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GS Paper: GS3

  • What is the GST Council, and what does it do?   

    Why in the news?

    The 53rd meeting of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council convened in Delhi, chaired by Nirmala Sitharaman, Union Minister for Finance and Corporate Affairs, on Saturday, June 22nd.

    What is the GST Council?

    • The GST Council is a constitutional body established under Article 279A of the amended Constitution of India.
    • It is a joint forum consisting of the Union Finance Minister (as Chairperson), the Union Minister of State for Finance, and representatives from each state and Union Territory (UT) with legislatures.
    • The Council is responsible for making recommendations on issues related to GST, including tax rates, exemptions, and model GST laws.

    Powers and Functions of the GST Council

    • Recommendations on GST Issues: The Council advises the Union and State Governments on matters related to the goods and services tax.
    • Tax Rates: It decides on the rates of GST applicable to goods and services, including any modifications or exemptions.
    • Dispute Resolution: It addresses disputes that may arise between the Union and States or among States regarding GST.
    • Administrative Changes: The Council can recommend administrative changes to improve the efficiency of GST implementation.
    • Review and Revision: Periodically review GST rates and provisions to align with economic realities and policy objectives.

    Evolution of the GST Council since its inception:

    • Formation and Initial Years: Established in 2016 after the passage of the 122nd Constitutional Amendment Act. The Council began functioning in 2017 when GST was implemented nationwide.
    • Operational Efficiency: Over the years, the Council has evolved to streamline decision-making processes, including real-time discussions and consensus-building among members.
    • Expansion of Scope: Initially focusing on setting basic tax rates and exemptions, the Council’s scope expanded to include amendments to GST laws and procedural changes.
    • Judicial Scrutiny: In 2022, the Supreme Court clarified that the Council’s recommendations are not binding but reflect collaborative efforts between the Union and States.
    • Adaptation to Challenges: Adapted to economic fluctuations, pandemic challenges (like the postponement of GST filing deadlines during COVID-19), and evolving sectoral needs.
    • Interstate Dynamics: The voting structure of the Council, with states collectively having a two-thirds voting share, underscores its federal and cooperative nature.

    Conclusion: The GST Council, pivotal since 2017, advises on GST matters, sets tax rates, resolves disputes, and evolves with economic shifts. Its federal structure ensures collaborative decision-making for efficient tax administration in India.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Enumerate the indirect taxes which have been subsumed in the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India. Also, comment on the revenue implications of the GST introduced in India since July 2017. (UPSC IAS/2019)

  • Nuclear Study provides major update on Plutonium Isotope Fission

    Why in the News?

    Recently a study was conducted on Prompt Fission Neutron Spectrum (PFNS) by the US. This study holds significance for design updates in India’s second stage of its nuclear power programme.

    India’s Progress in Nuclear Energy

    On March 4, India advanced to the second stage of its nuclear power programme by beginning the core-loading process of the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) at the Madras Atomic Power Station in Kalpakkam. 

    India’s 3-stage Nuclear Power Program:

    Description Timeline
    Stage 1 Relies on pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs) using natural uranium as fuel. Initiated in the 1950s;

    Operational since the 1960s
    Stage 2 Focuses on developing fast breeder reactors (FBRs) using plutonium-239 produced in Stage 1. Initiated in the 1970s;

    Development phase
    Stage 3 Involves the development of thorium-based reactors utilizing India’s significant thorium reserves. Initiated in the late 1980s/early 1990s;

    Research & Development phase

    What is Prompt Fission Neutron Spectrum (PFNS)?

    • Definition: PFNS refers to neutrons emitted right after a Pu-240 nucleus captures a neutron but before it reaches a stable state.
    • Previous Studies: To date, only one study has investigated PFNS for Pu-240-induced fission at 0.85 mega-electron-volt (MeV). Recently, researchers in the U.S. conducted a second study with neutrons of higher energy than 0.85 MeV.
    • New Findings: The findings reveal significant differences between predicted and measured PFNS, aiding reactor designers and nuclear medicine practitioners.

