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GS Paper: GS2

  • Japan Deploys First Long-Range Missile  

    Why in the News?

    Japan has deployed its first long-range upgraded Type-12 missile at Camp Kengun, Kumamoto Prefecture to strengthen its counter-strike capability amid rising regional tensions, particularly involving China and North Korea.

    Type-12 Missile

    • Developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
    • Type: Land-to-Ship / Land-Attack Missile
    • Range:
      • Earlier: 200 km
      • Upgraded: ~1,000 km
    • Platform: Truck-mounted mobile launcher
    • Capability:
      • Can strike enemy bases
      • Enhances counter-strike capability

    Why Japan is Expanding Military Capability

    Japan cites:

    • Rising China military activity
    • North Korea missile tests
    • Tensions over Taiwan Strait
    • Regional security uncertainty
    [2023] Consider the following statements: 
    1 Ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at subsonic speeds throughout their flights, while cruise missiles are rocket-powered only in the initial phase of flight. 
    2 Agni-V is a medium-range supersonic cruise missile, while BrahMos is a solid-fuelled intercontinental ballistic missile. 
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 
    (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

  • [31st March 2026] The Hindu OpED: The continued pursuit of the perfect election

    PYQ Relevance[UPSC 2024] Examine the need for electoral reforms as suggested by various committees with particular reference to ‘one nation-one election’ principle.Linkage: The PYQ directly links to issues of electoral integrity, inducements, MCC violations, and ECI capacity discussed in the article. The article’s focus on phase reduction, money power, and institutional reforms reflects the broader debate on electoral reforms and systemic efficiency.

    Mentor’s Comment

    India’s upcoming Assembly elections across five regions are being conducted in just two phases, sharply reduced from eight phases in 2021, indicating improved logistical capacity and confidence in election management. This is significant as elections involving 2.19 lakh polling stations, 17.4 crore voters, and over 25 lakh officials represent one of the largest democratic exercises globally. At the same time, persistent challenges, such as ₹10,000 crore worth of inducements seized in 2024 elections, rising misinformation, deepfakes, and electoral violence risks, highlight a stark contrast between administrative efficiency and ethical erosion in democratic processes.

    How has electoral management in India evolved in scale and efficiency?

    1. Scale of Elections: Ensures participation of 17.4 crore voters across 2.19 lakh polling stations, making it one of the largest democratic exercises globally.
    2. Administrative Deployment: Facilitates involvement of 25 lakh election officials, 8.5 lakh security personnel, and 49,000 micro-observers, ensuring logistical coverage.
    3. Geographical Reach: Ensures polling access in remote areas (e.g., officials trekking hours in Tamil Nadu and Kerala; 60 km journeys in Assam crossing rivers).
    4. Phase Reduction: Strengthens efficiency through reduction from 8 phases (2021) to 2 phases, indicating improved security coordination.
    5. Technological Integration: Supports credibility via EVM robustness and live webcasting of polling stations.

    What are the major challenges posed by the ‘4 Ms’ in elections?

    1. Money Power: Distorts electoral fairness through inducements; ₹10,000 crore seized in 2024 elections, nearly 3× of 2019 levels.
    2. Muscle Power: Undermines peaceful voting, especially in politically volatile regions like West Bengal with a history of violence.
    3. Misinformation: Weakens informed choice through fake narratives, especially via social media platforms.
    4. Model Code Violations: Challenges regulatory enforcement through appeals to caste, religion, and identity politics.

    Why do electoral inducements remain a persistent structural issue?

    1. Cash Transfers: Influences voters through direct monetary incentives before polls.
    2. Freebies and Fiscal Populism: Weakens fiscal discipline as manifestos ignore economic sustainability.
    3. Judicial Limitations: Restricts effective control despite Supreme Court observations on “freebie culture.”
    4. Enforcement Measures: Strengthens monitoring through flying squads, static surveillance teams, and digital transaction tracking.
    5. Seizure Data: Indicates scale with ₹400+ crore seized in the first month of recent elections.

    How is digital media reshaping electoral regulation challenges?

    1. Deepfakes: Complicates verification of political messaging in real-time.
    2. Social Media Ethics: Limits effectiveness of voluntary codes in curbing misinformation.
    3. Advertisement Restrictions: Ensures control by banning political ads in print media near polling day unless pre-certified.
    4. Content Monitoring: Strengthens oversight but struggles against rapid dissemination.
    5. Free Speech Debate: Raises concerns over balancing regulation with democratic freedoms.

