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GS Paper: GS2

  • India to ratify High Seas Treaty

    Why in the News? 

    India has chosen to endorse and formally adopt the High Seas Treaty, a global accord aimed at conserving and safeguarding biodiversity in the oceans.

    • This treaty is frequently linked to the 2015 Paris Agreement due to its extensive scope and potential influence.

    What is the ‘High Seas Treaty’ agreement?

    • The agreement being referred to is the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement, also known as the High Seas Treaty.
    • Aim: To address the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction, which constitute about 64% of the ocean surface.
    • Objective:  To establish a framework for governing activities in these high seas areas to ensure environmental protection, regulate resource extraction, and promote equitable sharing of benefits from marine genetic resources.
      • It operates within the framework of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and aims to strengthen international cooperation and governance for the preservation of marine biodiversity.

    Significance of the Treaty:

    • Conservation of Marine Biodiversity: It covers a vast portion of the global ocean- these areas are crucial for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem functions that are vital for global marine health.
    • Governance and Regulation: The treaty establishes a framework for governing human activities in the high seas, such as fishing, mining, and bioprospecting. It seeks to regulate these activities to ensure they are sustainable and do not cause irreversible harm to marine ecosystems.
    • Global Environmental Protection: Similar to the Paris Agreement on climate change, the BBNJ Agreement represents a global effort to protect and manage resources that are essential for the well-being of present and future generations.
      • Addressing threats like overfishing and habitat destruction, it contributes to global efforts towards sustainable development and environmental conservation.
    • Equitable Sharing of Benefits: The treaty includes provisions such as pharmaceutical developments. This ensures that benefits derived from these resources are shared fairly among countries and communities, promoting global equity and access to valuable resources.
    • International Collaboration: It fosters international cooperation and collaboration in ocean governance.
      • By bringing together countries it strengthens the rule of law and promotes transparency and accountability in global ocean management.

    Comparison with the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change

    Dimensions  High Seas Treaty- Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) 2015 Paris Agreement 
    Scope and Focus Marine biodiversity conservation in the case of BBNJ Focuses on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climate impacts
    Legal Framework It integrates with the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) Paris Agreement operates under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
    Approach to Governance Promotes governance structures that facilitate cooperation among nations to achieve common environmental goals. same
    Implications for Global Cooperation Underscore the importance of multilateralism and collective action in addressing global environmental challenges. same

     

    Conclusion: Need to establish robust mechanisms for implementing and monitoring the BBNJ Agreement at national and international levels. This includes setting up effective reporting systems, conducting regular assessments of biodiversity conservation measures, and ensuring compliance with regulations on resource extraction and marine genetic resources.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (UPSC IAS/2021)

  • [pib] National Commission for Minorities (NCM)

    Why in the News?

    The National Commission for Minorities (NCM) has advised State Governments/UTs to conduct “Sarv Dharma Meetings”.

    Advisory on “Sarv Dharma Meetings”

    • NCM advised State Governments/UTs to conduct “Sarv Dharma Meetings”:
    1. At Sub-divisional level of States monthly.
    2. At District level half-yearly.
    • It is aimed at curbing attacks and hate crimes against minority communities to prevent communal disharmony.
    • NCM emphasized that hate crimes stem from mental weakness and anger, highlighting citizens’ rights to practice and preach their religion freely.

    Responsibilities and Recommendations

    • Citizens and society urged to disown and condemn hate crimes.
    • Advocated for punitive actions by authorities against anti-social elements.
    • Proposed mechanisms involving civic society to deter anti-social and anti-national forces and prevent societal violence.

     

    About National Commission for Minorities (NCM)

    • It is a statutory body formed on the basis of National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992 and replaced an earlier body called Minorities Commission.
    • The Commission consists of a total of 7 persons to be nominated by the Central Government from amongst persons of eminence, ability and integrity.
    • It consists of a Chairperson, a Vice- Chairperson and 5 Members.
    • Each Member holds office for a period of 3 years from the date of assumption of office.

    Functions of NCM:

    1. Evaluate minority development progress.
    2. Monitor constitutional and legal safeguards.
    3. Recommend effective safeguard implementation.
    4. Address complaints regarding deprivation of rights.
    5. Conduct studies on discrimination and recommend measures.
    6. Research socio-economic and educational development.
    7. Suggest measures to Central or State Governments.
    8. Make periodical or special reports to the Central Government.
    9. Address any matter referred by the Central Government.