    About Plutonium-240 and its Fission

    • Neutron Capture: When a Pu-239 nucleus captures a neutron, it can either undergo fission or become Pu-240.
      • Pu-240 is common in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapon test fallout.
    • Pu-240 Behavior: Pu-240 capturing a neutron typically turns into Pu-241.
      • If Pu-240 undergoes fission, there’s uncertainty about the energy of its fission products.
      • Current models use complex calculations to estimate this output.

    Do you know?

    • Plutonium is created from Uranium-238 in nuclear reactors.
    • Plutonium-239 is a weapon-grade fissile material (i.e. used to make nuclear weapons).
      • Pu-239 and Pu-240 are by-products of nuclear reactor operations and nuclear bomb explosions.

    Relevance of PFNS Study to India’s PFBR

    • PFBR Use: The PFBR uses plutonium from CANDU (Canada Deuterium Uranium) reactor spent fuel, which contains Pu-240. Reprocessed PFBR spent fuel will also contain Pu-240.
    • Importance of New Data: New data on Pu-240 behaviour is essential for improving reactor efficiency and safety.

    Production and Characteristics of Pu-240

    • Creation of Pu-239: Pu-239 is created when U-238 is exposed to neutrons in a reactor. As Pu-239 captures neutrons, it turns into Pu-240, which builds up over time.
    • Spontaneous Fission: Pu-240 undergoes spontaneous fission, emitting alpha particles, and is considered a contaminant in weapons-grade plutonium, where its composition is kept below 7%.
    • Reactor-Grade Plutonium: Plutonium with more than 19% Pu-240 is classified as reactor-grade.

    Experimental Findings on PFNS

    • Research at LANSCE: Researchers at Los Alamos Neutron Science Centre (LANSCE) conducted tests by bombarding a pure Pu-240 sample with neutrons of 0.01-800 MeV energy.
    • Detection Setup: The setup included liquid scintillators to detect emitted particles, using a small Pu-240 sample to minimize alpha particle emission.
    • Measurement Focus: They measured the energies of neutrons and other fission products, focusing on neutron-induced fission data.

    PYQ:

    [2023] Consider the following statements:

    • Statement-I: India, despite having uranium deposits, depends on coal for most its electricity production.
    • Statement-II: Uranium, enriched to the extent at of least 60%, is required for the production of electricity.

    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

    (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

    (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-1

    (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

    (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

  • [pib] Cabinet approves Central Sector Scheme “National Forensic Infrastructure Enhancement Scheme” (NFlES)

    Why in the News?

    The Union Cabinet, chaired by PM Narendra Modi, approved the National Forensic Infrastructure Enhancement Scheme (NFIES).

    Do you know?

    • Central sector schemes: They are 100% funded by the Union government and implemented by the Central Government machinery. It covers subjects from Union List (central subjects).
    • Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS): It has a certain percentage of the funding borne by the States and the implementation is by the State Governments.It covers subjects from Concurrent List (shared subjects).
      • States have some flexibility to modify schemes to suit local needs within central guidelines.

    About National Forensic Infrastructure Enhancement Scheme (NFlES)

    • The Central Sector Scheme NFIES aims to strengthen national forensic infrastructure, expand NFSU’s reach, and establish CFSLs to meet growing forensic demands.
    • It aligns with India’s goals of enhancing forensic capabilities and securing robust criminal justice outcomes.

    Key Components of NFlES:

    • Campuses of NFSU: Establishing campuses of the National Forensic Sciences University (NFSU) across India.
    • Central Forensic Science Laboratories (CFSLs): Setting up new CFSLs nationwide.
      • Delhi Campus Enhancement: Upgrading infrastructure at the Delhi Campus of NFSU.
      • Financial outlay: Rs. 2254.43 crore for 2024-25 to 2028-29, funded by the Ministry of Home Affairs.
    • Objectives:  
      • Enhancing the criminal justice system with timely and scientific forensic examinations.
      • Addressing the increased workload due to new criminal laws requiring forensic investigation for serious offences.
      • Mitigating the shortage of trained forensic professionals in Forensic Science Laboratories (FSLs).

