency standards, and new measures to combat methane emissions; and

    Fair Economy Agreement, with commitments to enact and enforce “effective tax, anti-money laundering, anti-bribery schemes in line with [American] values”.

     Members Countries include:

    • Currently, India and 13 countries other located in the Pacific Ocean are its members: Australia, Brunei, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, United States, and Vietnam.

    How is IPEF different from other trade deals?

    • No market access or tariff reductions have been outlined in the IPEF, although experts say it can pave the way to trade deals.
    • It’s not a take-it-or-leave-it arrangement, like most multilateral trade deals are.
    • Since the IPEF is not a regular trade pact, the members so far are not obligated by all four pillars despite being signatories.

  • In news: Cantonment Boards

    Why in the news?

    • The Centre has reportedly initiated measures to reduce the land jurisdiction of 10 major cantonment boards across five states.
    • In May 2023, the Centre had kicked off a plan to abolish all 62 colonial-era Cantonments across the country.

    What are Cantonments?

    • Cantonments are Permanent military stations where a group of military personnel are stationed for administrative purposes.
    • They are governed by the Cantonments Act, 2006, which provides for municipal administration and control of these areas.
    • India currently has 62 cantonments spread across various states, with some areas known for their better infrastructure and facilities compared to other parts of the country.
    • Cantonments are managed by Cantonment Boards, which are democratic bodies comprising elected and nominated members.
    • The Station Commander of the Cantonment serves as the ex-officio President of the Board.

    Historical Background

    • The Cantonments Act, 1924, was enacted by the British to regulate the municipal administration of cantonments.
    • After India’s independence, the Cantonments Act was modified to suit the democratic setup of the country.
    • The current Cantonments Act, 2006, replaced the previous version, aiming to provide greater autonomy and accountability to the Cantonment Boards.

    Categories of the erstwhile Cantonments

    Cantonments are categorized based on the population size residing within them:

    1. Category I: Cantonments with a population of over 50,000.
    2. Category II: Cantonments with a population of 10,000 to 50,000.
    3. Category III: Cantonments with a population of less than 10,000.
    4. Category IV: Industrial or training Cantonments, irrespective of their population size.

    Centre’s plan to re-regulate Cantonments

    • Conversion to Exclusive Military Stations: Under the plan, military areas within all cantonments will be carved out and designated as “exclusive military stations.” The Army will exercise “absolute control” over these areas, streamlining their administration and operations.
    • Merger with Local Municipalities: The civilian areas of cantonments will be integrated with the respective local municipalities. These municipalities will take up the responsibility of maintaining these areas, along with providing essential services and infrastructure.
    • Move Away from Traditional Cantonment Concept: Post-independence, the Indian Army moved away from the traditional cantonment concept, primarily due to friction between military and civilian authorities. However, certain major cantonments continued to exist, such as Pune Cantonment and Agra Cantonment.

  • The citizen’s ‘climate rights’

    Why in the news? 

    The Supreme Court recently held that people have a fundamental right to be free from the adverse effects of climate change while emphasizing that countries like India must uphold their international obligations for healthy and sustainable development [M K Ranjitsinh & Ors. vs Union of India].

     

    Background of M K Ranjitsinh & Ors. vs Union of India Case:

      • The case was related to the conservation of the critically endangered Great Indian Bustard (GIB).
      • In 2021, a writ petition was filed by retired government official and conservationist M K Ranjitsinh, seeking protection for the GIB and the Lesser Florican, which are on the verge of extinction.
      • On April 19, 2021 order by SC was imposed restricting the setting up of overhead transmission lines in a territory of about 99,000 sq km in the GIB habitat in Rajasthan and Gujarat.
    • The Supreme Court has ruled that people have a “right to be free from the adverse effects of climate change”, which should be recognized by Articles 14 and 21 of the Constitution.
    • This judgment was by a three-judge Bench of Chief Justice of India (CJI) D Y Chandrachud and Justices J B Pardiwala and Manoj Misra.