    Powers of NCM:

    1. Summon and enforce attendance of any person from India.
    2. Require discovery and production of documents.
    3. Receive evidence on affidavit.
    4. Requisition public records from courts or offices.
    5. Issue commissions for examining witnesses and documents.

    Who are Minorities?

    • The Central has notified minority communities at the national level in consultation with various stakeholders under Section 2 (c) of the National Commission for Minorities (NCM), Act, 1992.
    • The six communities notified as minority communities under Section 2(c) of the NCM Act are Christians, Sikhs, Muslims, Buddhists, Parsis, and Jains.
      • Jains were notified as minority community in January 2014.
    • Notification of any community-specific to a State as a minority community within a State comes under the purview of the respective State.

    Total Minority Population in India as per 2011 Census: 

    19.3% of the total population (Muslims: 14.2%; Christians: 2.3%; Sikhs: 1.7%; Buddhists: 0.7%; Jains: 0.4%; Parsis: 0.006%)

    Rights & Safeguards for Minorities:

    Under Fundamental Rights (Part III of the Indian Constitution):

    1. Article 29(1): Right to conserve distinct language, script, or culture.
    2. Article 30(1): Right to establish and administer educational institutions.
    3. Article 30(2): Freedom from discrimination in receiving state aid.

    Under Official Language (Part XVII of the Indian Constitution):

    1. Article 347: Rights for language spoken by any section of the population.
    2. Article 350A: Instruction in mother tongue.
    3. Article 350B: Special officer for linguistic minorities.

    Sachar Committee Report (2006):

    Constitution Date: 9 March 2005

    Key Recommendations:

    • Create a National Data Bank (NDB) for socio-religious data.
    • Establish an Equal Opportunity Commission.
    • Provide incentives for a ‘diversity index.’
    • Ensure high-quality education for children aged 0-14.
    • Set up government schools in Muslim-concentrated areas.
    • Increase Muslim employment share in public-facing jobs.
    • Enact state laws for minority representation.
    • Support initiatives in Muslim-concentrated occupations.
    • Improve minority participation in commercial banks.
    • Focus on inclusive development while respecting diversity.

     

    PYQ:

    [2011] In India, if a religious sect/community is given the status of a national minority, what special advantages it is entitled to?

    1. It can establish and administer exclusive educational institutions.
    2. The President of India automatically nominates a representative of the community to Lok Sabha.
    3. It can derive benefits from the Prime Minister’s 15-Point Programme.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 1 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3
  • [9th July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: A brewing duel amid Manila’s dual engagement

    [9th July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: A brewing duel amid Manila’s dual engagement

    PYQ Relevance:

    Mains: 

    Q) With respect to the South China sea, maritime territorial disputes and rising tension affaire the need for safeguarding maritime security to ensure freedom of navigation and ever flight throughout the region. In this context, discuss the bilateral issues between India and China. (UPSC IAS/2014)

    Q) Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) is transforming itself into a trade bloc from a military alliance, in present times Discuss.  (UPSC IAS/2020)

    Q) The new tri-nation partnership AUKUS is aimed at countering China’s ambitions in the Indo-Pacific region. Is it going to supersede the existing partnerships in the region? Discuss the strength and impact of AUKUS in the present scenario. (UPSC IAS/2021)

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims: QUAD countries; South China Sea;

    Mains:  Regional Security and Institutions; QUAD countries; South China Sea;

    Mentor comment: There is growing anti-China sentiment in India, with 84% of Indians believing they “cannot trust China” and 59% believing “India should go to war with China over the border conflict. There is also growing sentiment of anti-Chinese feeling in several Southeast Asian countries, driven by a mix of historical prejudices, economic resentment, and concerns over China’s growing regional influence.

    Under President Marcos Jr., the Philippines is taking a more assertive stance against China’s actions in the South China Sea, in contrast to the previous administration’s conciliatory approach. However, the Philippines remains economically reliant on China, creating a “dual engagement” that may become difficult to maintain as tensions rise.

    Today’s Article suggests that the Philippines under Marcos Jr. is poised for a more confrontational approach towards China, with significant implications for regional security and the country’s complex relationships with both the US and China.

    Let’s learn!

    __

    Why in the news? 

    Ferdinand Marcos Jr. (affectionately known as “Bongbong”) is leading the Philippines with a more assertive stance compared to his predecessor, Rodrigo Duterte.