    Impact and Benefits

    • Improved Efficiency: Ensuring high-quality forensic examinations for efficient criminal justice processes.
    • Technology Integration: Leveraging advancements to handle evolving crime methods effectively.
    • Capacity Building: Training more forensic professionals to reduce case backlogs and support a high conviction rate exceeding 90%.

    PYQ:

    [2017] ‘Recognition of Prior Learning Scheme’ is sometimes mentioned in the news with reference to:

    (a) Certifying the skills acquired by construction workers through traditional channels.

    (b) Enrolling the persons in Universities for distance learning programmes.

    (c) Reserving some skilled jobs to rural and urban poor in some public sector undertakings.

    (d) Certifying the skills acquired by trainees under the National Skill Development Programme.

  • [pib] Release of Statistical Report on Value of Output from Agriculture and Allied Sectors, 2024

    Why in the News?

    The National Statistical Office (NSO), under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), has released the ‘Statistical Report on Value of Output from Agriculture and Allied Sectors 2024’.

    Data Collection Strategies by NSO:

    • Crops are divided into 12 groups: Cereals, pulses, oilseeds, sugars, fibres, indigo, dyes and tanning material, drugs and narcotics, condiments & spices, fruits & vegetables, other crops, by-products, and kitchen garden.
    • Livestock products are divided into 7 groups: milk, meat, eggs, wool and hair, dung, silk worm cocoons & honey, and increment in livestock.

    About the National Statistical Office (NSO)

      • The NSO was established in 1950 as the Central Statistical Office (CSO) under the Ministry of Planning.
      • It was later renamed the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) in 1970 and subsequently became the NSO in 2019.
      • Over the years, it has evolved to become the primary statistical agency in India.
    • Organizational Structure:  The NSO consists of several divisions and units responsible for different statistical functions.

    Key organizations under NSO: Central Statistical Office (CSO)

    • The CSO is a part of the NSO and focuses on macroeconomic statistics and national income accounting.
    • It is responsible for producing key economic indicators such as the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Index of Industrial Production (IIP), Consumer Price Index (CPI), and Wholesale Price Index (WPI).

    Key Reports released by NSO:

    • Household Consumption Expenditure Survey
    • EnviStats India 2024: Environment Statistics
    • Energy Statistics India 2024
    • National Accounts Statistics 2024
    • Quarterly Estimates of GDP

    Sector-wise share of Value of Output

    Salient Features and Summary Results

    • India’s Agricultural Rankings: India ranks second worldwide in arable land, third in cereal production, and is a leading producer of groundnut, fruits, vegetables, sugarcane, tea, and jute. It is also the largest producer of milk, second in egg production, and fifth in meat production.
    • GVA Contribution: The shares of Crop, Livestock, Forestry and Fishing sub-sectors in value of output of Agriculture and allied sector were 54.3%, 30.9%, 7.9% and 6.9% respectively in 2022-23.
    • Crop Sub-sector Trends: The crop sub-sector remains the largest contributor to the Gross Value of Output (GVO) but has seen its share decline from 62.4% in 2011-12 to 54.3% in 2022-23. Fruits and vegetables’ output has significantly increased, highlighting the growing importance of horticulture.
    • Livestock Sub-sector Growth: The livestock sub-sector has seen an increase in the output of milk, meat, and eggs, indicating a steady growth in this area.
    • Forestry and Fishing: The forestry sector has diversified its output sources, and the fishing and aquaculture sector has seen significant growth, especially in Andhra Pradesh.

