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GS Paper: GS3

  • WMO’s State of the Climate in Asia 2024 Report

    Why in the News?

    The World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) has released its “State of the Climate in Asia, 2024” report.

    About the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO):

    • Overview: It is a specialised agency of the United Nations that deals with meteorology (weather and climate), operational hydrology, and related geophysical sciences.
    • Historical Origin: It was established in 1950, evolving from the International Meteorological Organisation (IMO), which was founded in 1873.
    • Headquarters Location: The headquarters of WMO is located in Geneva, Switzerland.
    • Global Coordination Role: WMO plays a key role in coordinating international efforts for climate data collection, forecasting, disaster preparedness, and climate change assessment.
    • Members: It has a membership of 193 members (187 member states + 6 Territories), including India.
    • Flagship Reports: WMO publishes annual climate reports such as the “State of the Climate” to highlight key trends and extreme weather impacts.

    Key Highlights of the State of the Climate in Asia – 2024 Report:

    • Record Warmth: 2024 was the warmest year on record in Asia, with heatwaves, extreme rainfalls, cyclones, and droughts devastating the region.
    • Global Temperature Spike: The global mean temperature reached its highest level since 1850, surpassing the 2023 record of 1.45°C.
    • Glacier Loss: 23 out of 24 monitored glaciers in the Himalayas and Tian Shan suffered mass loss, increasing the risk of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs).
    • Marine Heatwaves: Marine heatwaves of unprecedented extent and intensity affected Asian oceans, particularly around India, Japan, and China.
    • Major Cyclones: Cyclone Remal struck Bangladesh and India with 111 km/h winds and 2.5-metre-high storm surges; Asna and Fengal also caused major damage in Oman, Sri Lanka, and India.
    • Flash Floods and Landslides: Flash floods and landslides in Kerala, Nepal, and Sri Lanka resulted in hundreds of deaths and mass displacement.
    • Extreme Heatwaves: Heatwaves broke records across East and South Asia, including Japan, South Korea, China, Thailand, and India. Myanmar set a new national record at 48.2°C.
    • Severe Drought in China: Drought in China affected 4.8 million people, damaged over 335,000 hectares of crops, and caused losses of CNY 2.89 billion.
    [UPSC 2018] Momentum for Change: Climate Neutral Now” is an initiative launched by

    Options: (a) The Intergovernmental panel on Climate Change (b) The UNEP Secretariat (c) The UNFCCC Secretariat* (d) The World Meteorological Organization

     

  • [23rd June 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Steering the Indian economy amidst global troubles 

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2019] The economy is in a state of crisis due to global inflation. Critically examine whether this crisis and high inflation have left the Indian economy in good shape? Give reasons in support of your arguments.

    Linkage: This PYQ directly mentions a specific global economic “trouble” – global inflation – and asks about its impact on the Indian economy. This article talks about the “monetary policy should continue to remain accommodative” and that “inflation currently under control and projected to be lower” can help “propel growth,” indicating that managing inflation is a key part of steering the economy amidst global challenges.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  The global trade order is witnessing a seismic shift amid renewed trade wars, evolving tariff regimes, and accelerating bilateral negotiations. In this flux, India’s exports of nearly one-fifth of its merchandise to the U.S., finds itself vulnerable, especially in sectors dominated by MSMEs like apparel, gems, and electronics. The uncertainty surrounding U.S. reciprocal tariffs, potential dumping threats, and the instability in trade negotiations pose a structural challenge. However, India also faces a rare geopolitical opportunity—to integrate into the reconfigured global supply chains, reduce dependency on traditional partners, and assert itself as a global manufacturing and export hub.

    Today’s editorial analyses the impact of new trade rules and ongoing political tensions between countries. This content would help in GS Paper II (International Relations) and GS Paper III (Indian Economy) in the mains Paper.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The global economy is changing in a big way, mainly due to new trade rules and ongoing political tensions between countries.

    Why are current global trade dynamics creating uncertainty for Indian exporters?

    • Rise in protectionism and trade wars: Many countries are reviewing tariffs and adopting protectionist measures. This creates unpredictability in global trade flows, making it harder for Indian exporters to plan pricing and market strategies. Eg: The U.S. imposing or revising tariffs on Indian goods affects sectors like garments and pharmaceuticals.
    • Geopolitical tensions: Conflicts like the U.S.-China trade war or the Russia-Ukraine war are disrupting supply chains and altering trade alliances, impacting Indian exporters’ access to global markets and increasing costs. Eg: Indian exporters face delays or higher freight costs due to changes in trade routes.
    • Uncertain tariff regimes: Indian exporters face difficulty in decision-making due to fluctuating U.S. trade policies and lack of clarity on future duty structures, impacting pricing and margins. Eg: Sectors such as auto components and gems & jewellery, heavily reliant on the U.S., face profitability issues.
    • Losing competitive advantage: Competing countries like Bangladesh and Vietnam may benefit from early trade deals with the U.S., while India’s relative tariff advantage remains unclear. Eg: Indian textile exports could become costlier compared to Bangladesh’s duty-free access.
    • Planning uncertainty: Exporters hesitate to invest or plan for the long term in the absence of stable trade rules and policies. This impacts capacity expansion and export contracts, particularly for MSMEs. Eg: Indian MSMEs may cancel new orders or delay shipments due to lack of tariff clarity.