    Background:

    • US-Philippines Relationship: The relationship has seen an upswing since Marcos Jr.’s election victory in 2022, marking the return of the Marcos family to Malacañang Palace.
    • Tensions in the South China Sea: Tensions have increased due to territorial disputes and competing claims.
      • Images of the Chinese maritime militia using water cannons against Philippine fishing boats raised tensions in the region.
      • Marcos Jr. sharply criticized China’s actions in the South China Sea at the Shangri-La Dialogue in Singapore.
      • China views Marcos Jr. as an American lackey, bent on inviting chaos and conflict in the region.

    American stakes in the Philippines

    • Historical Context:
      • The Philippines’ strategic location in the South China Sea makes it an indispensable actor in the U.S.’s Indo-Pacific strategy to counter China.
      • The U.S. has a Mutual Defense Treaty with the Philippines dating back to 1951, but is cautious about getting entangled in a naval battle with China, its peer competitor
      • The U.S. has around 400,000 American citizens, including many military veterans, residing there.

    Leveraging support from Quad partners: Mr. Marcos Jr. is leveraging support from Quad partners (India, Australia, Japan, U.S.) to transform the Philippines’ military forces.

    • India: India delivered BrahMos missile launchers and missiles to the Philippines in a $374.96 million deal.
      • India supports the 2016 Tribunal ruling against China’s actions in the Philippines’ exclusive economic zone, which China ignored.
    • Japan: Japan provided $4 million worth of coastal surveillance radars to the Philippine Navy and pledged to fund 7 more patrol ships.
      • Japan’s assistance aims to help the Philippine Coast Guard focus on military missions rather than enforcing the EEZ.
    • Australia: South Korea is also approached for coast guard vessel development, and Australia is the Philippines’ second largest bilateral grant aid donor.
      • Despite preparing to confront China, the Philippines remains reliant on China’s $9.1 billion in financial support to previous administrations.
    • USA: It is uncertain how long the Philippines can maintain this dual engagement with the U.S. and China, as Marcos Jr.’s friction with China is likely to affect Beijing’s financial flows.
    What role do Quad partners play in the Philippines’ strategy against China?

    • Enhanced Defense Cooperation: President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. has granted US troops expanded access to Philippine bases under the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) and negotiated new defense deals with Japan.
    • Joint Military Exercises: The Philippines conducts joint military exercises with the US, Japan, and Australia, focusing on potential contingencies in the South China Sea and Taiwan. These exercises aim to improve military interoperability and enhance the Philippines’ ability to respond to Chinese coercion.
    • Maritime Security: Australia and the Philippines have agreed to conduct joint maritime patrols across the South China Sea, which will help monitor and counter Chinese maritime activities. This cooperation is seen as a significant deterrent to Chinese aggression. 

    Conclusion: The Philippines is part of a new quadrilateral grouping, dubbed the “Squad,” which includes the US, Japan, Australia, and the Philippines. This grouping aims to enhance military interoperability and address the challenges posed by China’s expansive military activities in the region.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-brewing-duel-amid-manilas-dual-engagement/article68381943.ece

  • What are the new provisions for Police Officers?  

    Why in the News? 

    The Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPRD) has issued Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) to assist police officers in implementing these new provisions in the criminal laws.      

    With the new criminal laws coming into effect, how have the basic duties of police officers changed?

    • Registration of FIRs: The officer in charge cannot refuse to register an FIR due to jurisdiction issues. They must register a zero FIR and transfer it to the respective station. Non-registration can attract penal action.
    • Electronic Filing of FIRs: Information for FIRs can be given electronically, which must be signed within three days.
    • Mandatory Videography: Videography is now required during searches, crime scene documentation, and property possession processes. This is to ensure transparency and integrity in investigations.
    • Display of Arrest Information: Information about arrested individuals must be displayed prominently in police stations, ensuring transparency and accountability.

    What are some of the changed provisions concerning arrests of elderly and infirm people?

      • Permission from an officer not below the rank of DySP is required to arrest individuals above 60 years or those who are infirm for offenses punishable by less than three years.
      • Handcuffing is restricted and can only be used if there is a possibility of the person escaping custody or causing harm. This aligns with the Supreme Court guidelines.
    • What about preserving electronic evidence?
      • The new laws emphasize maintaining the sequence of custody for electronic devices to ensure the integrity of evidence.
      • The investigating officer must inform the informant or victim about the progress of the investigation within 90 days.