    State-wise Details from 2011-12 to 2022-23

    State-wise Value of Output of Crop

    • Highest Output: Uttar Pradesh leading in cereals and sugarcane production.
    • Lowest Output: Lakshadweep:

    State-wise Value of Output of Livestock

    • Highest Output:
      • Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan together accounted for about a quarter of the livestock sub-sector’s output.
    • Lowest Output:
      • Goa: Output remained at ₹0 lakh throughout the period.
    • Key Trends:
      • Madhya Pradesh: Significant increase in livestock output, particularly in milk and meat production.
      • West Bengal: Steady growth in egg production.

    State-wise Value of Output of Forestry and Logging

    Major products: Industrial wood (68%), Fuelwood (20%), and Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFP) (12%) in 2022-23.

    • Top States in 2022-23:Maharashtra: 16.4% share, Rajasthan: 10.6% share,Uttar Pradesh: 8.7% share, Madhya Pradesh: 7.7% share and Odisha: 5.3% share.

    State-wise Value of Output of Fishing and Aquaculture

    • Highest Output: Andhra Pradesh: Share increased from 17.7% in 2011-12 to almost 40.9% in 2022-23, leading in fish and prawn farming.
    • Lowest Output: Arunachal Pradesh: Output increased from ₹0 lakh (2011-12) to ₹3 lakh (2022-23).

    All India Item-wise Value of Output from Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry, and Fishing

    • Cereals: Paddy and wheat are the top contributors to the cereals sub-sector. Paddy output in 2022-23 was ₹220,200 crore, while wheat output was ₹137,300 crore.
    • Pulses: Gram and Arhar together accounted for nearly 59% of the pulses output. Madhya Pradesh led in pulses production with a 22% share in 2022-23.
    • Oilseeds: Groundnut and Rapeseed & Mustard are the highest contributors within the oilseeds group. Gujarat and Rajasthan are the leading states in oilseeds production.
    • Sugar Crops: Uttar Pradesh remains the largest producer of sugarcane, increasing its share from 41% in 2011-12 to 54.5% in 2022-23.
    • Livestock Products: Milk, meat, and eggs are the major contributors within the livestock sub-sector. The share of milk, meat, and eggs in the livestock sub-sector was 66.5%, 23.6%, and 3.7% respectively in 2022-23.
    • Forestry Products: The forestry sector’s output is mainly driven by industrial wood, fuelwood, and NTFP. The share of industrial wood increased to 68% in 2022-23.
    • Fishing and Aquaculture: The fishing and aquaculture sector has seen a significant increase in output, with Andhra Pradesh leading the production. The output of fishing and aquaculture increased from ₹80 thousand crore in 2011-12 to ₹195 thousand crore in 2022-23.

    PYQ:

    [2011] A state in India has the following characteristics:

    1. Its northern part is arid and semiarid.
    2. Its central part produces cotton.
    3. Cultivation of cash crops is predominant over food crops.

    Which one of the following states has all of the above characteristics?

    (a) Andhra Pradesh

    (b) Gujarat

    (c) Karnataka

    (d) Tamil Nadu

  • [pib] Viability Gap Funding (VGF) Scheme for Offshore Wind Energy Projects

     

    Why in the News?

    • The Union Cabinet, chaired by the PM, approved the Viability Gap Funding (VGF) scheme for offshore wind energy projects.

    Note: Offshore wind energy projects refer to developing and operating wind farms located offshore, typically in coastal waters or oceans.

    Back2Basics: Viability Gap Funding (VGF) Scheme

    • The VGF scheme is a financial tool to support infrastructure projects that are economically justified but face financial viability challenges.
    • It was launched in 2004 to address the gap between economically viable infrastructure projects and their financial feasibility under traditional financing models.
      • Administration: Administered by the Ministry of Finance, Government of India, the scheme operates as a Plan Scheme with annual budget allocations.