    The Recent Modification over Earlier Judgement given by the SC:

    Who applied for modification of an earlier case?

    • The Ministry of Power, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, and the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy had applied to modify the 2021 order on grounds that
    • It had adverse implications for India’s power sector, and undergrounding power lines was not possible
    • The Paris Climate Treaty (2015) is one of the key grounds for seeking a modification of the 2021 order.

    What SC did say in this case?

    • Underground powerlines: The apex court modified its April 2021 order giving directions for underground high-voltage and low-voltage power lines, and directed experts to assess the feasibility of undergrounding power lines in specific areas after considering factors such as terrain, population density, and infrastructure requirements
    • The earlier direction was not feasible: The ruling acknowledged that its earlier directions, “besides not being feasible to implement, would also not result in achieving its stated purpose, i.e., the conservation of the GIB”.
    • Suitable relationship between FR and DPSP: The court emphasized that when addressing environmental concerns outlined in the Directive Principles of State Policy, they must be interpreted in conjunction with the right to life and personal liberty as enshrined in Article 21.

    How have the Courts interpreted Article 21 earlier?

    • Article 21 as the Heart of Fundamental Rights: The Supreme Court (SC) recognizes Article 21 of the Constitution as central to fundamental rights, emphasizing that the right to life encompasses more than mere existence but includes all rights necessary for a meaningful and dignified life.
    • Inclusion of Environmental Rights within Article 21: In the 1980s, the SC expanded Article 21 to include the right to a clean environment, along with various other rights such as education, shelter, clean air, livelihood, and medical care.
    • Actualizing New Rights: Despite the recognition of these new rights, citizens often face challenges in exercising them, particularly in cases concerning environmental issues like clean air.

     

    What are the implications of the judgment for environmental jurisprudence?

    • Strengthening Environmental and Climate Justice: The judgment emphasizes bolstering environmental and climate justice by recognizing the multifaceted impacts of climate change on various communities.
    • Expansion of Article 14 and Right to Life: The judgment expands the scope of Article 14 of the Constitution, which guarantees equality before the law, to encompass environmental concerns.
    • Influence on Public Discourse and Government Policies: The judgment is expected to influence public discourse on environmental issues, shaping perceptions and priorities regarding environmental protection.
    • Establishment of Legal Precedent: By acknowledging the “right against adverse effects of climate change,” the judgment establishes a significant legal precedent.

    Conclusion: The Supreme Court’s recognition of citizens’ “right to be free from adverse effects of climate change” expands constitutional protections, strengthens environmental justice, influences policy discourse, and sets a crucial legal precedent.

    Mains PYQ 

    Q Does the right to clean environment entail legal regulation on burning crackers during Diwali? Discus in the light of Article 21 of Indian Constitution and judgements of the apex in this regard.(UPSC IAS/2015) 

    Q The most significant achievement of modern law in India is the constitutionalization of environmental problems by the Supreme Court.” Discuss this statement with the help of relevant case laws. (UPSC IAS/2022) 

  • Why have ‘Madrasas’ been in the spotlight in Uttar Pradesh? | Explained

    Why in the news? 

    Recently the three-judge Supreme Court Bench stayed a ruling of the Allahabad High Court on the U.P. Board of Madrasa Education Act 2004 calling it an infringement of the Fundamental Rights guaranteed under the Constitution.

    • Earlier, the HC had dubbed the U.P. Board of Madrasa Education Act “Unconstitutional” and asked for immediate closure of the madrasas. It called for the relocation and integration of the madrasa students with regular schools.

    Why are madrasas in the spotlight?

    • Uttar Pradesh has approximately 25,000 madrasas, out of which 16,500 are recognized by the U.P. Madrasa Education Board.
      • Only 560 madrasas receive grants from the government, leading to complaints of delayed payment and salary arrears.
      • Irregular madrasas, often lacking resources, provide only elementary learning.
    • In 2022, the U.P. Government ordered a survey to identify unrecognised or illegal madrasas.
    • A Special Investigation Team (SIT) was formed to investigate alleged foreign funding sources for the madrasas, claiming over ₹100 crore had been received from abroad over three years. However, evidence supporting these claims was not made public.