    How can electronic evidence be stored?

    • Use of eSakshya App: A cloud-based mobile app, eSakshya, allows police to capture photos and videos, ensuring they are geo-tagged and time-stamped.
    • Integration with ICJS: The data captured via eSakshya is part of the Inter-operable Criminal Justice System (ICJS), making it accessible to the judiciary, prosecution, and forensic experts.
    • Training and Equipment: Investigating officers must be provided with electronic devices and proper training to handle and preserve electronic evidence effectively.

    Challenges and Implementation Issues: 

    • Implementation and Training: The transition to new protocols, such as mandatory videography and electronic filing of FIRs, requires extensive training for police officers. 
      • Ensuring that all officers are proficient with the new technology and understand the updated procedures can be a significant logistical and financial challenge.  
    • Infrastructure and Connectivity: Effective implementation of electronic evidence preservation and zero FIR registration demands robust digital infrastructure and reliable internet connectivity, especially in remote or rural areas. 
      • Many police stations may lack the necessary resources or face frequent connectivity issues, potentially hindering the timely and accurate processing of electronic evidence and FIRs.  

    Way forward:

    • Need Enhanced Training Programs: Implement comprehensive training programs for police officers nationwide to familiarize them with the new criminal laws and technological advancements.
    • Need Improved Digital Infrastructure: Invest in upgrading digital infrastructure and ensuring reliable internet connectivity across all police stations, especially in rural and remote areas.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q The jurisdiction of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) regarding lodging an FIR and conducting probe within a particular State is being questioned by various States. However, the power of the States to withhold consent to the CBI is not absolute. Explain with special reference to the federal character of India. (UPSC IAS/2021)

     

  • State of Economic Emergency in Argentina

    Why in the News?

    Argentina faces one of the world’s highest inflation rates and a decade-long economic stagnation.

    • The International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) earlier decision to release $4.7 billion from a $57 billion bailout package to Argentina, despite missed targets, raised eyebrows.

    IMF’s Controversial Decision:

    • The IMF dispersed $4.7 billion, including overdue and advanced payments, to bolster President Milei’s nascent government.
    • This move contradicted IMF guidelines requiring adherence to economic conditions, signaling geopolitical influence and strategic support.

    Argentina’s Economic Struggles

    • Persistent fiscal deficits and chronic inflation have plagued Argentina, with historical inflation averaging 190% from 1944 to 2023.
    • The government defaulted on sovereign debt nine times, exacerbating economic instability.
      • Since 2009, fiscal deficits persisted, reaching 4.4% of GDP in 2023, fueled by overspending and reliance on the inflation tax.
    • Milei’s administration targets fiscal reform to eliminate large deficits, contrasting with past failed attempts like the Austral Plan.
      • Alfonsín launched the Austral Plan, an austerity program that implemented a new currency (the austral), wage and price controls, and currency devaluations.

    IMF and its Bailout

    • The IMF is an international organization (190 member countries) that provides loans, technical assistance, and policy advice to member countries.
    • Established in 1944 to promote international monetary cooperation, exchange rate stability, balanced economic growth, and poverty reduction.
    • Hq: Washington, D.C.
    • An IMF bailout, or an IMF program, is a loan package provided to financially troubled countries.
      • Bailout programs have specific terms and conditions that borrowing countries must meet to access the funds.

    Types of IMF Bailout Packages:

    Description Duration Conditionality
    Stand-by Arrangements Short-term lending programs for countries with temporary balance of payments problems. 1-2 years Specific macroeconomic policies for stabilization
    Extended Fund Facility Medium-term lending programs to address balance of payments difficulties from structural weaknesses. Longer-term Extensive conditionality and significant reforms
    Rapid Financing Instrument Loan program providing quick financing for countries with urgent balance of payments needs. Flexible Fewer conditions and shorter application process

     

     

    PYQ:

    [2016] With reference to the International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC), consider the following statements:

    1. IMFC discusses matters of concern affecting the global economy and advises the International Monetary Fund (IMF) on the direction of its work.

    2. The World Bank participates as an observer in IMFC’s meetings.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2 

     

  • Food Colorants and Chemical Additives Under Crackdown in Karnataka

    Why in the News?