    Features:

    1. Capital Subsidy: VGF provides a grant (capital subsidy) to infrastructure projects to make them financially attractive for private sector participation. This subsidy helps cover part of the cost that private investors would find economically unviable.
    2. Project Eligibility: Projects eligible for VGF are typically selected through competitive bidding processes. They must demonstrate economic justification but face challenges in attracting private investment solely on commercial terms.
    3. Disbursement Timing: The VGF grant is disbursed during the construction phase of the project. However, disbursement is conditional upon the private sector developer making the required equity contribution to the project.
    4. Budgetary Allocation: Funds for VGF are allocated from the government’s budget. Sometimes, contributions may also come from the statutory authority that owns the project asset.
    5. Limitations: Additional financial assistance beyond the VGF amount is capped at 20% of the total project cost. This additional support can be provided by the sponsoring Ministry, State Government, or the statutory entity involved.

    Benefits:

    • Encouraging Investment: By reducing the financial risks associated with infrastructure projects, VGF encourages private sector participation, leading to faster project implementation and improved service delivery.
    • Infrastructure Development: The scheme supports the development of critical infrastructure such as transportation (roads, railways, airports), energy (power generation, transmission), and public utilities.

    About VGF Scheme for Offshore Wind Energy Projects

      • The VGF scheme aligns with the National Offshore Wind Energy Policy (2015) to harness India’s offshore wind potential.
      • It aims to reduce power costs from offshore wind projects, making them viable for DISCOMs through government support.
      • It seeks installation and commissioning of 1 GW of offshore wind energy projects (500 MW each off the coast of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu).
    • Functionaries: 
      • Private Developers will execute projects via transparent bidding.
      • Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd (PGCIL) will build power evacuation infrastructure.
    • Total outlay: Rs. 7453 crore, including Rs. 6853 crore for installing and commissioning 1 GW of projects in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.

    Advantages of Offshore Wind Energy:

    • Offshore wind offers higher reliability, lower storage requirements, and greater employment potential than onshore wind and solar.
    • The development will attract investments, build indigenous manufacturing capabilities, and foster technology advancements.

    Environmental and Economic implications:

    • 1 GW projects will generate 3.72 billion units annually, reducing CO2 emissions by 2.98 million tons per year for 25 years.
    • Expected to kickstart India’s offshore wind sector, supporting initial development of 37 GW capacity with an investment of Rs. 4,50,000 crore.
    • Creates an ecosystem for ocean-based economic activities, contributing to India’s energy transition goals.

    PYQ:

    [2018] With reference to solar power production in India, consider the following statements:

    1. India is the third largest in the world in the manufacture of silicon wafers used in photovoltaic units.
    2. The solar power tariffs are determined by the Solar Energy Corporation of India.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

    [2016] Give an account of the current status and the targets to be achieved pertaining to renewable energy sources in the country. Discuss in brief the importance of National Programme on Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs).

  • Possible risks of “Acute Poisoning” due to high Capsaicin Levels

    Why in the News?

    Food safety authorities in Denmark have recalled three types of South Korean spicy instant noodles due to potential risks of “acute Capsaicin poisoning.”

    What is Capsaicin?

    • Capsaicin, the chemical responsible for chili pepper spiciness, is primarily found in the white membrane (placenta) of some chili peppers.
    • Mechanism of Capsaicin:
      • Capsaicin binds to TRPV1 receptors in the human body, which detect heat and pain.
      • These receptors are tricked by capsaicin into reacting as if there is a rise in temperature, causing a painful, burning sensation.
      • The body’s response includes sweating, facial redness, runny nose, teary eyes, gut cramps, and diarrhoea as it attempts to cool down and expel the perceived heat.

    Evolutionary Benefits of Capsaicin

    • While birds avoid chilies, rodents consume them.
    • Birds lack TRPV1 receptors, unlike rodents act as seed dispersers, aiding in the germination of chili seeds.
    • Capsaicin serves an evolutionary purpose by deterring mammals from eating the seeds and protecting the plant from fungi and insects.
    • Producing capsaicin is resource-intensive, making spicy chilies more vulnerable to droughts.