    What challenges do Indian MSMEs face due to potential U.S. tariff changes?

    • Profit Margin Erosion: Increased U.S. tariffs make Indian goods costlier, reducing profit margins for MSMEs and making their exports uncompetitive. Eg: A carpet-exporting MSME in Uttar Pradesh may struggle to maintain orders if buyers shift to cheaper alternatives from Bangladesh.
    • Order Uncertainty and Planning Delays: Fluctuating tariff policies create hesitation among U.S. buyers, affecting long-term contracts and production planning for small businesses. Eg: An MSME manufacturing leather goods may face cancelled or delayed orders due to uncertainty over final landed prices.
    • Limited Ability to Absorb Costs: Unlike large firms, MSMEs lack the financial cushion to absorb increased costs from tariffs, logistics, or compliance. Eg: A small pharmaceutical exporter may not afford sudden freight hikes or additional duties, making exports unviable.

    How can bilateral and free trade agreements help India navigate global trade disruptions?

    • Ensure Preferential Market Access: FTAs allow Indian exporters to access foreign markets with lower or zero tariffs, making their goods more competitiveeven amid global disruptions. Eg: An FTA with the UK can benefit Indian apparel exporters by reducing tariff barriers, boosting exports.
    • Diversify Export Destinations: Bilateral trade deals reduce dependency on a single market like the U.S., helping India shift exports to Europe, Australia, or ASEAN during crises. Eg: The India-EU FTA under negotiation could open up multiple markets for Indian electronics and auto components.
    • Address Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs): FTAs help resolve issues like customs delays, quality standards, or licensing hurdles, ensuring smooth trade flowduring uncertain times. Eg: A mutual recognition agreement (MRA) under a BTA with the U.S. could simplify pharmaceutical exports by accepting Indian drug certifications.

    What policies can boost India’s economic resilience?

    • Strengthening Public Capital Expenditure: Increased government spending on infrastructure boosts domestic demand, generates employment, and crowds in private investment during global slowdowns. Eg: The PM Gati Shakti scheme accelerates infrastructure development, improving logistics and economic stability.
    • Expanding Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Schemes: Enhancing PLI coverage to include more sectors like IoT devices or battery raw materials promotes domestic manufacturing, attracts FDI, and reduces import dependency. Eg: PLI in electronics has boosted mobile phone exports and created supply chain resilience.
    • Maintaining Accommodative Monetary Policy: Ensuring low interest rates and easy liquidity through monetary support helps businesses manage costs and stimulate investment during global headwinds. Eg: RBI’s repo rate cuts post-COVID helped MSMEs access cheaper credit, aiding recovery.

    Why should India focus on foreign investment and PLI expansion?

    • Diversify Global Supply Chains: Global companies are looking to reduce dependency on China and Southeast Asia. India can attract them by offering stable policies and incentives. Eg: Apple has shifted part of its iPhone manufacturing to India due to the PLI scheme and policy support.
    • Boost Manufacturing and Employment: Expanding PLI coverage to sectors like wearables, batteries, and semiconductors can enhance local production, reduce imports, and generate jobs. Eg: The PLI for electronics has helped create thousands of direct jobs and increased exports.
    • Strengthen Export Competitiveness: Foreign investments bring technology transfer, better quality standards, and improved productivity, which are crucial for export growth. Eg: Investments in the automobile and pharma sectors under PLI have enhanced India’s global competitiveness.

    Way forward:

    • Accelerate FTA Negotiations and Ensure Tariff Stability: India should fast-track bilateral and multilateral trade agreements (e.g., with the EU, Australia) to ensure stable market access and reduce uncertainty for exporters.
    • Expand and Streamline PLI Schemes: Broaden the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes to include high-potential sectors (e.g., semiconductors, IoT), and simplify procedures to attract more foreign investment and boost domestic manufacturing.

  • India trails in critical tech, particularly semiconductor tech

    Why in the News?

    A new global index called the Critical and Emerging Technologies Index ranks 25 countries based on their strength in five key areas: AI, biotechnology, semiconductors, space, and quantum tech. India scored 15.2 overall, falling far behind top countries like the U.S., China, and those in Europe.