    About Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004:

    • The Act sought to oversee and administer the operations of madrasas (Islamic educational institutions) in Uttar Pradesh, providing guidelines for their establishment, recognition, curriculum, and management.
    •  It led to the formation of the Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education, tasked with regulating and supervising madrasa activities throughout the state.

    Concerns Regarding the Act:

    • Limited Curriculum: Upon examination of madrasa syllabi, the High Court noted a curriculum heavily focused on Islamic studies, with limited emphasis on modern subjects.
    • Conflict with Higher Education Standards: The Act raised concerns regarding its conflict with Section 22 of the University Grants Commission (UGC) Act, 1956, which led to questions about its compliance with higher education norms

    Conclusion: Madrasas in Uttar Pradesh are under scrutiny due to a recent Supreme Court stay on the Allahabad High Court ruling, citing infringement of fundamental rights. Concerns persist over grants, quality of education, and compatibility with higher education standards.

  • India secures Rights to operate Sittwe Port in Myanmar

    Why in the news?

    • After Chabahar, India has gained the rights to operate a second overseas port, Sittwe, in Myanmar.
    • This development is part of the Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport project, which aims to provide alternate connectivity from the eastern coast of India to the northeastern states through the Sittwe port.

    About India Ports Global (IPGL)

    • The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) has approved a proposal for India Ports Global (IPGL) to take over the operations of the entire port located on the Kaladan River.
    • IPGL is a company 100% owned by the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways.
    • It is a joint venture between Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT) and Deendayal Port Trust (Erstwhile Kandla Port Trust).
    • It was created and incorporated in January 2015 under the Companies Act, 2013, as per directions of Ministry of Shipping (MoS), for development of ports overseas.
    • The MoS has presently assigned IPGL the task of equipping and operation of container/multi-purpose terminals at Chabahar Port in Iran.

     

    About Sittwe Port

    • The Sittwe Port, located in the Rakhine State of Myanmar, is a crucial component of the Kaladan multi-modal transit transport project.
    • It has been developed under a framework agreement between India and Myanmar for the construction and operation of a multimodal transit transport facility on the Kaladan River.
    • It is a deep-water port serving as a maritime gateway, enhancing trade and connectivity between India and Myanmar.

    Significance of Sittwe Port

    • The Sittwe Port is part of the Kaladan multi-modal transit transport project.
    • The project aims to connect the eastern Indian seaport of Kolkata with Sittwe seaport in Myanmar by sea.
    • It further link Sittwe Port to Paletwa in Myanmar via Kaladan river waterway, and connect Paletwa to Zorinpui in Mizoram through a road component.
    • This link will not only offer an alternative route for shipping goods to the northeastern states, but will significantly reduce the cost and distance from Kolkata to Mizoram and beyond.
    • It will also reduce dependency on the Siliguri Corridor, known as the chicken’s neck, which is squeezed between Bhutan and Bangladesh.

    Also read about China-Myanmar Economic Corridor (CMEC)

    Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project

    • It connects the seaport of Kolkata in India to Sittwe seaport in Rakhine State, Myanmar, by sea.
    • In Myanmar, the project links Sittwe seaport to Paletwa in Chin State via the Kaladan river boat route and then from Paletwa by road to Mizoram state in Northeast India.
    • The project is being funded by the Indian government and is aimed at reducing the distance from Kolkata to Sittwe by approximately 1,328 km.
    • It was initially scheduled to be completed by 2014.
    • The project is affected by Chin conflict, Rohingya conflict, and militant groups such as Arakan Army and Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA).
    • There are different sections of the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project, which combines multi-modes of transport, including sea, river, and road routes.
    1. Sea Route: It includes- Kolkata-Sittwe shipping route, Sittwe seaport to Paletwa inland jetty river boat route, Sittwe Special Economic Zone at Ponnagyun town, Paletwa inland jetty to Zorinpui road route in Myanmar, and the Zorinpui to Aizawl road route in India.
    2. Road: This project will complement the river-road route of the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project in Myanmar-Mizoram.
    3. Railway: It has the Sittwe-Kyaukhtu railway in Myanmar, Kyaukhtu-Zorinpui in Myanmar, and the Zochawchhuah (Zorinpui)-Sairang railway in India.