    Human Affinity for Spicy Foods

    • Over 3,000 chili cultivars have been bred for varying color, taste, and pungency.
    • Some experts believe humans’ love for spicy foods stems from their antimicrobial benefits, which are particularly useful in hotter climates where food spoils faster.
    • Psychologists argue that eating spicy foods is similar to thrill-seeking activities, providing a simulated risk without actual danger.

    Potential Risks of Capsaicin

    • High concentrations of capsaicin can cause heartburn, gastrointestinal pain, and diarrhoea.
    • Long-term ingestion of high levels may lead to chronic gastrointestinal disorders.
    • Capsaicin poisoning is rare due to the large amount required for toxicity, with a person needing to consume around 2.5 liters of Tabasco sauce to overdose.

  • How long is Carbon is stored in plants?

    Why in the News?

    A recent study in the Science journal indicates that the storage of carbon in terrestrial vegetation is more short-lived and more vulnerable to climate change than previously estimated.

    Carbon Absorption and Storage in Plants

    • Current models may overestimate the time carbon remains stored in plants, meaning it returns to the atmosphere sooner than previously expected.
    • Experts emphasised that while plants and forests play a crucial role in drawing down carbon dioxide, their potential is limited.
    • The study calls for a rapid reduction in fossil fuel emissions to mitigate climate change impacts.

    Key Findings:  

    • Plants and soils absorb 30% of annual carbon dioxide emissions from human activities, mitigating climate change.
    • However, there are gaps in understanding the stability and mechanisms of this carbon storage.

    Use of Radiocarbon (Carbon-14) in Research

    • Researchers used Carbon-14, a radioactive isotope, to track carbon accumulation and turnover in the terrestrial biosphere.
    • Nuclear bomb testing in the 1950s and 1960s increased atmospheric C-14 levels, providing a unique opportunity to study carbon cycling.

    Study Results

    • By analysing C-14 accumulation in plants from 1963 to 1967, researchers compared these findings to current models.
    • The analysis showed that net primary productivity (the rate of new plant tissue creation) is likely at least 80 petagrams of carbon (PgC) per year, higher than the 43-76 PgC per year predicted by current models.
    • The C-14 accumulation in vegetation during 1963-67 was 69 ± 24 ×10²⁶, suggesting a more rapid carbon cycle between the atmosphere and biosphere than previously thought.

    Back2Basics: Carbon-14 and Carbon Dating

    • Carbon dating is a widely used method for determining the age of organic materials that were once living.
    • The method is based on the radioactive decay of Carbon-14 (C-14), an isotope of carbon with an atomic mass of 14.
    • It works by measuring the ratio of C-12 to C-14 in the atmosphere, as well as in plants and animals that acquire carbon through photosynthesis or food consumption.

    The Half-Life Concept

    • Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,730 ± 40 years—i.e., half the amount of the radioisotope present at any given time will undergo spontaneous disintegration during the succeeding 5,730 years.
    • Because carbon-14 decays at this constant rate, an estimate of the date at which an organism died can be made by measuring the amount of its residual radiocarbon.

    Implications of the Study: Reforestation is inadequate

    • Today, reforestation is proposed to remove CO2 from the atmosphere, but trees do not return the CO2 to the geological layers from which the fossil fuels came.
    • This sink is transitory and this study shows us that its duration is even shorter than we thought.

    PYQ:

    [2012] Consider the following agricultural practices:

    1. Contour bunding
    2. Relay cropping
    3. Zero tillage

    In the context of global climate change, which of the above helps/help in carbon sequestration/storage in the soil?

    (a) 1 and 2 only
    (b) 3 only
    (c) 1, 2 and 3
    (d) None of them

  • AMRSense Project

    Why in the News?

    • The AMRSense Project of the IIIT-Delhi has won the joint second prize in Trinity Challenge’s competition focused on combating Antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
      • The project shares the £600,000 joint second prize with ‘OASIS: OneHealth Antimicrobial Stewardship for Informal Health Systems,’ also from India.