    What is the Critical and Emerging Technologies Index?

    • A global index launched to evaluate how 25 countries perform across five technology sectors: AI, biotechnology, semiconductors, space, and quantum.
    • Developed using public and commercial data, allowing policymakers to compare relative strengths and weaknesses.
    • Weighting of sectors: Semiconductors (35%), AI (25%), Biotechnology (20%), Space (15%), Quantum (5%), based on geopolitical relevance and dual-use potential.

    How does it assess countries’ performance?

    • Sector-wise Evaluation Using Pillars: Each of the five sectors—AI, biotechnology, semiconductors, space, and quantum—is assessed using multiple weighted pillars such as funding, talent, core technologies, infrastructure, and global influence.
    • Weighted Scoring System: The index assigns strategic weights to each sector (e.g., semiconductors 35%, AI 25%) based on geopolitical relevance and dual-use potential, resulting in an overall score that reflects each country’s relative technological strength.

    Why is India behind the top countries in key tech sectors?

    • Lower Investments and Talent Gaps: India lacks deep investments and a large skilled workforce in core tech sectors like semiconductors and quantum computing. Eg: The U.S. leads in AI and chip design due to massive R&D funding and strong academia-industry collaboration.
    • Fragmented Innovation Ecosystem: Unlike the U.S.’s decentralized model or China’s state-led coordination, India’s innovation lacks synergy across government, industry, and academia. Eg: India ranks below France and far behind China in biotech and space sectors despite policy efforts.
    • Limited Manufacturing and Infrastructure: India has weak chip fabrication and limited quantum labs or space tech facilities compared to countries like Taiwan (chips) or Russia (space assets). Eg: India ranks 7th in space while Russia is 3rd due to superior defence assets and launch capabilities.

    Which factors drive U.S. dominance in tech?

    • Massive Investments and Funding: The U.S. leads due to consistent and large-scale public and private investments in emerging technologies. Eg: Heavy funding in AI and semiconductors ensures global leadership in research and innovation.
    • Strong Talent and Research Ecosystem: A world-class workforce, top universities, and a decentralized innovation network strengthen its technological base. Eg: Institutions like MIT and Stanford produce cutting-edge research in quantum and biotech.
    • Strategic Global Partnerships: The U.S. collaborates closely with tech leaders like Japan, South Korea, and Europe, especially in semiconductorsand quantum. Eg: Joint ventures in chip production enhance U.S. resilience and global influence.

    How do China and Europe compare in tech strengths?

    Aspect China Europe Example
    Biotechnology Strong growth due to state-led investments and large talent pool Leading in vaccine R&D, genetic engineering, and pharma Eg: China’s focus on biotech parks; Europe’s mRNA vaccine leadership
    Quantum Technology Rapidly progressing with centralised planning and funding Strong academic research and early quantum computing breakthrough Eg: China’s Jiuzhang quantum computer; Europe’s QuTech (Netherlands)
    Semiconductors Lags behind due to foreign tech dependency and tool import barriers Moderate progress; behind East Asia and U.S. in manufacturing Eg: China’s reliance on ASML’s lithography; Europe’s low chip fab capacity
    Artificial Intelligence (AI) Excels in data volume and AI applications, but weaker algorithms Strong in ethical AI, policy, and funding, but lags behind in deployment Eg: China’s use of AI in facial recognition; Europe’s AI Act regulation
    Space Technology Advanced programs with state backing; lacks international openness Lower funding and limited military use; some success in space science Eg: China’s Chang’e missions; Europe’s ESA satellite projects

     

    Why is the above comparison between Europe and China important for India? 

    • Strategic Benchmarking for Policy and Investment: It helps India identify strength areas (e.g., biotech in Europe, quantum in China) and gaps (e.g., semiconductors) to shape its own technology roadmap, investments, and global collaborations. Eg: India can learn from China’s scale-driven investments in biotech and Europe’s regulatory models in AI for better domestic implementation.
    • Opportunity for Strategic Alliances: Understanding their strengths enables India to form targeted partnerships for tech transfer, research, and market access in complementary areas. Eg: India–EU cooperation in pharmaceutical innovation, or India–China dialogue in quantum research norms can enhance India’s tech footprint.

    Way forward: 

    • Enhance Strategic Investments in Core Tech Sectors: India should increase targeted funding and incentives in critical areas like semiconductors, AI, and biotech, with a focus on R&D, talent development, and infrastructure. Eg: Expanding PLI schemes to include quantum and chip design startups.
    • Build Global Tech Partnerships and Talent Pipelines: Proactively engage with Europe, Japan, South Korea, and the U.S. for joint research, mutual recognition of standards, and tech collaboration. Eg: Set up Indo-EU research hubs for biotechnology and semiconductor fabrication units with Japan.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2022] Elucidate the relationship between globalization and new technology in a world of scarce resources, with special reference to India.