    What institutional measures has the Election Commission adopted to ensure integrity?

    1. Section 28A Enforcement: Ensures neutrality by binding officials solely to ECI authority.
    2. Observer Deployment: Strengthens oversight through 1,100 central observers.
    3. Security Reforms: Facilitates fair polling via strategic deployment of forces in sensitive areas.
    4. Electoral Roll Revision (SIR): Enhances accuracy by removing duplicates and updating voter lists.
    5. SVEEP Programme: Promotes voter awareness and participation through systematic outreach

    What is the role of voters in safeguarding electoral democracy?

    1. Informed Voting: Ensures resistance to inducements and misinformation.
    2. Civic Responsibility: Strengthens democratic ethos through ethical participation.
    3. Awareness Programmes: Supports engagement via SVEEP initiatives.
    4. Inclusivity Measures: Facilitates participation of elderly (85+) and persons with disabilities through home voting.
    5. Moral Agency: Prevents erosion of democratic values through independent decision-making. 

    Conclusion

    India’s electoral system demonstrates high administrative capacity but faces deep-rooted ethical and regulatory challenges. Strengthening institutional enforcement, regulating digital misinformation, and enhancing voter awareness remain critical for sustaining electoral integrity.

  • On the implications of euthanasia

    Why in the News?

    The recent judgment in Harish Rana v. Union of India marks a significant evolution in India’s euthanasia jurisprudence by operationalising the right to die with dignity under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. For the first time, the Supreme Court has explicitly permitted withdrawal of Clinically Assisted Nutrition and Hydration (CANH), going beyond earlier precedents like Common Cause v. Union of India and Aruna Shanbaug v. Union of India. This is a major shift from a highly restrictive regime to a more autonomy-centric approach, reducing procedural hurdles (such as multiple medical boards) and emphasizing patient dignity. However, it simultaneously raises critical concerns of misuse, coercion, and socio-economic inequality.

    What constitutional transformation does the judgment signify?

    1. Right to Dignity: Expands Article 21 to include dignified death; integrates life and death within the same constitutional continuum.
    2. Autonomy Recognition: Recognizes individual decision-making in end-of-life care; validates living wills and refusal of treatment.
    3. Judicial Evolution: Moves beyond Aruna Shanbaug (2011) and Common Cause (2018) by simplifying execution mechanisms.
    4. State Obligation: Ensures access to palliative care as part of the right to life; links dignity with healthcare delivery.

    How does the judgment simplify procedural mechanisms?

    1. Procedural Rationalisation: Reduces requirement from multiple medical boards to fewer layers; ensures faster decision-making.
    2. Administrative Feasibility: Removes district collector oversight; reduces bureaucratic delays.
    3. Advance Directives: Strengthens legal validity of living wills; facilitates implementation without excessive verification.
    4. Medical Oversight: Retains safeguards through medical opinion; ensures balance between autonomy and ethics.

    What are the ethical principles governing euthanasia decisions?

    1. Autonomy: Ensures patient’s right to choose treatment withdrawal; extends to next of kin in incapacitated cases.
    2. Beneficence: Prioritizes patient welfare; ensures decisions aim to relieve suffering.
    3. Non-Maleficence: Prevents harm; prohibits actions that actively cause death.
    4. Justice: Ensures fairness; raises concerns of unequal access to dignified death due to socio-economic disparities.
    5. Doctrine of Double Effect: Permits actions with dual outcomes (pain relief + possible death); justified if intent is relief, not death.

    What social risks and inequalities does euthanasia raise?

    1. Vulnerability Risk: Elderly, disabled, and poor may face coercion; financial pressures may influence consent.
    2. Economic Burden: High cost of prolonged treatment may push families toward withdrawal decisions.
    3. Social Neglect: Weak family support structures may lead to disguised abandonment.
    4. Cultural Conflict: Traditional belief in preserving life at all costs vs emerging autonomy-based ethics.
    5. Healthcare Inequality: Limited access to palliative care skews decision-making toward euthanasia.

    What is the economic and healthcare dimension of the debate?