    The Trinity Challenge

    • It is a global initiative aimed at fostering innovative solutions to major global health challenges, particularly focusing on pandemic and epidemic threats.
    • It operates as a charity organization.
      • Objective: The Trinity Challenge seeks to harness the power of data and analytics to address global health threats, including pandemics, epidemics, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). It encourages collaboration across sectors to develop data-driven solutions that can protect populations worldwide.
      • Focus Areas: The initiative primarily focuses on:
    1. Enhancing global health security by improving early detection and response to disease outbreaks.
    2. Strengthening health systems and resilience against future health crises.
    3. Promoting innovations in public health, healthcare delivery, and data analytics to mitigate health risks.

    What is the AMRSense Project?

    • The AMRSense is aimed at addressing the critical issue of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) through a comprehensive and proactive approach.
    • The project focuses on empowering communities, particularly Community Health Workers (CHWs), with tools and strategies to enhance AMR surveillance and management.
    • It seeks to bridge the gap in data collection and evidence-based interventions at the community level in India.
    • Collaborators: The project involves collaboration with CHRI-PATH, 1mg.com, and the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).

    Four Components of AMRSense:

    1. Community Engagement: AMRSense empowers CHWs with AI-assisted tools for accurate and simplified data collection related to AMR. This helps in improving the quality and reliability of AMR data gathered from local communities.
    2. Data Integration: The project integrates various sources of AMR-related data, including antibiotic sales, consumption patterns, and WHONet-compliant surveillance data. This integration is facilitated through open-source tools and APIs, aiming to create a unified AMR data ecosystem.
    3. Predictive Analytics: AMRSense employs federated analytics across the OneHealth ecosystem. This approach provides integrated insights into AMR trends, facilitating proactive decision-making and interventions to manage and mitigate AMR risks.
    4. AMRaura Scorecard: This tool is designed to monitor and evaluate AMR trends over time. It helps in assessing the effectiveness of interventions and guiding targeted strategies to combat AMR effectively.

    Impact and Future Prospects

    • AMRSense aims to fill gaps in CHW awareness, training, and motivation, enhancing community-level AMR data collection and management in India.
    • The project’s comprehensive approach seeks to foster proactive AMR surveillance and management practices.

    National Programme on AMR Containment

    • India has launched a “National Programme on AMR Containment” during the 12th five-year plan (2012-2017) which is being coordinated by the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC).
    • The network of labs is being expanded in a phased manner and currently includes 35 state medical college labs in 26 States/UTs.

     

    PYQ:

    [2020] What is the importance of using Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines in India?

    1. These vaccines are effective against pneumonia as well as meningitis and sepsis.

    2. Dependence on antibiotics that are not effective against drug-resistant bacteria can be reduced.

    3. These vaccines have no side effects and cause no allergic reactions.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 1 and 2 only

    (c) 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • 67th Global Environment Facility (GEF) Council meet

    Why in the News?

    • The 67th meeting of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) was recently held in Washington DC. It concluded with the approval of $736.4 million in funding for 34 nature protection and renewal projects.

    About Global Environment Facility (GEF) 