    Linkage: India “lags significantly” in critical technology sectors like semiconductors, which require substantial resources (e.g., advanced manufacturing capabilities, specialized raw materials, skilled talent, significant funding), this question implicitly probes India’s challenges and trailing position in the global technological landscape.

  • Induction of INS Tamal

    Why in the News?

    The Indian Navy is set to commission INS Tamal, a stealth multi-role frigate and the last warship commissioned outside India, on July 1, 2025, at Kaliningrad, Russia.

    About INS Tamal:

    • Overview: It is the 8th Krivak-class and 2nd Tushil-class stealth frigate from Russia.
    • Last to be imported: Final Indian Navy ship to be commissioned abroad, under the 2016 India-Russia IGA.
    • Built at Yantar Shipyard, Kaliningrad; sister ship INS Tushil was commissioned in Dec 2024; designed by Severnoye Bureau; overseen by the Indian Navy.
    • Etymology: Name inspired by a mythical sword of Indra; mascot blends Jambavant and Eurasian Brown Bear.
    • Motto: “Sarvada Sarvatra Vijaya” – Victorious Always, Everytime.

    Important Features:

    • Indigenous components: It uses Indian-made parts in 26% of its systems, including those from companies like BEL and Tata.
    • Stealth capacity: It has radar, sonar, and electronic systems to detect enemy ships and submarines.
    • Patrol features: It can carry helicopters that help in sea patrol and rescue missions.
    • Size: It is 125 metres long, weighs about 3,900 tonnes, and can move very fast, over 30 knots.
    • Digital warfare: It has modern control systems that allow all its weapons and sensors to work together.
    [UPSC 2016] Which one of the following is the best description of ‘INS Astradharini’, that was in the news recently?

    Options: (a) Amphibious warfare ship (b) Nuclear-powered submarine (c) Torpedo launch and recovery vessel (d) Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier

     

  • Quantum 5G Fixed Wireless Access Broadband

    Why in the News?

    BSNL announced the soft launch of Quantum 5G Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) broadband in Hyderabad.

    About Quantum 5G FWA:

    • Overviews: It is India’s first SIM-less, fixed wireless access broadband service.
    • Development: It delivers fibre-like internet over 5G radio and was developed entirely by Indian vendors under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative.
    • How does it work?
      • Customers are provided with a CPE (Customer Premises Equipment) device that connects wirelessly to the nearest BSNL 5G base station.
      • The CPE auto-authenticates without requiring a SIM card, using Direct-to-Device technology.
      • Internet is delivered over the air, eliminating the need for trenching or fibre installation.
      • The service currently reaches 85% of Hyderabad households using BSNL’s existing tower infrastructure.

    Key Features:

    • Indigenous: Includes core network, RAN, and CPE, all developed by Indian vendors.
    • High Performance: Achieves up to 980 Mbps download, 140 Mbps upload, and <10 ms latency—ideal for streaming, gaming, and remote work.
    • Quick Setup: Customers can self-install the device with no need for physical fibre connections.
    • Enterprise Capability: Supports network slicing and Service Level Agreement (SLA)-backed links for MSMEs and industrial clusters.
    • Strategic Vision: Positions BSNL as a leader in next-generation broadband and enhances rural and urban connectivity.
    [UPSC 2019] With reference to communication technologies, what is/are the difference/differences between LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and VoLTE (Voice over Long-Term Evolution)?

    1. LTE ‘is commonly marketed as 3G, and VoLTE is commonly marketed as advanced 3G.

    2. LTE is data-only technology, and VoLTE is voice-only technology.

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2*

     

  • PM Gram Sadak Yojana

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) asked states to add QR codes to Prime Minister Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) rural road boards to boost public monitoring and streamline upkeep via the eMARG platform.

    About PM Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY):

    • Launch: It was launched on December 25, 2000, by then PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee as a Central Sector Scheme to provide all-weather road connectivity to unconnected rural habitations.
    • Objective: The scheme helps bridge the rural-urban divide and improves access to markets, healthcare, education, and public services.
    • Implementation: It is now a centrally sponsored scheme led by the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) and supported by state governments.
    • Monitoring: Progress is tracked using e-MARG, a digital platform for monitoring road construction and maintenance.
    • Implementation Phases:
      1. Phase I (2000): Focus on connecting unconnected habitations.
      2. Phase II (2013): Upgrading roads built in Phase I to enhance rural infrastructure.
      3. Phase III (2019–2025): Consolidation of 1.25 lakh km of rural roads connecting habitations to Gramin Agricultural Markets, Higher Secondary Schools, and Hospitals. Cost: ₹80,250 crore (2019-2025). Funding: 60:40 (Centre), 90:10 for North-East and Himalayan States.
      4. Phase IV (2024–2029): Aims at constructing 62,500 km of all-weather roads to provide connectivity to 25,000 unconnected habitations with a focus on Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) areas, tribal areas, and remote regions.