    1. Resource Allocation: Prolonged life-support strains healthcare resources; raises efficiency concerns.
    2. Cost of Care: Long-term ICU treatment imposes financial stress; especially on middle and lower-income groups.
    3. Palliative Care Gap: India’s limited palliative infrastructure restricts genuine “choice.”
    4. Policy Implication: Need for integrated end-of-life care systems alongside euthanasia regulation.

    Does the judgment clarify or complicate the legal position?

    1. Terminological Shift: Discourages use of “passive euthanasia”; avoids confusion between acts and omissions.
    2. Legal Clarity: Establishes withdrawal of treatment as legally permissible; aligns with constitutional morality.
    3. Continuity of Care: Mandates ongoing palliative care even after withdrawal decisions.
    4. Interpretational Scope: Leaves grey areas regarding coercion and consent verification. 

    Conclusion

    The judgment marks a shift toward autonomy and dignity but must be complemented by strong safeguards, palliative care expansion, and ethical oversight to prevent misuse and ensure equitable application.

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2023] Is conscience a more reliable guide when compared to laws, rules and regulations in the context of ethical decision making? Discuss.

    Linkage: The PYQ tests ethical decision-making where legal frameworks may be insufficient or rigid. In euthanasia, even with legal sanction, final decisions rely on conscience, balancing dignity, suffering, and moral responsibility beyond written law.

  • WTO E Commerce Moratorium

    Why in News?

    The WTO e commerce moratorium is set to expire at the 14th WTO Ministerial Conference in Yaounde, Cameroon, leading to debate between developed and developing countries including India.

    What Is WTO E Commerce Moratorium?

    • Global agreement among WTO members
     • Prohibits customs duties on electronic transmissions
     • Promotes digital trade growth

    Coverage

    Includes: Software downloads, E books, Music and video streaming, Video games, and Digital services

    Background

    • First adopted 1998 Geneva
    • Initially temporary
    • Renewed every two years
    • Last extended 2024 WTO Ministerial Conference

    Debate Over Extension

    Developed Countries Support

    • United States, European Union, Japan, and Canada

    Reasons

    • Predictable digital trade environment
    • Support global digital economy
    • Protect Big Tech companies

    India and Developing Countries Oppose

    Concerns

    • Loss of tariff revenue
    • Weak domestic digital industries
    • Big Tech dominance

    Studies

    • UNCTAD estimated $10 billion revenue loss
    • OECD says loss can be offset via GST or VAT

    [2015] The terms ‘Agreement on Agriculture’, ‘Agreement on the application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures’ and ‘Peace Clause’ appear in the news frequently in the context of the affairs of the (a) Food and Agricultural Organization (b) United Nations Framework Conference on Climate Change (c) World Trade Organization (d) United Nations Environment Programme

  • [30th March 2026] The Hindu OpED: A missed opportunity to guarantee minimum wages

    PYQ Relevance[UPSC 2024] Discuss the merits and demerits of the four ‘Labour Codes’ in the context of labour market reforms in India. What has been the progress so far in this regard?Linkage: The PYQ examines labour reforms and wage regulation, directly linking to issues of minimum wages, labour protection, and state role highlighted in MGNREGA wage suppression. It helps analyse how policy design and implementation gaps can weaken labour welfare outcomes.

    Mentor’s Comment

    The debate on how wages are fixed under MGNREGA has grown with the proposed VB-GRAM Act, which still keeps wage control with the Centre despite clear problems in the system. For the first time, MGNREGA wages are lower than the legal minimum wages in most states, going against its aim of providing basic livelihood security. Wages have remained almost stagnant in real terms since 2009, while gaps and leakages have increased, showing a serious policy failure affecting labour rights and the rural economy.

    Why are wage rates central to employment guarantee schemes?

    1. Wage Incentive: Determines worker participation; higher wages boosted early MGNREGA success.
    2. Cost Control Tool: Enables governments to restrict programme expansion via suppressed wages.
    3. Programme Sustainability: Directly influences rural demand and labour market tightening.

    How has wage determination evolved under MGNREGA?

    1. Section 6(1) Centralisation: Empowers Centre to notify wages; states marginalised.
    2. Initial State Autonomy (Pre-2009): State minimum wages applied; higher rural wages ensured popularity.
    3. Shift in 2009: Centre notified ₹100/day wage; marked beginning of wage moderation.
    4. Indexation Limitation: Wages linked to CPI-AL but not aligned with actual minimum wages.