     

    PYQ:

    [2015] In the Mekong-Ganga Cooperation, an initiative of six countries, which of the following is/are not a participant/ participants?

    1.    Bangladesh

    2.    Cambodia

    3.    China

    4.    Myanmar

    5.    Thailand

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2, 3 and 4

    (c) 1 and 3

    (d) 1, 2 and 5

  • VVPAT Verification in Elections

    Why in the news?

    The Supreme Court has decided to address petitions advocating for a comprehensive verification of Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) slips in upcoming general elections.

    What are VVPATs?

    • VVPAT machines, attached to Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs), print a slip showing the voter’s choice, allowing voters to verify their vote for 7 seconds before the slip drops into a secured box.
    • The concept emerged in 2010, leading to the creation of prototypes by Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) and Electronics Corporation of India (ECIL).
    • After trials and feedback, the design was approved in February 2013.
    • The Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961, were amended to incorporate VVPATs.
    • They were first used in Nagaland’s Noksen Assembly constituency in 2013 and were implemented in all polling stations by the 2019 Lok Sabha elections.

    Current VVPAT Slip Counting Protocol

    • In 2018, the ECI consulted the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) to determine a statistically robust sample size for VVPAT slip verification.
    • Initially, VVPAT slips of one randomly selected polling station per Assembly constituency were counted.
    • This was increased to five polling stations per Assembly seat after a Supreme Court judgment in 2019.
    • The ISI suggested counting VVPAT slips from 479 EVMs to ensure a high confidence level that the proportion of defective EVMs is less than 2%.

    Recent petitions regarding VVPAT

    • Opposition parties advocate for heightened VVPAT verification, ranging from 50% to 100%, to bolster electoral transparency and uphold the sanctity of democratic processes.
    • However, the Election Commission emphasizes the need to balance transparency with operational constraints, citing logistical challenges and potential delays in result declaration.

    About Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) in India

    Details
    Introduction EVMs introduced in Paravur Assembly Constituency, Kerala, 1982.
    Adoption
    • Election Commission increasingly used EVMs since 1998. All state elections and by-elections used EVMs by 2003.
    • Use of EVMs for Lok Sabha elections implemented in 2004.
    Development
    • Developed by the Technical Experts Committee (TEC) of Election Commission, with Bharat Electronics Ltd,
    • Bangalore, and Electronic Corporation of India Ltd, Hyderabad.
    Functionality
    • Consists of Control Unit and Balloting Unit connected by cable.
    • Voters press blue button on Ballot Unit to record vote.
    Key Features
    • Each EVM records up to 2,000 votes.
    • Operates without electricity, powered by battery from Bharat Electronics Ltd/Electronic Corporation of India.
    • Uses one-time programmable/masked chip for security.
    • Stand-alone machines without an operating system for enhanced security.

     

     

    PYQ:

    [2017] Right to vote and to be elected in India is a

    (a) Fundamental Right

    (b) Natural Right

    (c) Constitutional Right

    (d) Legal Right

  • Implementing Universal Health Coverage

    Why in the news?

    On the eve of World Health Day (7th April), many countries aim to implement UHC (Universal Health Coverage) in the same way as India introduced its National Health Policy, in 2017. However, there exist challenges in India too for implementing it.

    Background:

    • On December 12, 2012, the UN General Assembly unanimously endorsed a resolution urging countries to accelerate progress towards UHC.
    • In India, the high-level expert group report, submitted to the Planning Commission in 2011, outlined a government intent to increase public financing for health to 2.5% of India’s GDP during the 12th Plan (2012-17).