    Karnataka’s Food Safety Department ordered action after 40 kebab samples showed unsafe artificial colours, extending the crackdown to Panipuri, Cotton candy, and Gobi Manchurian.

    Artificial Colours in the Controversy 

    • Some artificial colours under scrutiny include:
    1. Sunset Yellow (Yellow 6, E110): Approved in the US but requires a warning label in the EU.
    2. Carmoisine (Red No. 10, E122): A deep red dye often used in food.
    3. Rhodamine B: A banned textile dye sometimes illegally used in food.
    • Different countries have varying regulations for these dyes. For example, tartrazine (E102 in the EU, Yellow 5 in the US) is permitted but only in limited quantities. 

     

    Legal Action against FBOs

    • To take legal action, the department collects a survey sample from an FBO and, if found unsafe, collects four more legal samples for further testing at the Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI).
    • If CFTRI deems the samples unfit for consumption, the FBO is booked under the Food Safety Act and tried at a court of Judicial Magistrate of First Class (JMFC). Penalties can include a fine of up to Rs 10 lakh and imprisonment for 7 years.

    Role of FSSAI in Food Safety and Colorants Regulation

    • The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) plays a crucial role in regulating and ensuring food safety across the country under the Food Safety & Standards Act, 2006. 

    Ingredients legally banned in India by the FSSAI and various states initiatives:

    Parameters Details
    Ingredients Banned in India
    • Rhodamine B: A textile dye sometimes illegally used as a food colorant.
    • Potassium Bromate: A flour treatment agent linked to cancer.
    • Oxytocin: A hormone used unethically in the dairy industry to increase milk production.
    • Calcium Carbide: Used for ripening fruits, which is hazardous to health.
    • Formalin: Used in fish preservation, which is carcinogenic.
    • Brominated Vegetable Oil (BVO): Used in soft drinks, which is linked to various health issues.
    State Initiatives for Food Safety
    • Karnataka: Crackdown on use of unsafe food colorants in kebabs, pani puri, cotton candy, and gobi manchurian.
    • Maharashtra: Rigorous checks on milk adulteration and stringent actions against offenders.
    • Kerala: Implementation of ‘Safe Food’ campaign focusing on reducing pesticide use in vegetables.
    • Tamil Nadu: Regular inspections of street food vendors and training programs on food safety.
    • Delhi: Special drives to monitor and control the use of banned substances in sweets during festive seasons.

    State Food Safety Index (SFSI) by FSSAI sheds light on the performance of Indian states in ensuring food safety.

     

    PYQ:

    [2021] Elaborate the policy taken by the Government of India to meet the challenges of the food processing sector.

    [2018] Consider the following statements: 

    1. The Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 replaced the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954.
    2. The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is under the charge of Director General of Health Services in the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only
    (b) 2 only
    (c) Both 1 and 2
    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

  • On expunction powers in Parliament   

    Why in the News? 

    The 18th Lok Sabha’s special session featured intense debates on the ‘Motion of Thanks’ to the President’s address, culminating in disputes over expunged remarks by Opposition leaders.

    What are expunged remarks?

    Expunged remarks in Parliament refer to the words deemed defamatory, indecent, or unparliamentary by the presiding officer and are deleted from the official record.

    What is a ‘Motion of Thanks’?

    • A Motion of Thanks is moved in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha after the President’s address (Article 87) by an MP of the ruling party, following which it is debated in both the Houses.
    • It is a customary practice, adopted from the British Parliament. The Indian Constitution does not provide for any such motion, except direction that each House shall discuss the matters contained in the address.
    • In most cases, three days are set aside for a discussion of the Motion of Thanks and the members are at liberty to speak on any matter of national or international importance and other issues.

    Why did the Opposition engage in a war of words with the government over expunging certain remarks?

    • The expunging of critical remarks escalated tensions between the Opposition and the government, leading to a verbal clash during the parliamentary session.
    • There were concerns about transparency in the expunction process, with accusations of biased decisions by the presiding officers.
      • The opposition alleged that there were different standards for expunging remarks made by their leaders compared to those made by ruling party members.
      • Opposition members argued that their remarks critical of the Prime Minister and the ruling party were unfairly expunged, infringing on their Parliamentary Privilege of Free speech.

    What is the process for ‘expunging remarks’ in Parliament?