    What are the consequences of the real-wage freeze since 2009?

    1. Real Wage Decline: Wages frozen in real terms post-2009; growth only inflation-adjusted.
    2. Below Minimum Wage Levels: By 2025-26, MGNREGA wages are often lower than agricultural minimum wages.
    3. Labour Market Distortion: Weakens rural bargaining power; reduces scheme attractiveness.
    4. Gender Wage Gap Evidence: MGNREGA wages ~60% (men) and ~75% (women) of agricultural wages (2014 Labour Bureau data).

    How has wage suppression affected implementation and outcomes?

    1. Delayed Payments: Frequent delays due to Aadhaar-based Payment System and NMMS issues.
    2. Non-payment Instances: Technical failures leading to unpaid wages.
    3. Discouragement Effect: Workers lose interest; participation declines.
    4. Leakages Increase: Gap between official and actual employment reflects corruption rise.

    Why is the gap between official data and ground reality significant?

    1. Data Discrepancy: Official employment data shows stability; surveys indicate decline.
    2. PLFS Evidence: Suggests lower employment levels compared to early implementation years.
    3. Leakage Indicator: Growth gap reflects systemic inefficiencies and corruption.

    What are the key concerns associated with the VB-GRAM Act?

    1. No Structural Reform: Lacks provisions for timely wage payments or anti-corruption mechanisms.
    2. Central Control Retained: Continues Centre’s power to fix wages under Section 10.
    3. Contradiction with Federal Logic: Wage burden shared 60:40, but states lack control.
    4. Non-obstante Clause Issue: Allows overriding Minimum Wages Act, enabling sub-minimum wages.

    What reforms are suggested to correct wage distortions?

    1. Minimum Wage Alignment: Ensures wages ≥ state minimum wages.
    2. Decentralised Wage Setting: Transfers power to states.
    3. Legal Consistency: Removes non-obstante clause overriding Minimum Wages Act.
    4. Automatic Revision Mechanism: Introduces transparent wage revision formula.

    Conclusion

    MGNREGA’s credibility as a rights-based welfare programme is weakening due to persistently low wages, delayed payments, and excessive central control. Without aligning wages to statutory minimum levels, restoring state autonomy, and ensuring timely and transparent payments, the scheme risks becoming ineffective. Strengthening its design is essential to uphold labour dignity, rural livelihoods, and inclusive growth.

  • PM-KUSUM 2.0 and Battery Storage Integration

    Why in the News?

    On March 28, 2026, the Central Government announced the extension of timelines for existing projects under the PM-KUSUM scheme. Simultaneously, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) revealed that it is formulating PM-KUSUM 2.0, which may feature a major technical shift: the inclusion of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS).

    Need for Battery Storage in PM-KUSUM 2.0

    The primary driver for incorporating battery storage is the divergence between solar power availability and agricultural load patterns:

    • Load Demand: Agricultural power demand typically rises in the morning and remains steady throughout the day, often persisting after sunset.
    • Solar Generation: Peaks around noon and tapers off sharply toward the evening.
    • The Solution: BESS will store surplus solar power generated during peak sunlight hours to be used when generation falls but irrigation demand continues, thereby improving grid stability and ensuring reliable daytime power for farmers.
    • Policy Debate: The Ministry of Power has suggested up to four hours of battery storage, while the MNRE has proposed a two-hour capacity for the initial rollout.

    What is PM-KUSUM?

    • Launched in March 2019, PM-KUSUM (Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyaan) is a flagship scheme of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). 
    • Its primary goal is to provide energy security to Indian farmers while de-dieselizing the agricultural sector and increasing farmers’ income through solar power.

    Current Progress of PM-KUSUM (as of Feb 2026)

    While the target was 34.8 GW by March 2026, the actual implementation has been slower:

    ComponentTarget/ObjectiveProgress (Approx. Feb 2026)
    Component A10,000 MW Decentralized Solar Plants839.4 MW installed
    Component BStandalone Solar Pumps (Off-grid)Over 10 lakh pumps installed
    Component CSolarization of Grid-connected Pumps6,636.9 MW total (IPS + FLS)
    Total Progress34.8 GW (Target)12,164 MW (Actual Installed)
    [2024] Consider the following: 
    1 Battery storage 
    2 Biomass generators 
    3 Fuel cells 
    4 Rooftop solar photovoltaic units 
    How many of the above are considered “Distributed Energy Resources”? 
    (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four

  • Canada audit flags high approval rates for Indian student visas amid fraud concerns

    Why in the News?