    BACK2BASICS:

    About National Health Policy, 2017:

    It aims to achieve Universal Health Coverage and deliver quality healthcare services to all at an affordable cost. It focuses on improving health status through preventive, promotive, curative, palliative, and rehabilitative services with an emphasis on quality.

     

    What are the challenges in the Implementation of UHC in India? 

    • Federal Issue: Health is a state subject in India, but UHC policy is envisaged at the national level. This can lead to challenges in coordination between the central government and state governments.
      • While the Directive Principles of State Policy provide a basis for the right to health, the absence of a specific constitutional guarantee may create challenges in ensuring consistent and enforceable healthcare rights.
    • Migrant Population and Urban Slums:  Due to issues such as overcrowding, poor sanitation, and limited infrastructure, a significant portion of the population living in urban slums face issues with the availability and accessibility of Primary Health Services is hard to provide.
    • Lack of Finance: Implementing UHC requires significant financial resources. Reducing out-of-pocket expenditure and strengthening primary healthcare services necessitate substantial investments, which may strain government budgets and require innovative financing mechanisms to ensure sustainability.
    • Lack of Healthcare Infrastructure and Human Resources:  India faces shortages in both infrastructure and human resources, particularly in rural and underserved areas, which hinders efforts to improve healthcare accessibility and quality.
    • The vicious cycle of poverty: The vicious cycle of poverty and poor health perpetuates inequality in various spheres of life which eventually leads to the accessibility of health services.

    Suggestive Measures:

    • Addressing Urban Migrants’ Health Needs: Establishing mobile healthcare units or clinics that can reach migrant communities in urban and peri-urban areas, providing essential primary healthcare services.
    • Reducing Out-of-Pocket Expenditure: Simplifying the reimbursement process by digitizing healthcare payment systems and integrating them with government identification or mobile banking platforms to facilitate easy reimbursement for medical expenses.
    • Creating Inclusive Health Systems: Introducing multilingual and culturally sensitive health information materials and services to bridge language barriers and ensure accessibility for diverse urban populations.
    • Implementing Community-Based Primary Healthcare: Establishing community health centers or clinics in urban and peri-urban areas staffed by trained community health workers who can provide basic healthcare services and referrals.

    Conclusion: Building Constitutional backing, enhancing coordination, and federal with fiscal consensus with adequate infrastructure in addressing urban health needs can improve the reach of the Universal Health Program in India.

    Mains PYQ

    Q Public health system has limitation in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that private sector can help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives do you suggest? (UPSC IAS/2015)

  • [8 April 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Shaping India’s path to inclusive Health Care

    [8 April 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Shaping India’s path to inclusive Health Care

    PYQ Relevance:

    Mains: 
    Q) Public health system has limitation in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that private sector can help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives do you suggest? (UPSC CSE 2015) 
    Q) The increase in life expectancy in the country has led to newer health challenges in the community. What are those challenges and what steps need to be taken to meet them? (UPSC CSE 2022) 

    Prelims:
    With reference to National Rural Health Mission, which of the following are the jobs of Asha, a trained community health worker?  (UPSC CSE 2012) 
    1) Accompanying women to the health facility for antenatal care checkups
    2) Using pregnancy test kits for early detection of pregnancy
    3) Providing information on nutrition and immunization
    4) Conducting the delivery of babySelect the correct answer using the codes given below:
    (a) 1, 2 and 3 only
    (b) 2 and 4 only
    (c) 1 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims: National Health Policy; Ayushman Bharat;

    Mains: Health Issues in India; Universal Health Coverage;

    Mentor comments: Indian Health Policies since Independence have neglected diverse perspectives critical for public health systems at the local level. This diversity impacts the nature of policies made, “because we are looking only from a certain lens”. Recently, with the passage of World Health Day 2024, WHO promoted the idea that ‘Health Equity’ is a source of optimism for millions of people, going beyond social justice or legislative change. Now the issue is with the theme of World Health Day ‘my health – my right’. How should access to health be envisaged? Given that health is a state subject (Seventh Schedule) and the ‘Universal Health Coverage’ policy is envisaged at the National level, there is a need for discourses on implementation. 

