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GS Paper: GS2

  • Put out the data, boost the dose of transparency

    Context

    The Government must make COVID-19 data including that for vaccine regulatory approvals and policy available.

    Kay decisions

    • On December 25, the Prime Minister of India announced two key decisions.
    • Vaccination of children: All children in the 15-17 age bracket will be eligible to receive COVID-19 vaccines from January 3, 2022.
    • Third shot: All health-care workers, frontline workers and the people aged 60 years and above (with co-morbidities and on the advice of a medical doctor) can get a third shot, or ‘precaution dose’.
    •  The eligibility for the precaution dose will be on the completion of nine months or 39 weeks after the second dose.
    • Teenage children whose birth year is 2007 or before will be eligible for COVID-19 vaccines.
    • Children will receive Covaxin, the reason being (according to the note) it is the only emergency use listed (EUL) World Health Organization vaccine available for use in this age group in India.

    Issues with the decision

    • Lack of scientific evidence: The decision is said to be based on ‘advice of the scientific community’.
    • A few members of the National Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (NTAGI) in India,  have written or spoken publicly about not having enough scientific evidence to administer booster doses and vaccinate children in India.
    • Successive national and State-level sero-surveys have reported that a majority of children in India had got natural infection, while staying at home and thus developed antibodies.
    • The studies have shown that children rarely develop moderate to severe COVID-19 disease.
    • Targeted vaccination approach not adopted: Most public health and vaccine experts favour a ‘targeted vaccination approach’ by prioritising high-risk children for COVID-19 vaccination.
    • However, such an approach is likely to face an operational challenge in the identification of the eligible children.
    • Consultation cost:  A majority of the elderly have one or other comorbidities. Of the 14 crore elderly population in India, an estimated 7 to 10 crore people could have co-morbidities.
    •  If they have to seek advice from a physician, in order to get vaccinated, this essentially means that there would be up to 10 crore of medical consultations, which would come at a cost —  all of which is avoidable.

    Suggestions

    • Do away with prescription: The conditionality of comorbidities and the need for advice/prescription by a doctor for ‘the precaution shot’ in the elderly should be done away with.
    • Third dose to all immunocompromised adults: There is scientific evidence and consensus on administering the third dose for immunocompromised adults.
    • The Indian government should urgently consider administering a third dose for all immunocompromised adults, irrespective of age.
    • Third dose on a different vaccine platform: Studies have found that a heterologous prime-boost approach — third shot on a different vaccine platform — is a better approach.
    • Identify policy questions: Various pending policy questions on COVID-19 vaccine need to be identified urgently.
    • The technical expert should be given complete access to COVID-19 data for analysis and to find answers to those scientific and policy questions.
    • Vaccine supply and stock management: Vaccination for teenage children, exclusively with Covaxin (which means 15 crore doses for this sub-group) has other implications.
    • Covaxin will also be needed for people coming for their first shot, returning for their second shot, and then for their ‘precaution dose’ if a third shot of the same vaccine is allowed.
    • Focus on primary vaccination: The precaution dose and vaccination for children should not divert attention from the task of primary vaccination, which continues to be an unfinished task in India; 46 crore doses are still needed for the first and second shots.
    • Make data public: It is time the Union and State governments in India make COVID-19 data — this includes clinical outcomes, testing, genomic sequencing as well as vaccination — available in the public domain.
    • This would help in formulating and updating COVID-19 policy and strategies and also assess the impact of ‘precaution dose’ as well as vaccination of children.

    Conclusion

    The Indian government urgently needs to make COVID-19 data available, including the one used for regulatory approvals of vaccines and for vaccine policy decisions. This will bring transparency in decision making and increase the trust of the citizen in the process.

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  • ‘Indianizing’ the Legal System and SC’s Views

    At least two Supreme Court judges have in the past few months openly expressed the need to “Indianize” the legal system.

    What is the news?

    • This week, Justice S. Abdul Nazeer underscored the need to embrace the great legal traditions as per Manu, Kautilya, Katyayana, Brihaspati, Narada, Parashara, Yajnavalkya and other legal giants of ancient India.
    • Continued neglect of their great knowledge and adherence to alien colonial legal system is detrimental to the goals of our Constitution and against our national interests, he said.
    • He emphasized the need for Indianization of the legal system to decolonize the Indian legal system.
    • He concluded that this colonial legal system is not suitable for the Indian population.