    Key Features of PMGSY:

    • Rural Connectivity Focus: Targets habitations based on population thresholds (e.g., 500+ in plains, 250+ in hill/NE areas).
    • Funding Pattern: Initially 100% central funding; since 2015–16, it follows a 60:40 split (90:10 for NE and Himalayan states).
    • Maintenance Period: Contractors are responsible for road upkeep for 5 years post-construction.
    • Quality Assurance: Involves routine inspections and geo-tagged photographs to evaluate maintenance performance.
    • Economic Impact: Improves rural livelihoods, reduces migration, and enhances access to markets and services.
    [UPSC 2001] Consider the following schemes launched by the Union Government: I. Antyodaya Anna II. Gram Sadak Yojana III. Sarvapriya IV. Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana. Which of these were announced in the year 2000?

    Options: (a) I and II* (b) II and IV (c) III and IV (d) I, II and III

     

  • IIT-D demonstrates Quantum Communication over 1 Km

    Why in the News?

    The Defence Ministry announced a breakthrough as IIT-Delhi and DRDO scientists successfully demonstrated quantum communication over 1 km in free space.

    What is Quantum Communication?

    • It is a new way of sending messages so safely that no one can secretly listen in.
    • It uses the laws of quantum physics, especially something called quantum entanglement, to make sure that if someone tries to spy on your message, you’ll know immediately.
    • In quantum entanglement, two tiny particles (like photons of light) are connected in a mysterious way—whatever happens to one instantly affects the other, even if they’re far apart.
    • Because of this, if someone tries to distort one particle, it changes, and the system knows the message isn’t safe anymore.
    • This makes quantum communication perfect for defence, banking, and sensitive messages that must stay secret.

    Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) – Explained Simply:

    • Imagine you want to lock a box and send it to your friend, but you also want them to have the key—without anyone else being able to copy it.
    • QKD is a special way to share that key safely, using quantum particles instead of metal keys.
    • Two people use entangled particles to create the same secret key, without anyone else knowing it.
    • If someone tries to intercept the key while it’s being shared, the particles will show signs of disturbance, and the system will know to discard it and try again.
    • Once both people have the same key, they can use it to lock and unlock messages using regular encryption tools.
    • QKD doesn’t send the actual message—it just safely shares the key that keeps messages secret.

    What did the IIT-Delhi team achieve?

    • A team led by IIT-Delhi, in collaboration with DRDO, successfully demonstrated entanglement-based quantum communication over 1 km in free space.
    • This was done within the IIT-Delhi campus and marks a key advancement from previous experiments using only optical fibre.
    • The demonstration achieved a secure key rate of 240 bits per second and maintained a quantum bit error rate (QBER) of under 7%, which is considered acceptable for real-world QKD.
    • This capability is a step toward achieving satellite-to-ground quantum communication, enabling encrypted keys to be distributed across vast regions without physical links.

    India’s Quantum Communication Journey So Far:

    • In 2022, Prof. Kanseri’s team first demonstrated quantum communication between Vindhyachal and Prayagraj.
    • In 2023, they expanded this capability to 380 km using standard telecom fibre, achieving a low QBER of 1.48%.
    • By 2024, the team established a QKD link spanning over 100 km of optical fibre, further pushing the reliability and reach of India’s quantum infrastructure.
    • These achievements are part of India’s larger effort under the National Quantum Mission (2023–2031), which has a budget of ₹6,000 crore to support R&D and deployment in quantum computing, sensing, and communication.
    • India now joins an elite group of nations—alongside China and the US—actively building toward a quantum-secure internet, with potential applications in defence, finance, telecom, and cybersecurity.

     

    [UPSC 2025] Consider the following statements:

    I. It is expected that Majorana 1 chip will enable quantum computing. II. Majorana 1 chip has been introduced by Amazon Web Services (AWS). III. Deep learning is a subset of machine learning.

    Which of the statements given above are correct?

    Options: (a) I and only I (b) II and III only (c) I and III only* (d) I, II and III

     

  • [20th June 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Why India should address its propulsion gap

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2020] What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region.