    Let’s learn. 

    —

    Why in the News?

    The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared health to be a fundamental human right. 

    • India’s ‘Health Equity’ issues require a comprehensive approach that goes beyond improvements in healthcare facilities.
    About World Health Day 2024:

    World Health Day (April 7) unites every country around ‘Health Equity’, an essential topic at the heart of global health and justice. 

    Theme for 2024: “My Health, My Right”.Although over 140 nations recognize health as a Constitutional right, the WHO Council on the ‘Economics of Health for All’ reported that more than half the world’s population needs complete access to essential health services. 

    There is an alarming gap in Indian health-care access, which was highlighted especially during the COVID-19 epidemic, environmental crises, and growing socio-economic gaps. 

    What is meant by Health Equity?

    ‘Health Equity’ ensures that every person has an equal opportunity to achieve their highest health potential, no matter what their circumstances. 

    WHO’s idea behind Health Equity – Ensuring Everyone’s Right to Health:

    • Aim: To eliminate unfair and preventable health disparities among different social and economic categories.
    • Significance:
      • Builds Equality: True health equity addresses the root causes of health inequities, such as poverty, discrimination, and limited access to resources.
      • Universal Coverage: Pandemics, climate change, and sociopolitical unrest exacerbate health inequities, particularly in diverse countries like India.
    What does the Indian Statistics say?

    1) 2011 Census: 

    Infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, are 1.5 times more common in slums due to overcrowding and poor sanitation as compared to non-slum areas, according to the Indian Council of Medical Research. Disparities across caste and gender are profound. 

    2)National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-5 (2019-21) 

    Minorities: SCs and STs experience higher child mortality and lower immunization rates. 59% of women in the lowest wealth quintile suffer from anemia, demonstrating the intersection of caste, gender, and economic status in health outcomes.Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) account for more than 60% of all fatalities in India. The economic effect of NCDs could surpass $6 trillion by 2030.

    3)Public Health Foundation of India:
    Shortage of Doctors: The WHO data indicates that there are only 0.8 doctors per 1,000 people, which is below the advised ratio. Even though over 75% of Health-care professionals work in metropolitan regions, which only account for 27% of the population, the shortage is particularly severe in rural areas. 
    • Limitations in India:
      • Diversity: The road to health equity is fraught with difficulties, ranging from deeply ingrained social injustices to global systemic health concerns, particularly in multicultural countries such as India.
      • Comprehensive Planning: Achieving health equity requires a comprehensive approach beyond legislative reform, addressing socioeconomic determinants of health.
      • Collaboration and Coordination: Realizing health potential demands collective effort by governments, communities, and individuals to remove barriers.
      • Accessibility: Health equity includes targeting marginalized and vulnerable groups, climate change disproportionately impacting low-income and vulnerable people, and conflicts disrupting healthcare provision.

    Initiatives Taken by Government:

    • Ayushman Bharat Initiative: This initiative provides free health coverage to the bottom 40% economically, demonstrating a commitment to reducing health disparities.
    • National Health Mission (NHM): It includes both the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and the National Urban Health Mission (NUHM), thus reducing the healthcare gap between rural and urban India. It expands its access by strengthening infrastructure and providing essential services to vulnerable populations.

    Way Forward:

    • Requires a Comprehensive Approach: To move India towards Universal Health Coverage and a more equitable future, the government, civil society, healthcare providers, and communities need to work together.
    • Tap Organizations Together: Organizations (Non-Governmental organizations and Civic Societies) with a strong local presence are essential for health equity. They actively participate in every phase, from planning to evaluation, to guarantee the relevance and effectiveness of health programs. 
    • Successful collaborations: Need for open communication, respect for one another, and common goals because this can strongly emphasize empowering communities, sharing knowledge, and building capacity. For Example, WHO, the Global Fund and Gavi support health initiatives.
    • Building R&D: Research institutes and academic institutions offer crucial insights into health inequalities and the efficacy of interventions, assisting in creating evidence-based practices and policies supported by scientific studies.
  • [6 April 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Parliaments past, a mirror to changing dynamics