    In March 2026, the Auditor General of Canada (Karen Hogan) tabled a report in Parliament flagging significant integrity gaps in the International Student Program. The audit highlights how India, despite being a high-risk origin for fraudulent applications, maintained a 98% approval rate under the now-discontinued Student Direct Stream (SDS).

    Key Points: 

    • Student Direct Stream (SDS): Launched in 2018 as a “fast-track,” light-touch eligibility review for students from 14 countries (including India, China, Philippines). It was discontinued in late 2024 due to fraud and non-compliance concerns.
    • The “Indian Exception”: While India’s overall share of new study permits plunged from 51.6% (2023) to 8.1% (2025) due to a national cap, those applying via SDS saw approval rates jump to 98% in 2024, despite internal warnings of document fraud.
    • Integrity Gaps:Document Fraud: Audit identified 800 cases (mostly SDS) using fraudulent educational credentials or “ghost” institutions.
      • Extension Loophole: Study permit extensions (95% approval) face much lighter scrutiny than new permits (38-58% approval), allowing flagged individuals to stay in Canada.

    Relevance to Syllabus

    • GS-II: Effect of policies of developed countries on India’s interests (Indian Diaspora).
    • International Relations: Indo-Canadian bilateral ties and migration governance.
    With reference to India, consider the following statements: 
    1 There is only one citizenship and one domicile. 
    2 A citizen by birth only can become the Head of State. 
    3 A foreigner, once granted citizenship, cannot be deprived of it under any circumstances. 
    Select the correct answer using the code given below: 
    (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 (d) 2 and 3

  • [28th March 2026] The Hindu OpED: Beyond the rhetoric of the north-south divide

    PYQ Relevance[UPSC 2024] What changes has the Union Government recently introduced in the domain of Centre-State relations? Suggest measures to build trust and strengthen federalism.Linkage: The PYQ tests understanding of evolving Centre-State dynamics, fiscal federalism, and institutional trust, core to GS-II governance and polity. The article’s North-South divide reflects the same tension; economic contribution vs political representation, making federal balance and trust-building central to India’s unity.

    Mentor’s Comment

    India’s development trajectory reflects a growing divergence between the Peninsular (Southern) States and the Hindi heartland (Northern States). This divergence is no longer limited to economic indicators but extends to political representation, social development, and institutional capacity, raising concerns about long-term national integration.

    How has India’s North-South divide structurally evolved?

    1. Economic divergence: Southern States exhibit per capita incomes nearly double those of northern counterparts; e.g., Tamil Nadu vs Bihar.
    2. Human development gap: Indicators like literacy, life expectancy, maternal health align with upper-middle-income countries in Kerala and Tamil Nadu, while northern States resemble sub-Saharan benchmarks.
    3. Demographic asymmetry: Northern States dominate population growth, while the South leads in fertility transition and stabilization.
    4. Spatial inequality: Wealth in States like Karnataka and Telangana is concentrated in 3-4 urban districts, indicating uneven intra-state development.

    Why is delimitation intensifying the crisis?

    1. Population-based representation: Delimitation reallocates seats based on population, increasing northern political dominance.
    2. Voice-wealth mismatch: Southern States generating higher GDP face reduced parliamentary influence.
    3. Institutional imbalance: Larger States gain more seats but fewer per capita representation; smaller States gain greater representation per person.
    4. Potential conflict: Creates a perception of “productive minority subsidising political majority”, increasing regional friction.

    Does the South face an internal developmental crisis?

    1. Middle-income trap: Southern economies show high per capita income but structural inequality.
    2. Unequal distribution: Growth benefits are captured by a narrow elite, leaving large populations behind.
    3. Labour income disparity: In Tamil Nadu, per capita income is triple that of Bihar, but agricultural wages remain stagnant.
    4. Social inequalities: Persistent casteism, patriarchy, and governance deficits (e.g., urban law violations in Bengaluru/Chennai).
    5. Failure of transformation: Economic gains have not fully translated into social mobility and equity.