    Linkage: The question regarding Indo-US and Indo-Russian defense deals is relevant because India’s propulsion gap directly influences its choices and reliance on these foreign defense partners for critical military hardware like engines. Addressing the propulsion gap would reduce this dependency, enabling India to better assert its strategic autonomy and contribute to regional stability (such as in the Indo-Pacific) without being constrained by external supply chain pressures or technology transfer limitations from other nations.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  India’s Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) project is moving ahead quickly and is seen as a big step forward for the country’s aerospace sector. However, the excitement is being held back by a long-standing reliance on foreign engines. This same problem had earlier affected the HF-24 Marut and is now also troubling the LCA and AMCA fighter jet programs. Even after years of work and investment — including the unsuccessful Kaveri engine project and delays in getting engines from GE — India still depends heavily on other countries for engine technology. This not only affects military preparedness but also raises serious concerns about India’s ability to act independently in defence matters.

    Today’s editorial analyses the development of Indian fighter aircraft engines. This content would help in GS Paper II (International Relations) and GS Paper III (Science & Technology) in the mains Paper.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Recently, there is growing excitement around India’s AMCA stealth fighter, seen as a major aerospace milestone. However, concerns remain due to a long-standing reliance on imported engines since the HF-24 Marut.

    Why has India failed to develop its own jet engine? 

    • Technological Challenges in Engine Design: Jet engines require high thrust-to-weight ratios, thermal stability, and advanced metallurgy, which India has struggled to achieve. Eg: The Kaveri GTX-35VS engine, under development since 1989 by DRDO-GTRE, failed to meet performance benchmarks in thrust and thermal management even after 3,000 hours of testing.
    • Lack of Core Materials and Manufacturing Capability: India lacks access to critical technologies like single-crystal turbine blades, thermal barrier coatings, and advanced cooling systems, essential for high-performance engines. Eg: Negotiations with GE for F414 engine hit a roadblock because GE refused full transfer of these core technologies despite India’s demand.
    • Fragmented and Short-Term Funding: Defence R&D funding in India is project-specific and often lacks a long-term strategic vision, affecting continuity and innovation in complex projects. Eg: Despite spending over ₹2,032 crore on the Kaveri project over 35 years, no operational engine was produced due to inconsistent support and shifting goals.
    • Over-Reliance on Foreign Engines: Dependence on foreign suppliers has created a complacency in indigenous R&D, slowing domestic capability-building. Eg: India continues to rely on GE F404 and F414 engines for its LCA Tejas variants, instead of pursuing an urgent push for domestic alternatives.
    • Institutional Inertia and Missed International Collaborations: Bureaucratic rigidity and institutional pride have caused India to reject key collaborative opportunities for engine co-development. Eg: A proposed joint project with Safran (France) for developing an engine for AMCA and Tejas MkII was reportedly declined by DRDO.

    What is HF-24 Marut?

    The HF-24 Marut (meaning “Spirit of the Tempest”) was India’s first indigenously designed and built fighter jet, developed in the 1950s and 1960s by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).

    What caused the HF-24 Marut’s underperformance?

    • Underpowered Engine: The Marut was equipped with British Bristol Siddeley Orpheus 703 turbojets, which lacked the thrust needed for supersonic performance. Eg: Designer Kurt Tank had envisioned a more powerful engine, but it never materialised, severely restricting the aircraft’s speed and payload capabilities.
    • Failure to Acquire Suitable Alternatives: Despite multiple attempts, India could not procure or co-develop a more suitable engine to enhance the Marut’s performance. Eg: Efforts to source a better engine from Egypt and Germany failed, leaving the Marut stuck with the underpowered Orpheus units.
    • Operational Limitations in Combat: The aircraft performed well in ground-attack roles, such as in the 1971 war, but its overall combat effectivenesswas limited by its propulsion shortfall. Eg: Indian Air Force veterans cited that the engine limitation was the Marut’s Achilles’ heel, preventing it from evolving into a full-spectrum fighter.

    How does engine import dependency impact India’s defence?

    • Delays in Defence Production and Induction: Dependency on foreign engines leads to project delays when there are supply chain issues or export restrictions. Eg: Delivery of 99 General Electric F404 engines for the LCA Mk1A was delayed by 13 months, pushing back aircraft induction timelines.
    • Limited Operational and Strategic Autonomy: India becomes vulnerable to geopolitical pressures and foreign policy decisions of engine-supplying nations. Eg: U.S. reluctance to share core technologies like single-crystal turbine blades restricts India’s ability to upgrade or export its fighter aircraft.
    • Constraints on Defence Exports: Exporting platforms equipped with foreign engines requires third-party approvals, limiting India’s potential in global defence markets. Eg: India’s ability to export Tejas is restricted by U.S. controls on the GE F404 engine, limiting defence diplomacy options.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian Government? 