    Background of the case

    Then CJI P.N. Bhagwati in the M.C. Mehta Case way back in 1986 has said that-

    • We cannot allow our judicial thinking to be constricted by reference to the law as it prevails in England or for the matter of that in any other foreign country.
    • We no longer need the crutches of a foreign legal order.
    • We are certainly prepared to receive light from whatever source it comes from, but we have to build up our own jurisprudence.

    Indianization of Judiciary

    • Last month, CJI N.V. Ramana called for the “Indianization” of the legal system to provide greater access to justice to the poor as the “need of the hour”.
    • CJI emphasized this as an adaptation to the practical realities of our society and localize our justice delivery systems.
    • For example, parties from a rural place fighting a family dispute are usually made to feel out of place in the court, the CJI clarified.

    Major suggestions by CJI:

    (A) Simplification

    • The simplification of justice delivery should be our pressing concern.
    • It is crucial to make justice delivery more transparent, accessible and effective.
    • Procedural barriers often undermine access to justice.
    • The Chief Justice said both judges and lawyers have to create an environment which is comforting for the litigants and other stakeholders.

    (B) Alternate dispute mechanisms

    • The CJI said alternate dispute mechanisms like mediation and conciliation would go a long way in reducing pendency, unnecessary litigation and save resources.

    Major suggestions by CJI:

    (A) Simplification

    • The simplification of justice delivery should be our pressing concern.
    • It is crucial to make justice delivery more transparent, accessible and effective.
    • Procedural barriers often undermine access to justice.
    • The Chief Justice said both judges and lawyers have to create an environment that is comforting for the litigants and other stakeholders.

    (B) Alternate dispute mechanisms

    • The CJI said alternate dispute mechanisms like mediation and conciliation would go a long way in reducing pendency, unnecessary litigation and save resources.

    Recent moves of Indianization

    • Supreme Court judgments show that the Indian legal system had made an early start at consciously getting rid of the “crutches” of colonial influence.

    (1) General principles laid by the SC

    • The evolution of laws in India has been through legislation and the binding precedents of the Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution.
    • Article 142 of the Constitution of India deals with the Enforcement of decrees and orders of the Supreme Court.

    (2) Public Interest Litigation

    • The public interest litigation mechanism is truly Indian.

    (3) Reference to Indian texts

    • Several judgments since the 1980s refer to the works of Manu and Kautilya.
    • In the privacy judgment, Justice S.A. Bobde (retired), referred to how “even in the ancient and religious texts of India, a well-developed sense of privacy is evident”.
    • He mentions that Kautilya’s “Arthashastra prohibits entry into another’s house, without the owner’s consent”.

    Issues with Ancient Texts

    • In the Sabarimala Case, the court pointed to the Manusmriti to observe that in these “ancient religious texts and customs, menstruating women have been considered as polluting the surroundings”.
    • It went on to hold that practices that legitimize menstrual taboos, due to notions of purity and pollution, limit the ability of menstruating women to attain the freedom of movement and the right of entry to places of worship.

    Way forward

    • It is time for courts to wake up from their colonial stupor and face the practical realities of Indian society.
    • Rules and procedures of justice delivery should be made simple.
    • The ordinary, poor, and rural Indian should not be scared of judges or the courts.

     

     

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  • Tussle over the election of Maharashtra Assembly Speaker

    Maharashtra Governor and the incumbent government are locked in a tussle over the election of the Speaker of the Assembly. The Governor has not given his consent to the election program decided by the Cabinet.

    Election of Speakers to the Assembly

    • Article 178 of the Constitution provides for every Legislative Assembly to choose two members of the Assembly to be respectively Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
    • The Constitution does not specify the process of holding these elections; that is left to the state legislatures.
    • It also does not set a timeframe other than to say the elections should be held “as soon as maybe”.

    Some states lay down timeframes

    • In Haryana, the election of the Speaker must be held as soon as possible after the Assembly election, and the Deputy Speaker must be elected within another seven days.
    • In UP, the Speaker’s election is required to be held within 15 days if the post falls vacant during the term of the Assembly.
    • The date for the Speaker’s election is notified by the Governor.