    Why is convergence between North and South unlikely in the near future?

    1. Income differential persistence: A 300% per capita income gap requires generations to bridge.
    2. Migration paradox: Migration from North to South creates “internal outsiders”, not integration.
    3. Weak institutional capacity: Northern States struggle with governance deficits, limiting catch-up growth.
    4. Demographic burden: High population growth in the North slows per capita income gains.
    5. Asymmetric growth model: Southern growth does not automatically pull the rest of India upward.

    How does this divide threaten India’s federal structure?

    1. Fiscal stress: Southern States divert resources to compensate for national imbalance.
    2. Political alienation: Reduced representation risks weakening cooperative federalism.
    3. Regionalism risk: Rising rhetoric may deepen identity-based politics.
    4. Historical parallels: Similar patterns seen in USSR and Yugoslavia, where economic minorities subsidised political majorities.
    5. Unity challenge: The divide evolves into a structural fault line, not a temporary disparity.

    What kind of policy response is required?

    1. Balanced representation: Ensures equitable parliamentary voice beyond pure population metrics.
    2. Human capital investment: Strengthens education, health, and skill systems in lagging regions.
    3. Institutional reforms: Improves governance capacity and rule of law in northern States.
    4. Inclusive growth model: Shifts focus from GDP to distribution and social outcomes.
    5. National social contract: Promotes shared prosperity and cooperative federalism.

    Conclusion

    India’s North-South divide reflects a deeper contradiction between economic efficiency and democratic representation. Addressing it requires moving beyond regional rhetoric toward institutional reform, inclusive growth, and a renewed federal compact, ensuring that prosperity and political voice remain aligned.

  • Global Out of School Population Increased to 273 Million?

    Why in News?

    A UNESCO Report titled 2026 GEM Report Access and Equity Countdown to 2030 revealed that 273 million children, adolescents and youth were out of school globally in 2024, highlighting slow progress toward SDG 4 Education by 2030.

    How Many Children Are Out of School Globally?

    • 273 million children and youth out of school globally
    • Additional 13 million children excluded in conflict affected countries
    • One in six school age children excluded from education
    • Only Two thirds students complete secondary education

    Why Is This Important for SDG 4?

    SDG 4 Goal
    • Inclusive and Equitable Quality Education
    • Lifelong Learning Opportunities
    • Deadline 2030

    Where Does India Stand in the UNESCO 2026 GEM Report?

    The UNESCO 2026 GEM Report does not highlight India among worst performing countries, but India still faces major structural challenges affecting education access, equity and learning outcomes.

    [2011] Consider the following: 
    1 Right to education 
    2 Right to equal access to public service 
    3 Right to food 
    Which of the above is/are Human Right/Human Rights under the “Universal Declaration of Human Rights”? 
    (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • Supreme Court Highlight Lapses in Safeguarding Sexual Assault Survivors’ Identity

    Why in the news?

    The Supreme Court of India flagged serious lapses by trial courts and police in protecting the identity of sexual assault survivors and warned about general indifference towards statutory safeguards.

    What Did the Supreme Court Observe?

    • General indifference by trial courts and police
    • Disclosure of survivors’ identity in court records and affidavits
    • Violation of legal safeguards protecting survivors
    • Court intervened twice in one week
    • Directed redaction of names and identity details

    What Were the Recent Cases Highlighted?

    Gurugram Case

    • 3.8 year old survivor case
    • Police affidavits disclosed identity details
    • School records attached with personal details
    • Bench headed by Chief Justice Surya Kant
    • Supreme Court Registry ordered to redact identity

    Himachal Pradesh Case

    • Nine year old survivor
    • Identity disclosed in court documents
    • Bench headed by Justice Sanjay Karol
    • Court termed disclosure disturbing

    Which Law Protects Survivor Identity?

    Section 228A IPC Now Section 72 BNS

    • Section 228A IPC now Section 72 Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS)
    • Prohibits disclosure of sexual assault survivor identity
    • Applies to Police, Courts, Media, Public
    • Violation is a Criminal Offence

    [2024] Under which of the following Articles of the Constitution of India, has the Supreme Court of India placed the Right to Privacy? (a) Article 15 (b) Article 16 (c) Article 19 (d) Article 21