    • Presiding Officer’s Discretion: Under Rule 261 in Rajya Sabha and Rules 380 and 381 in Lok Sabha, the Chairman or Speaker can order expunction if words are deemed defamatory, indecent, unparliamentary, or undignified.
      • If objectionable words are used, the Chair may request their withdrawal; if not complied with, the words are expunged immediately.
    • Recording Changes: Expunged portions are marked with asterisks and a footnote explaining that they were expunged as ordered by the Chair.
    • Publication Restrictions: Media are provided with a list of expunged words/phrases and are prohibited from publishing them to avoid a breach of parliamentary privilege.

    Can a member of the Lok Sabha direct a remark against a Minister?

    • Parliamentary Privilege: Members of Parliament (MPs) have the privilege of ‘Freedom of Speech and Expression’ within the House.
      • This includes the right to question the conduct, policies, or actions of Ministers during parliamentary debates without fear of legal repercussions.
    • Procedural Requirements: According to parliamentary rules (Rule 353 in Lok Sabha), if an MP wishes to make an allegation against a Minister, they are required to provide advance notice.
      • This notice allows the Minister in question to prepare a response or provide facts to address the allegation during the debate.
    • Government Accountability: MPs play a crucial role in holding the government accountable to Parliament and the public. Allegations made against Ministers are part of this oversight function, ensuring transparency and accountability in governance.
      • However, these allegations must be made in adherence to parliamentary decorum and procedural rules to maintain fairness and order in debates.

    What do the various rules state?

    • Rajya Sabha (Rule 261): Allows the Chairman to expunge defamatory, indecent, unparliamentary, or undignified words from proceedings.
    • Lok Sabha (Rules 380 and 381): Similar provisions for the Speaker to expunge objectionable remarks from parliamentary records.
    • Scope of Expunction: Rules also cover situations where remarks are detrimental to the national interest, offensive to dignitaries, or likely to affect religious or communal sensitivities.
    • Digital Age Challenges: Despite expunction, digital recordings and social media can perpetuate expunged remarks, challenging the effectiveness of traditional expunction practices.

    Way forward: 

    • Enhanced Monitoring and Control: Implement advanced monitoring tools that can detect and automatically blur or mute expunged remarks in live broadcasts and recordings of parliamentary proceedings. This can help prevent the inadvertent spread of expunged content on digital platforms.
    • Public Awareness and Education: Encourage responsible reporting and sharing practices to uphold the integrity of expunctions in parliamentary records.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q ‘Once a Speaker, Always a Speaker’! Do you think this practice should be adopted to impart objectivity to the office of the Speaker of Lok Sabha? What could be its implications for the robust functioning of parliamentary business in India? (UPSC IAS/2020)

     

  • Four-year UG Program formally launched in Kerala

    Why in the News?

    Kerala CM Pinarayi Vijayan inaugurated the curriculum of Four-Year Undergraduate Programmes (FYUP) in the state, stressing that it is in line with changes in the Global Education System where the focus is equally on imparting knowledge as well as the transfer of skills and vocational training.

    About Four-Year Undergraduate Program (FYUP):

    Parameters Details
    Key features 
    • Students can choose their major and minor subjects freely, for example science students can pursue humanities courses.
    • Provision for students to complete the degree in 2.5 years if they secure the required credits.
    • Offers 16 FYUP honors programs with research across science, arts, commerce and business streams at the University of Kerala.
    FYUP curriculum
    • It is designed to provide students with knowledge, intellectual abilities, multidisciplinary perspectives, flexible skills, social commitment and research aptitude to make them responsible citizens and offer multiple opportunities in research and employment
    • Includes online courses, skill development, internships and research projects.
    Eligibility criteria
    • Students need a CGPA of 7.5 or above to advance to the 4th year and get an honors degree with research.
    •  Admission based on 12th marks for now, entrance exam planned from next year.

    Administrative and Technological Upgrades required:

    • Regulatory Revisions: Plans for a comprehensive revision of University Acts and Regulations to streamline academic processes and enhance efficiency.
    • K-REAP Initiative: Introduction of Kerala Resources for Education Administration and Planning (K-REAP), a governance software to centralize institutional activities.