    • Strategic Collaborations for Technology Transfer: India has initiated joint ventures and international collaborations to acquire advanced propulsion technology. Eg: During PM Modi’s 2023 U.S. visit, HAL signed a deal with General Electric to co-produce GE F414 enginesin India for the LCA Mk2 and AMCA programs.
    • Revival of Indigenous Engine Projects: The government has revived and restructured efforts to develop indigenous jet engines under DRDO’s GTRE. Eg: The Kaveri engine project was decoupled from the LCA program and is being explored for use in UAVs and future aircraft with potential foreign assistance.
    • Promotion of Atmanirbhar Bharat in Defence: The Defence Ministry has prioritized self-reliance in critical technologies, including aero-engines, under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative. Eg: Several defence PSUs and private players have been incentivized to develop components and sub-systemsfor aerospace platforms under Make in India schemes.

    What must India do to achieve propulsion self-reliance? (Way forward)

    • Establish Strategic Global Partnerships for Technology Transfer: India must engage in joint ventures with trusted international engine manufacturers to acquire critical technologies like single-crystal turbine blades and thermal barrier coatings. Eg: The proposed GE-HAL deal to manufacture the F414 engines in India should ensure full transfer of know-how to avoid long-term dependency.
    • Develop an Integrated Indigenous R&D Ecosystem: India needs to create a cohesive framework connecting DRDO, GTRE, academia, and private industry to focus on advanced propulsion R&D with long-term investment. Eg: Encouraging private sector participation in defence through the Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX)platform can accelerate jet engine innovation.

     

  • All about the revised Green India Mission to increase forest cover, address climate change

    Why in the News?

    The revised plan for the Green India Mission (GIM), released by the Centre on June 17, is an important step forward in India’s fight against climate change.

    What are the achievements of the Green India Mission since its launch in 2014?

    • Large-scale Afforestation Activities: GIM facilitated tree plantation and afforestation across 11.22 million hectares between 2015–16 and 2020–21. Eg: Afforestation under state schemes in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana helped increase green cover.
    • Support to Vulnerable States: Funds were allocated based on ecological vulnerability and restoration potential. Eg: ₹624.71 crore released to 18 states between 2019–24, with ₹575.55 crore utilised.
    • Carbon Sequestration Contribution: Contributed to creating an additional carbon sink of 2.29 billion tonnes of CO₂ equivalent between 2005–2021. Eg: Forest restoration in Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh aided national climate goals.
    • Integration with Climate Goals: GIM aligned with India’s international commitment to restore 26 million hectares of degraded land by 2030. Eg: Activities under GIM complement India’s UNFCCC goals on land restoration and carbon capture.
    • Livelihood Enhancement through Forest-Based Interventions: Helped improve livelihoods of forest-dependent communities via sustainable forestry practices. Eg: Community plantation models in Odisha created jobs and promoted conservation.

    What are the key elements of the revised Green India Mission roadmap?

    • Landscape-level restoration: Focus on saturation-based, area-specific restoration in vulnerable landscapes like the Aravallis, Western Ghats, Himalayas, and mangroves.
    • Integration with flagship projects: Syncing with initiatives like the Aravalli Green Wall project (cost: Rs 16,053 crore, coverage: 6.45 mha across 29 districts and 4 states).
    • Aravalli protection: Targeting 8 lakh hectares for forest, water system and grassland rejuvenation to curb sandstorm intrusions and pollution in NCR and Punjab.
    • Western Ghats focus: Addressing illegal mining and deforestation through afforestation and abandoned mine rehabilitation.

    Why was the Green India Mission’s roadmap revised?

    • To Address On-Ground Climate Impacts: The revision was made to respond to changing climate conditions and the increasing urgency of land degradation and desertification. Eg: Inclusion of the Aravalli Green Wall Project to counter desert expansion from the Thar region.
    • To Incorporate Feedback from States and Scientific Bodies: The revised plan reflects inputs from implementing states and scientific institutions, ensuring region-specific solutions. Eg: Feedback led to the addition of eco-restoration of abandoned mining areas in the Western Ghats.
    • To Focus on Region-Specific Restoration Practices: The update prioritises landscape-specific and ecologically appropriate restoration in vulnerable ecosystems. Eg: Special emphasis on Himalayas, mangroves, and degraded zones for carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation.

    What key regions will it now focus on?

    Who is implementing the Green Wall project?

    • Central Government Leadership: The Centre (Government of India) is spearheading the initiative, allocating funding and coordinating implementation across states. Eg: The project’s ₹16,053 crore budget and planning is directed by central agencies in collaboration with local authorities.
    • Collaboration with States and Scientific Institutions: Implementation involves three states (Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat), one UT (Delhi)  and guidance from the Wildlife Institute of India (WII), using ecological data to target 12 degradation gaps in the Aravalli range. Eg: WII studies identified dust-prone regions; restoration covers 8 lakh hectares across 29 districts in these states.