    [6 April 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Parliaments past, a mirror to changing dynamics

    PYQ Relevance:

    Mains: 

    Q. The role of individual MPs (Members of Parliament) has diminished over the years and as a result healthy constructive debates on policy issues are not usually witnessed. How far can this be attributed to the anti-defection law, which was legislated but with a different intention? (UPSC CSE 2013)
    Q. To what extent, in your view, the Parliament can ensure accountability of the executive in India? (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Prelims:

    We adopted parliamentary democracy based on the British model, but how does our model differ from that model?​ (UPSC CSE 2021)

    1. As regards legislation, the British Parliament is supreme or sovereign but in India, the power of the Parliament to legislate is limited.
    ​2. In India, matters related to the constitutionality of the Amendment of an Act of Parliament are referred to the Constitution Bench by the Supreme Court.​

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.​

    (a) 1 only ​(b) 2 only​(c) Both 1 and 2 ​(d) Neither 1 nor 2

    Note4Students: 

    Mains: Parliamentary Democracy; 

    Mentors Comment: We Indians have been through ‘thick and thin’ as our Democracy has evolved. Since the 16th and 17th Loksabha, all have been doubts relating to the accountability of people’s Representation in Parliament due to the reduced Debates and discussions in Parliamentary sessions. Now, as we move towards the general election of 2024, the question arises: will history repeat itself? Or, will a new precedent be set? This prompts us, as citizens of India, to reflect on the performance of our Parliament as we wait to usher in the 18th Lok Sabha.

    Let’s learn. 

    —

    Why in the News?

    The present conduct of business in both Houses of Parliament points out the need for a revitalization of legislative engagement in a more constructive manner.

    • The 17th Lok Sabha (2019-2024) concluded its proceedings marking the culmination of a journey with unexpected twists and turns.

    How did Ministries fare during the 17th Loksabha?

    • Decline in Executive Accountability: The PMO found itself flooded with 1,146 questions from Rajya Sabha Members of Parliament, of which only 28 were answered. Similarly, the House of the People also witnessed a sharp decline, from 5,000 during the 15th and 16th Lok Sabhas to a mere 1,700 in the 17th Lok Sabha.
      • Ministry of Finance tasked with steering the nation’s fiscal destiny, has witnessed a gradual erosion of parliamentary interest, declining to the fourth and fifth position in the Parliament.
    • Decline in Legislative Process: The annual average of Bills passed declined from 65 in the 1952-1990 period to 48 in 1991-2023. The number of Bills sent to committees for scrutiny also dwindled consistently, with the 17th Lok Sabha sending only 16% of Bills for scrutiny, the lowest in the past four Lok Sabhas.
    • A decline in Debates and Discussions: Before 1990, each Lok Sabha typically convened for over 550 days on average, spanning 3,500 hours. The 17th Lok Sabha had the least number of sittings, only 274 days on average.
      • The Ministry of Home Affairs, which was the Ministry with the second most number of questions directed towards it till the 15th Lok Sabha, has now faded. This shift raises questions about the nation’s priorities.
    • Decline in the use of various parliamentary tools:
      • Calling Attention Motion: It is a vital tool allowing MPs to draw attention to issues and elicit responses from ministers was extensively used between 1957 and 1990, with an average of 300 notices allowed per Lok Sabha. Post-1990, only 40 notices have been allowed per Lok Sabha. The 17th Lok Sabha allowed only one such discussion.
      • For example, the Winter Session, 2023 of the Rajya Sabha missed a crucial discussion on the sensitive and key issue of ‘Suicides among students due to competitive exams’.
    • The Adjournment Motion: It is employed to address urgent issues with a subsequent vote, and serves as an expression of disagreement with the government’s policies. Pre-1990, the Lok Sabha permitted discussion and voting on four such motions on average. Post-1990, this number decreased to three. The 16th and 17th Lok Sabha allowed no adjournment motions.
    • Ministries such as Health and Family Welfare, Home Affairs, Defence, Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare, and Finance, made up 36.6% of all disallowed questions in Rajya Sabha. In contrast, in the Lok Sabha, they made up 37.8% of the disallowed questions, underscoring systemic challenges.