    Issues with FYUP Program

    • Implementation Challenges: The introduction of the FYUP faced logistical and administrative hurdles, impacting its rollout across Kerala’s higher educational institutions.
    • Curriculum Adaptation: Critics argue that the FYUP’s curriculum overhaul lacks sufficient alignment with industry needs and fails to adequately prepare students for real-world challenges.
    • Student Adaptation: Some students and educators have expressed concerns about the abrupt shift in academic structure and its impact on learning outcomes and student performance.
    • Evaluation Methods: There is ongoing debate over the effectiveness of the FYUP’s assessment methods, with some stakeholders questioning its ability to accurately gauge student knowledge and skills.
    • Policy Revisions: Continuous revisions and adjustments to the FYUP’s policies and regulations are needed to address evolving educational needs and feedback from various stakeholders.

    New Education Policy (NEP), 2020:

    • The New Education Policy (NEP) 2020 introduced by the Government of India aims to transform the educational landscape of the country.
    • One of the key changes in the NEP is the restructuring of the duration and framework of undergraduate programs.
    • The NEP 2020 introduces a four-year undergraduate program as a standard duration for bachelor’s degrees, replacing the traditional three-year format.
    • Students can exit the program at different stages with a qualification. For example:
      • After 1 Year: Certificate
      • After 2 Years: Diploma
      • After 3 Years: Bachelor’s Degree
      • After 4 Years: Bachelor’s Degree with Research

     

    PYQ:

    [2015] The quality of higher education in India requires major improvement to make it internationally competitive. Do you think that the entry of foreign educational institutions would help improve the quality of technical and higher education in the country. Discuss.

  • Amidst politicians’ new reverence for the Constitution, one thing to remember 

    Why in the news? 

    Voters have cleverly embraced the idea of constitutional principles to protect their freedoms. It’s now everyone’s responsibility, including elected officials, citizens, and the judiciary, to ensure that there’s no overreach.

    Constitutional Provisions:

    • Article 99: Mandates that every member of Parliament must take an oath or affirmation to uphold the Constitution.
    • Third Schedule: Specifies the form of oath or affirmation that members of Parliament, judges of the Supreme Court, and High Courts must take.
    • Part III (Fundamental Rights): Guarantees civil liberties, such as the rights to equality, freedom of speech, and right to life.
    • Part IV (Directive Principles of State Policy): Provides guidelines for governance, directing the state in certain policy matters for the welfare of citizens.

    Basic Structure and Foundational Principles:

    • Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973): Established the doctrine that certain features of the Constitution are beyond the amending power of Parliament if they violate its “Basic Structure”, ensuring that fundamental principles like democracy, secularism, judicial review, and federalism cannot be altered.
    • Foundational Principles: Include the rule of law, separation of powers, judicial independence, and protection of fundamental rights.

    Basic Structure and foundational principles should never be allowed to be eclipsed                                     

    • Protection of Fundamental Rights: The Basic Structure doctrine protects fundamental rights and core principles like democracy, secularism, judicial independence, and federalism in India.
    • Preservation of Constitutional Balance: Eclipsing the Basic Structure and foundational principles could upset the delicate balance of powers among the legislature, executive, and judiciary. These principles ensure that no single branch of government becomes disproportionately powerful, thereby maintaining the checks and balances essential for democratic governance.
    • Upholding the Rule of Law: The Basic Structure doctrine reinforces the supremacy of the Constitution as the supreme law of the land. By preventing its core principles from being undermined or diluted through constitutional amendments or legislative actions, it ensures that all state actions, including laws passed by Parliament, are consistent with constitutional norms and the rule of law.

    Significance of “Judicial Overreach”:

    • Protection of Rights: Judicial overreach often arises when courts intervene to protect fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution, especially when legislative or executive actions are perceived to violate these rights.
    • Checks and Balances: It serves as a crucial check on the powers of the legislature and executive, ensuring that their actions conform to constitutional principles and do not exceed their authority.
    • Defending the Constitution: Courts may intervene to uphold the supremacy of the Constitution, ensuring that laws and actions comply with its provisions, including the Basic Structure doctrine established in the Kesavananda Bharati case.

    Criticisms of judicial overreach:

    • Interference with the Separation of Powers: Critics argue that judicial overreach interferes with the constitutional principle of separation of powers.
    • Lack of Accountability: Another criticism of judicial overreach is that the judiciary is not accountable to the people in the same way that elected representatives are. Because Judges are appointed, not elected 
    • Dilution of Democracy: Some critics argue that judicial overreach can undermine the democratic process by taking important decisions out of the hands of elected officials and placing them in the hands of judges.  