    A crucial case in Maharashtra

    • As per Rule 6 of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Rules, “The Governor shall fix a date for the holding of the election and the Secretary shall send to every member notice of the date so fixed.”
    • A former Secretary of the state Assembly said the election of the Speaker can take place only after the Governor fixes the date for it.

    What are the recent amendments?

    • The govt has moved a motion in the Assembly seeking amendments to Rules 6 (election of Assembly Speaker) and 7 (election of Deputy Assembly Speaker) by voice vote instead of a secret ballot.
    • The amendments excluded the words “holding of the election” and included the words “to elect the Speaker on the recommendation of the Chief Minister” in Rule 6 of Maharashtra Assembly Rules.

    What are the objections to these amendments?

    • The Opposition accused the govt of running the “most insecure government” that does not trust its MLAs and fears there would be cross-voting in the election of the Speaker.
    • It argued that the Rules cannot be amended in the absence of the Speaker.

    What is the government’s position?

    • The government has argued that the amendments are in line with the Rules that are in practice in Lok Sabha, the Upper House of the state legislature, and in the Assemblies of several others states.
    • It has also been said that the amendments would put an end to horse trading.

    What is the way ahead?

    • The govt can explore legal options to see whether the election of the Speaker could be held without the consent of the Governor.
    • However, the situation is very odd.
    • While Rule 6 mandates that the Governor should fix the date for the election, the amendment says that the Governor should fix the date on the advice on the CM.

     

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  • Why the Aadhaar-voter ID link must be stopped

    Context

    The Election Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2021 which facilitates amendment to the Representation of People’s Act, is a step toward implementing online-based remote e-voting for which the use of Aadhaar will be the primary identity.

    Objectives of linking

    • The linking of Aadhaar with one’s voter ID was primarily to build a biometric dependent voting system from the very beginning.
    • The change could help fight fraud and duplicates in the electoral rolls.

    About the pilot programmes on linking the voter id

    • In 2014, the Election Commission of India (ECI) conducted two pilot programmes on linking the voter id with Aadhaar in the districts of Nizamabad and Hyderabad.
    • Based on the effectiveness, the ECI called for a National Consultation on Aadhaar and voter id linking.
    • The ECI launched the National Electoral Roll Purification and Authentication Programme (NERPAP) on April 1, 2015, which had to be completed by August 31, 2015.
    • After a Supreme Court of India order on August 11, 2015, it was announced that this NERPAP would be shut down.
    • But as Telangana and Andhra Pradesh were early adopters of this programme since 2014, both States have nearly completed linking Aadhaar and voter id for all residents.
    • Methodology is unknown: The methodology followed by the ECI to find duplicate voters using Aadhaar is unknown to the general public.
    • SRDH data used: In a letter from the CEO Andhra Pradesh (then for Telangana and Andhra Pradesh) to the ECI, it is clear that the State Resident Data Hub (SRDH) application of the Government of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh was used to curate electoral rolls.
    • The SRDH has data on residents of the State which is supplied by the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) or collected further by the State governments.
    •  While the UIDAI was constrained not to collect data on caste, religion and other sensitive information data for Aadhaar, it recommended to the States to collect this information, if required, as part of Aadhaar data collection; it termed the process as Know Your Resident (KYR) and Know Your Resident Plus (KYR+).
    • It is these SRDH applications that the ECI used to curate electoral rolls which resulted in the deletion of a sizeable number of voters from the list in Telangana in 2018.

    Concerns

    • Disenfranchisement: The role of the ECI to verify voters using door-to-door verification (in 2015) has been subsumed; a software algorithm commissioned by the Government for purposes unknown to the public and maintained by a private IT company is in control now.
    • Subjecting key electoral rolls to surveillance software damages the concept of universal adult suffrage.
    • What the experience in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh highlights is voter suppression and disenfranchisement.
    • Issue of ensuring electoral integrity: In a situation where the role of money makes a mockery of the democratic process, linking Aadhaar will be futile.
    • Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs), if foolproof, put an end to the days of booth capturing prevalent in the days of paper ballots.
    • E-voting can also be gamed using malware to change the outcome of an election.
    • While the Bill does not look into large-scale e-voting, there is an issue of ensuring electoral integrity.
    • Voter profiling: An Aadhaar-voter ID linkage will also help political parties create voter profiles and influence the voting process.
    • Online trends on the day of voting and micro-targeting voters using their data will make it easier for political parties in power to use data for elections.