     Way Forward:

    • Need for 15-point Reform: As recommended by the Vice President, it is required to make the Charter function effectively and efficiently by ensuring that the members of the committee are nominated based on domain knowledge and for a longer assured term.
    • Need to work on Democratic Principles: To maximize the Parliament’s ability to hold the executive accountable, it is crucial to promote a conducive environment for constructive debate, scrutiny, and oversight.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/parliaments-past-a-mirror-to-changing-dynamics/article68033393.ece

    https://www.thehindu.com/data/the-many-lows-of-the-17th-lok-sabha-data/article67852889.ece

  • How an Ethanol Factory has turned this Vijayawada village from idyllic charm to Industrial nightmare 

    Why in the news? 

    • Recently Gandepalli village in news because of devastating impact of an ethanol factory (Sentini BioProducts Pvt. Ltd) since 2008
    • Residents are struggling with foul air and water, poisoned crop fields, and depleting water tables

    Negative impact on village 

    Sentini BioProducts Pvt. Ltd. is a company involved in the production of ethanol and animal feed supplements. It specializes in manufacturing extra-neutral alcohol (ENA), a type of ethanol.

    • Under the red category: Ethanol production plants and distilleries, including Sentini BioProducts, fall under the ‘red category’ as per Central government norms, indicating high pollution levels (score of 60 or more)
    • Wastewater Discharge: The factory is mandated to have a Zero Liquid Discharge system in place. However, residents report untreated wastewater discharge into the nearby irrigation canal.
    •  Air Pollution: Residents complain of a choking stench and polluted air emanating from the factory, indicating potential air pollution issues.
    •  Crop Damage: Extensive crop damage is reported by villagers, indicating potential contamination of agricultural lands by pollutants from the factory. Over more than 10 years, farmers in the area have experienced a decline in crop quality and yield, particularly in paddy cultivation.
    •  Negative Impact on quality of Life: Pollution from the factory negatively impacts the quality of life for local residents, posing health risks and environmental hazards.

    Regulatory Failures in this situation:

    • Unable to address the problem: Despite multiple complaints from villagers and show-cause notices issued to the factory since 2013, regulatory authorities, including the Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB), have been ineffective in addressing the pollution issues.
    • Regulatory lapse revealed by Lokayukta: The Lokayukta inquiry revealed lapses by regulatory bodies, including the APPCB and the Joint Director of Agriculture of Krishna district, in investigating and addressing the environmental damage caused by the factory’s operations.
    • Delay in action: The delay in taking appropriate action and the failure to enforce environmental regulations have allowed the factory to continue its polluting activities unabated.

    Suggestive measures to address the situation:

    •  Need Comprehensive Investigation: Conduct a thorough investigation into the environmental impact of Sentini BioProducts Pvt. Ltd. on Gandepalli village. This investigation should include assessments of air and water quality, soil contamination, and the extent of crop damage caused by the factory’s operations.
    • Enforcement of Environmental Standards: Ensure strict compliance with environmental standards and regulations by the factory.
    • Community Engagement: Foster meaningful dialogue and engagement between the factory management, regulatory authorities, and the local community. Provide opportunities for residents to voice their concerns, share their experiences, and participate in decision-making processes related to environmental management and pollution control measures.
    • Remediation and Compensation: Implement measures to remediate the environmental damage caused by the factory, including restoration of polluted water bodies, soil remediation, and compensation for affected farmers.

     Conclusion 

    The devastating impact of Sentini BioProducts Pvt. Ltd. on Gandepalli village, including pollution, crop damage, and regulatory failures, necessitates urgent comprehensive investigation, strict enforcement of environmental standards, community engagement, and remediation efforts to restore environmental health and livelihoods.