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q What was held in the Coelho case? In this context, can you say that judicial review is of key importance amongst the basic features of the Constitution? (UPSC IAS/2016)

  • The spectre of neo-fascism that is haunting Europe 

    Why in the news?

    Before France’s UEFA Euro 2024 opener, Kylian Mbappé warned against extremist power, saying he doesn’t want to represent a country that opposes his values. Marcus Thuram urged against supporting Marine Le Pen’s party.

    Who is Kylian Mbappé?

    Kylian Mbappé is a French professional footballer who plays as a forward for Paris Saint-Germain (PSG) and the French national team. 

    Differences between Neo-Fascism and Ultra-Right

    • Neo-Fascism revives fascist principles, emphasising extreme nationalism, authoritarianism, and racial supremacy. 
    • Ultra-Right encompasses broader right-wing ideologies, focusing on nationalism, conservatism, and anti-immigration without necessarily adhering to fascist roots. 
    • Neo-fascists often seek to mainstream their image, while ultra-right movements vary widely in intensity and focus on cultural and economic issues.

    Key characteristics of Neofascism:

    • Ultra-nationalism: Extreme patriotism and loyalty to one’s country
    • Racial supremacy: Belief in the superiority of certain races over others
    • Populism: Appealing to the interests and concerns of ordinary people, especially against a perceived elite establishment
    • Authoritarianism: Favoring or enforcing strict obedience to authority at the expense of personal freedom
    • Nativism: Promoting the interests of native inhabitants against those of immigrants
    • Xenophobia: Intense or irrational dislike or fear of people from other countries
    • Opposition to liberal democracy: Rejecting the principles of liberal democracy such as individual rights, political pluralism and the rule of law

    The spectre of the Ultra-Right and Neo-Fascism   

    • Rise of the Ultra-Right in Europe: The ultra-right and neo-fascism are gaining significant traction across Europe. The recent European Union (EU) elections saw substantial gains for ultra-right parties, indicating a shift in political dynamics.
    • Impact on French Politics: Kylian Mbappé and Marcus Thuram’s comments highlight the concerns about the rise of extremist parties in France. Marine Le Pen’s National Rally (RN) party has seen increasing support, posing a challenge to traditional political structures. Emmanuel Macron called for a snap parliamentary election in response to RN’s success, hoping to rally moderate and progressive voters.
    • European Context: The spectre of nationalism and fascism is reminiscent of pre-World War II Europe. Timothy Garton Ash noted the irony of Europe celebrating liberation from fascism while facing a resurgence of similar ideologies.

    Effect of the Growth of the Far Right Over the African and Asian Region

    • Anti-Immigration Sentiment: The far-right’s rise is partly driven by opposition to immigration from Africa and Asia. This sentiment is a legacy of colonialism and has been exacerbated by recent socio-economic challenges.
    • Integration Challenges: Prominent French footballers of African and Arab descent, like Kylian Mbappé and Karim Benzema, symbolize the integration issues within French society. Benzema’s quote, “If I score, I’m French… if I don’t, I’m an Arab,” underscores the conditional acceptance faced by immigrants and their descendants.
    • Policy Implications: Far-right governments may implement stricter immigration policies, affecting migrants and refugees from Africa and Asia. These policies could lead to increased xenophobia and social divisions.

    How French Elections Could Turn Out to Be a Change Point in Both French and European History

    • Potential Shift in Political Power: The success of the RN in the French elections could signify a major shift in political power. If the RN wins the upcoming elections, it could lead to a reconfiguration of French politics, with far-reaching implications for Europe.
    • Influence on European Politics: A far-right victory in France could embolden similar movements across Europe. The trend seen in Italy, Sweden, Germany, Spain, and other countries suggests a broader European shift towards the far-right.
    • Long-Term Implications: The rise of the ultra-right could lead to significant changes in EU policies, particularly regarding immigration, national sovereignty, and international relations. Historical patterns suggest that while such political waves eventually stabilize, the impacts of this shift could be long-lasting and transformative for Europe.

    Conclusion: Need to Implement policies to reduce socio-economic disparities, focusing on marginalized communities, and creating opportunities for employment, education, and social mobility. Invest in social welfare programs to alleviate poverty and economic insecurity, which are often exploited by far-right movements to garner support.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q  ‘In the context of the neo-liberal paradigm of development planning, multi-level planning is expected to make operations cost-effective and remove many implementation blockages.” Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2019)