    Consider the question “What are the objectives of Aadhar-Voter Id linking? What are the concerns associated with such linking?”

    Conclusion

    The linking of Aadhaar with voter ID will create complexities in the voter databases that will be hard to fix. This process will introduce errors in electoral rolls and vastly impact India’s electoral democracy.

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  • NITI Aayog releases fourth edition of State Health Index

    NITI Aayog has released the fourth edition of the State Health Index for 2019–20.

    State Health Index

    • The State Health Index is an annual tool to assess the performance of states and UTs. It is being compiled and published since 2017.
    • The index is part of a report commissioned by the NITI Aayog, the World Bank, and the Union Health and Family Welfare Ministry.
    • The reports aim to nudge states/UTs towards building robust health systems and improving service delivery.

    Components of the index

    • It is a weighted composite index based on 24 indicators grouped under the domains of ‘Health Outcomes’, ‘Governance and Information’, and ‘Key Inputs/Processes’.
    1. Health outcomes: It includes parameters such as neonatal mortality rate, under-5 mortality rate, and sex ratio at birth.
    2. Governance: This includes institutional deliveries, average occupancy of senior officers in key posts earmarked for health.
    3. Key inputs: It consists of the proportion of shortfall in healthcare providers to what is recommended, functional medical facilities, birth, and death registration, and tuberculosis treatment success rate.

    Performance of the states

    • For the fourth year in a row, Kerala has topped a ranking of States on health indicators. Uttar Pradesh has come in at the bottom.
    • Kerala is followed by Tamil Nadu and Telangana, which improved its ranking.

     

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  • Issues with Health Surveys in India

    This article discusses the feasibility of conducting a single comprehensive survey for collecting health-related data in India.

    Context

    • In a country perennially thirsty for reliable health data, the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) is like an oasis.
    • It has a large volume of data that is openly accessible.
    • The report of the fifth round of the NFHS was recently released. Since then, we had many articles covering different aspects (malnutrition, fertility, and domestic violence to name a few).

    What is NFHS?

    • The NFHS is a large-scale, multi-round survey conducted in a representative sample of households throughout India.
    • Three rounds of the survey have been conducted since the first survey in 1992-93.
    • Currently, the survey provides district-level information on fertility, child mortality, contraceptive practices, reproductive and child health (RCH), nutrition, and utilization and quality of selected health services.
    • The Ministry of Health has designated the International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) Mumbai, as the nodal agency, responsible for providing coordination and technical guidance for the survey.

    Issues with health surveys in India

    • Multiple surveys: The NFHS is not the only survey. In the last five years, there has been the National NCD Monitoring Survey (NNMS), the National Mental Health Survey (NMHS) etc.
    • Huge cost: Each survey funding for different rounds of NFHS costs upto ₹250 crore.
    • Huge chunk of data: The size of the survey has obvious implications for data quality.
    • Different estimates: Multiple surveys also raise the problem of differing estimates, as is likely, due to sampling differences in the surveys.
    • Limited respondents: The respondents are largely women in the reproductive age group (15-49 years) with husbands included.
    • Global obligations: Some of these surveys are done to meet the global commitments on targets (NCDs, tobacco, etc.).
    • Undefined purpose The health surveys have confusing research with programme monitoring and surveillance needs. Ex. Questions on domestic violence in NFHS.

    Need of the hour

    • Alignment of purpose: There have been previous attempts to align these surveys but they have failed as different advocates have different “demands” and push for inclusion of their set of questions.
    • Regularity of surveys: NFHS is the only major survey that India has a record of doing regularly. One does not know if and when the other surveys will be repeated.

    One-stop solution

    • National health data architecture: With diverse aspects of health, there is a need to plan the public health data infrastructure for the country.
    • Budgetary outlay: We also need to ensure that these data are collected in an orderly and regular manner with appropriate budgetary allocation.
    • Purpose definition: This requires clarity of purpose and a hard-nosed approach to the issue that randomized activities.
    • National-level indicators: We have to identify a set of national-level indicators and surveys that will be done using national government funds at regular intervals.