    How will GIM address land degradation and carbon sequestration?

    • Restoration of Degraded and Open Forests: GIM focuses on restoring impaired open forests, which is a cost-effective and high-impact method for carbon dioxide (CO₂) sequestration. Eg: As per the Forest Survey of India (FSI), restoring 15 million hectares can sequester 1.89 billion tonnes of CO₂.
    • Region-Specific Ecological Interventions: The revised roadmap includes landscape-specific afforestation and eco-restoration in vulnerable areas like the Aravallis, Western Ghats, Himalayas, and mangroves. Eg: Under the Aravalli Green Wall Project, 8 lakh hectares will be restored to combat desertification and reduce dust pollution.
    • Expansion of Natural Carbon Sinks: GIM aligns with India’s climate commitment to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO₂ by 2030. Eg: By integrating schemes and intensifying plantation efforts, GIM aims to expand forest and tree cover up to 24.7 million hectares, capturing 3.39 billion tonnes of CO₂.

    Way forward: 

    • Integrated Landscape-Based Planning: Adopt a holistic, ecosystem-specific approach by aligning GIM with other environmental programs (e.g., CAMPA, MGNREGS) for coordinated restoration and afforestation efforts.
    • Enhanced Monitoring and Community Participation: Use technology (GIS, remote sensing) for real-time progress tracking, while empowering local communities and forest-dependent groups for sustainable upkeep and livelihood generation.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2020] Examine the status of forest resources of India and its resultant impact on climate change.

    Linkage: This question directly relates to the core objectives and context of the Green India Mission (GIM). The GIM, launched in 2014, is a crucial component of India’s efforts to combat climate change by increasing forest and tree cover and restoring degraded ecosystems. The revised roadmap for GIM emphasizes not only increasing and restoring forest and green cover but also tackling land degradation and desertification, which are significant environmental issues in India.

  • FASTag Annual Pass Scheme

    Why in the News?

    Union Transport Minister announced a new FASTag-based Annual Pass system for private non-commercial vehicles (cars, jeeps, vans) to ensure smoother travel across National Highways.

    What are FASTags?

    • FASTag is a contactless toll payment system that uses Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology to enable automatic toll collection at National Highway toll plazas.
    • Managed by the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) and National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), it was launched in 2014 and became mandatory in 2021 for all four-wheeled vehicles.
    • It is a sticker affixed on a vehicle’s windshield, linked to a prepaid wallet or savings account. Toll charges are automatically deducted when the vehicle passes through an electronic toll gate.
    • It enhances convenience, reduces traffic congestion, and promotes digital payments across India’s highway network.
    • As per the Motor Vehicles Rules, FASTags are mandatory for all new four-wheelers and necessary for renewal of fitness certificates and national permits.

    About the FASTag Annual Pass Scheme:

    • Overview: It is a new initiative announced by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways to provide cost-effective and hassle-free travel for private non-commercial vehicles.
    • Implementation: The pass will be effective from August 15, 2025, and is optional, intended for cars, jeeps, and vans (not for commercial vehicles).
    • Objectives: The scheme is designed to reduce per-trip costs (as low as ₹15/toll) and provide savings of up to ₹7,000 annually for frequent travelers.
    • Benefits: It allows unlimited passage at National Highway (NH) and National Expressway (NE) toll plazas for either:
      • One year, or
      • 200 toll crossings, whichever is earlier.

    Key Features:

    • Eligibility: Applicable only for non-commercial private vehicles with a valid, active FASTag linked to a registered vehicle number.
    • Activation: Can be activated via the Rajmargyatra mobile app or NHAI website with a one-time payment of ₹3,000 for FY 2025–26.
    • Validity: Covers 200 trips or one year and then reverts to regular FASTag mode unless renewed.
    • Trip Count:
      • Point-based plazas: Each pass counts as one trip per crossing.
      • Closed toll systems: Entry and exit combined count as one trip.
    • Transfer Restrictions: The pass is non-transferable and valid only for the vehicle on which the FASTag is registered.
    • Coverage: Valid only at NH and NE toll plazas managed by the Centre. It does not apply to state highway or local toll plazas.
    • Fee Revision: The base fee may be revised annually starting April 1 every year.
    • Existing Users: No need for a new FASTag if one is already affixed and active. The pass can be added on top of the existing tag after eligibility verification.
    [UPSC 2023] With reference to India’s projects on connectivity, consider the following statements:

    1. East-West Corridor under Golden Quadrilateral Project connects Dibrugarh and Surat.

    2. Trilateral Highway connects Moreh in Manipur and Chiang Mai in Thailand via Myanmar.

    3. Bangladesh-China -India -Myanmar Economic Corridor connects Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh with Kunming in China. How many of the above statements are correct? Options: (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None*