    How should surveys be done?

    • There should be three national surveys done every three to five years in a staggered manner:
    1. NFHS focuses on Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) issues
    2. Behavioral Surveillance Survey (focusing on HIV, NCD, water sanitation and hygiene (WASH)-related and other behaviors) and
    3. Nutrition-Biological Survey (entails collection of data on blood pressure, anthropometry, blood sugar, serology, etc.)

    We need to look at alternate models and choose what suits us best.

    Way forward

    • Important public health questions can be answered by specific studies conducted by academic institutions on a research mode based on availability of funding.
    • States have to become active partners including providing financial contributions to these surveys.
    • It is also very important to ensure that the data arising from these surveys are in the public domain.

    Conclusion

    • We are ready to establish public health data architecture for our complexity of needs.
    • We have the technical capacity to do so.
    • All it requires now is the political will.

     

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  • A chance to tap India’s high equity in Myanmar

    Context

    The recent short visit to Myanmar by India’s Foreign Secretary had a clearly-etched mandate: to deepen cooperation with an important neighbour. His mission succeeded to a large extent, but challenges remain.

    Background of the current political scenario in Myanmar

    • Transition to democracy and derailment: Since the military coup on February 1, 2021, the international community has stayed divided on how to address the derailment of Myanmar’s transition to democracy.
    •  For a decade, the country’s system based on power-sharing between the military and elected representatives ran well enough.
    • An overwhelming electoral victory of the National League for Democracy (NLD) led by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi in November 2020, unnerved the military leadership.
    • The Tatmadaw (Myanmar’s military) moved faster, seizing power in violation of the Constitution and putting down the Opposition with an iron hand.
    • Global reaction: Global dismay was evident in the western sanctions, but others such as Russia saw the opportunity to strengthen ties with the new rulers.
    • China took urgent steps to stabilise and expand cooperation with the military regime.
    • The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) first showed creativity through its ‘Five-Point Consensus’ formula, but later its unity stood damaged once Myanmar’s top leader Senior General Min Aung Hlaing refused to cooperate.

    India’s position and bilateral concerns

    • In Indian foreign Secretary Mr. Shringla visit he succeeded in holding substantive discussions with various stakeholders.
    • India’s position: India’s position, as conveyed to Myanmar, is similar to and supportive of ASEAN: release of political prisoners; resolution of issues through dialogue; cessation of “all violence”; and full cooperation with ASEAN.
    • Assistance for capacity building: In recent years, India has assisted Myanmar through capacity-building programmes for strengthening the transition to democracy.
    • This assistance remains available, but it is not an offer of mediation by India in the military-NLD conflict.
    • This burden will have to be borne by ASEAN.
    • India’s concerns: India’s principal concerns pertaining to border security and stability in its neighbourhood were clearly conveyed, especially the noticeable escalation of activities of anti-India insurgent groups.
    • Refugee issue: The second issue — the outcome of Myanmar’s instability — is that of refugees. Several thousands of Myanmar people have sought shelter in Mizoram.
    • This will only be reversed by a political settlement in Myanmar, through dialogue.
    • Economic cooperation: Economic cooperation has always been a major agenda item in all bilateral discussions with Myanmar.
    • Central to this is India’s long-delayed commitment to “expeditious implementation” of mega initiatives such as the Trilateral Highway and Kaladan projects.

    Way forward

    • China is not the only friend: India continues to have high equity in Myanmar, which it must now carefully leverage.
    •  It is reflected in the special gesture made by Senior General Min Aung Hlaing to receive Mr. Shringla and hold detailed discussions in Yangon. This is unusual.
    • The protocol departure for Mr. Shringla revealed current political realities which should be carefully factored in against the argument that China is the only friend Myanmar has.
    • Leverage the gainst of the visit: India can leverage the gains of this visit and keep up the momentum by inviting Myanmar’s Foreign Minister at an appropriate time as well as other important stakeholders to India for deliberations with their counterparts here.

    Conclusion

    The single goal should be to put Myanmar back on the path of becoming “a stable, democratic and federal union.

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  • Extending outpatient health care coverage

    Context

    Over the past two decades, initiatives announced to extend health care coverage to the indigent sections have come under criticism due to their near-exclusive focus on hospitalisation (inpatient, IP) care.

    Significance of outpatient health care

    • What is outpatient health care: Outpatient (OP) health care, mainly comprising doctor consultations, drugs, and tests, can be called ‘the elephant in the room’ of Indian public health care policy.
    • OP expenses have the majority share in total out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure on health.

    Why do we need to extend OP care coverage?

    • How IP care differs from OP care? IP care comprises high-impact and unavoidable episodes that are less prone to misuse than OP care, for which demand is considerably more sensitive to price and is thus more prone to overuse under health insurance.
    • IP insurance prioritised: This logic, among other reasons, has led to IP insurance schemes being prioritised.
    • [1] OP care and preventive care is neglected: While a price-sensitive demand for OP care entails that it could be misused under insurance, it also means that OP care is the first to come under the knife when there is no insurance.
    • In India, where there are many public IP insurance schemes but no OP coverage, this incentive is further amplified.
    • The mantra of ‘prevention is better than cure’ thus goes for a toss.
    • [2] Against economic sense: It defies economic sense to prioritise IP care over OP care for public funds.
    • Preventive and primary care services which often come with externalities, elicit little felt need and demand, and must therefore be the primary recipients of public investment.
    • Not conducive to epidemiological profile: Greater investments in IP care today translate to even greater IP care investments in future, further reduction in primary care spending, and ultimately lesser ‘health’ for the money invested.
    • None of these are conducive to the epidemiological profile that characterises this country.

    Issues with using private commercial insurance to extend OP care coverage nationwide

    • Some recent policy pronouncements by the Centre have conveyed an inclination to expand healthcare coverage with little fiscal implications for the government.
    • Challenges:
    • [1] The OP practices are under-regulated and there is a lack of standards.
    • [2] The difficulty to monitor OP clinical and prescribing behaviours and the concomitant higher likelihood of malpractices.
    • [3] Low public awareness of insurance products and a low ability to discern entitlements and exclusions.
    • [4] Add to it the inexperience that a still under-developed private OP insurance sector brings.
    • All these entail tremendous and largely wasteful costs and administrative complexity, and it would be of little help even if the government was to step in with considerable subsidies.

    Suggestion

    • Need for fiscal and time commitment: Significant improvements in healthcare are implausible without significant fiscal and time commitments.
    • No perfect model: There is no ‘perfect’ model of expanding healthcare — the emphasis must be on finding the best fit.
    • Implementing even such a best fit could involve adopting certain modalities with known drawbacks.
    • Expand public spending: The focus must be on expanding public OP care facilities and services financed mainly by tax revenues.
    • For India, wisdom immediately points to successful countries that are (or were, at one point) much closer to its socioeconomic fabric, such as Thailand, than countries like the U.S. which we currently look to emulate.
    • Now, the sparse number and distribution of public facilities offers various modes of rationing care, and their expansion is likely to result in a considerable spike in demand.
    • Contracting with private players: Contracting with private players based on objective and transparent criteria would also be called for, with just enough centralised supervision to deter corruption while preserving local autonomy.
    • To deter supply-side malpractices, low-powered modes of provider payment, such as capitation, may be considered for private providers wherever possible.

    Conclusion

    There are several compelling reasons for extending outpatient health care coverage even though there are several challenges to overcome to achieve this.

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  • Trincomalee Oil Farms Deal

    After a year of negotiations, Sri Lanka will ink the deal with India to jointly develop the Trincomalee oil tank farms — a coveted project that has remained controversial for decades.

    About Trincomalee oil field

    • The facility, built by the British around World War II as a refueling station, has 99 storage tanks that look like giant wells.
    • They have a capacity of 12,000 kilolitres each.
    • Eighty-four of those are in the 800-acre Upper Tank Farm (UTF). For a good part of a century now, these tanks have remained unused, shrouded in a forest.
    • The Lower Tank Farm (LTF) has 16 tanks, spread across 50 acres.

    Historical background

    • Trincomalee harbor is the second deepest natural harbor in the world.
    • The British who were in control of the island decided to make this as their primary logistics station in the east after World War I.
    • It is also a lesser-known but important logistic station during World War II.
    • British started the oil storage project in 1924 and completed in late 1930s.
    • After that it was abandoned by the British in 1948 when Sri Lanka gained independence.
    • In 2002, the development of this tank farm was revived by an Indian company Indian Oil Corporation (IOC).

    History of India’s interest in Trincomalee

    • The development of the Trincomalee Oil Tank farm has been a recurring talking point in Indo-Lanka relations since 1987.
    • It was first mentioned in the Indo- Lanka Accord signed by PM Rajiv Gandhi and President Jayewardene.
    • Despite that, nothing really took off until 2003, when Indian Oil Corporation set up Lanka IOC, its Sri Lankan subsidiary.
    • The agreement remained dormant for years, until the Sirisena- Wickremesinghe administration tried revisiting it through the 2017 MoU.

    Significance of Trincomalee

    • Demography: Trincomalee is home to 3.7 lakh Muslim, Tamil and Sinhala people and Trincomalee, in Sri Lanka’s post-war years.
    • Tourism: It has emerged as a favorite destination for surfers from around the world, gradually transforming with plush resorts and restaurants dotting its coast.
    • Important sea route: Trincomalee remains in spotlight as a potential transit point for international trade routes, particularly drawing India which has known strategic interests there.
    • Balancing China: From India’s geostrategic viewpoint, Trincomalee is an important counterbalance to the southern Hambantota Port backed substantially by China.

    Hurdles to the Project

    • Public resistance: India-backed projects in Sri Lanka tend to draw way more public resistance from nationalists among the majority Sinhalese constituency than projects with Chinese or American involvement.
    • Anti-India sentiments: Observers in Sri Lanka attribute this to the “baggage” that Indian diplomacy carries, years after its intervention during different stages of Sri Lanka’s civil war.

     

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  • Every third informal worker is now registered on E-Shram Portal

    Every third informal sector worker in India is now registered on the e-Shram portal with registration on the portal crossing the 14 crore mark in four months.

    About E-Shram Portal

    • The Ministry of Labour and Employment has launched the E-Shram Portal for creating a National Database of Unorganized Workers (NDUW) this year.
    • The E-Shram portal will cover all unorganised workers of the nation and help link them to social security schemes of the Government of India.
    • Aadhaar with mobile number linked is mandatory for the registration.

    Category of unorganized workers covered:

    1. Construction Worker
    2. Migrant Worker
    3. Gig & Platform Worker
    4. Street Vendor Worker
    5. Agriculture Worker
    6. Others

    Broad objectives of this portal

    • Creation of a centralized database of all unorganized workers (UWs)
    • To improve the implementation efficiency of the social security services for the unorganized workers
    • Integration of Social Security Schemes meant for UWs being administered by MoLE and subsequently, those run by other ministries as well
    • Portability of the social security and welfare benefits to the migrant and construction workers
    • Providing a comprehensive database to Central and State Governments for tackling any National Crises like COVID-19 in future

    Benefits of registration

    • Under the scheme, Rs 2.0 Lakh Accidental Insurance cover will be provided to every registered (on E-Shram portal) unorganized worker.
    • Every registered unorganized worker shall be issued an E- Shram card with a unique Universal Account Number (UAN).
    • He/She will be able to access the benefits of the various social security schemes through this Card anywhere anytime.

    Who can register on this Portal?

    Any individual satisfying the following conditions can register on the portal:

    • An unorganized worker (UW).
    • Age should be between 16-59 years.
    • Not a member of EPFO/ESIC or NPS (Govt. funded)

    What is required for registration?

    Following is required to register on the portal:

    • Aadhaar Number
    • Mobile number linked with Aadhaar.
    • Savings Bank Account Number with IFSC code

    Registrations done so far

    • The latest data of the portal shows that the top five States in terms of number of registrations on e-Shram are U.P., West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha and Jharkhand.
    • Gender analysis of the data shows that 52.56% are female while 47.44% are male.
    • The data show that 42.64% of the registered workers are other backward classes (OBC) followed by 26.45% from general category, 22.54% from the scheduled caste and 8.38% from the Scheduled Tribe.
    • It also show that over 94% registered workers’ income is ₹10,000 per month or below while over 4% have income in the rage of ₹10,000 to ₹15,000 per month.
    • About 51% workers are farm laborers, 11% in construction, 10% in domestic and household work and 6.5% in the apparel segment.

     

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