    Details
    Establishment
    • A pilot program in 1991 by the World Bank
    • Restructured after the 1992 Rio Earth Summit.
    Objective Grants and blended finance for environmental projects
    Funding
    • Over $1 billion annually; $22 billion grants to date
    • World Bank serves as the GEF Trustee
    Replenishment $5.33 billion pledged for 2022-2026
    Member Countries 184 countries
    Main Governing Bodies
    • Assembly: Composed of all 184 member countries, meets every 3-4 years at ministerial level. Reviews policies, and operations, and approves amendments.
    • Council: Main governing body with 32 members from member countries (14 developed, 16 developing, 2 economies in transition). Meets biannually to develop policies, approve projects, and evaluate operations.
      • India, Bhutan, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bangladesh have together formed a Permanent Constituency in the Executive Council of the GEF.
    • Secretariat: Based in Washington, D.C., reports to Council and Assembly, oversees project implementation and policy adherence.
    • STAP (Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel): Provides scientific advice on policies, strategies, and projects, consisting of six internationally recognized experts.
    • GEF IEO (Independent Evaluation Office): Reports to the Council, evaluates GEF’s impact and effectiveness, and shares best practices and lessons learned.
    Operational Agencies 18 agencies including UNDP, UNEP, World Bank
    Financial Mechanism for
    • Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1994)
    • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1991)
    • United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) (1994)
    • Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2001)
    • Minamata Convention on Mercury (2013)
    • Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987)
    Focus Areas Biodiversity, Climate Change (Mitigation & Adaptation), Chemicals & Waste, International Waters, Land Degradation, Sustainable Forest Management
    Additional Initiatives Circular Economy, Capacity Development, Debt-for-Nature Swaps, Gender Equality, Indigenous Peoples

    Outcomes of the 67th GEF Council Meeting

    [1] Funding Approval:

    • A total of $736.4 million was approved for 34 projects worldwide.
    • These projects span various environmental sectors and include initiatives under the GEF Trust Fund, Global Biodiversity Framework Fund (GBFF), Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), and a Multi-Trust Fund project.

    [2] GBFF Initiatives:

    • The GBFF approved its first work programme, allocating $37.8 million specifically for enhancing protected area management in Brazil and Mexico.
    • This initiative aims to support sustainable practices across more than 30 million hectares of protected areas, with a focus on indigenous-led conservation efforts.

    [3] GEF Trust Fund Projects:

    Several projects were funded under the GEF Trust Fund, including:

    1. Sustainable Cities Integrated Program.
    2. Initiatives targeting chemical and waste pollution in Bolivia’s cement, textile, brick, and glass sectors, as well as Brazil’s cement industry.

    [4] Projects in India:

    India secured funding for two significant projects:

    1. Enhancing biodiversity conservation to meet global targets, focusing on expanding protected areas and community-led conservation practices with a funding of $6.7 million.
    2. Conservation and sustainable management of wetlands, forests, and grasslands along the Central Asian Flyway, receiving $10.7 million.

    [5] Global Impact and Targets:

    • Several projects aligned with the Global Biodiversity Framework’s 30X30 target (conservation of 30% of Earth’s land and sea by 2030), including initiatives in Argentina, Central Asia, and Namibia.
    • These projects aim to reduce ecosystem degradation, combat biodiversity loss, and strengthen protected area management.

    [6] Future Plans (GEF-9):

    • The Council discussed plans for the ninth replenishment funding cycle (GEF-9) from 2026 to 2030.
    • This period aligns with global environmental goals and targets set under international agreements like the Biodiversity Plan.

    PYQ:

    [2014] With reference to ‘Global Environment Facility’, which of the following statements is/are correct?

    (a) It serves as financial mechanism for ‘Convention on Biological Diversity’ and ‘United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’.

    (b) It undertakes scientific research on environmental issues at global level.

    (c) It is an agency under OECD to facilitate the transfer of technology and funds to underdeveloped countries with specific aim to protect their environment.

    (d) Both (a) and (b).

  • How Dangerous is Methanol Poisoning?      

    Why in the news?

    At least 38 people have died after consuming spurious liquor in Tamil Nadu’s Kallakurichi district.

    Key Points Related to the Kallakurichi District Incident in Tamil Nadu

    • Incident Overview: As of 9:30 p.m. on June 20, at least 38 people died after consuming spurious liquor in Kallakurichi district and 82 others were receiving treatment in hospitals. The tragedy follows a similar incident a year ago in Chengalpattu and Villupuram districts, which resulted in over 20 deaths.
    • Government Response: Chief Minister M.K. Stalin transferred the Collector and suspended the district superintendent of police. The State deployed 2,000 police personnel around the district. A one-man commission headed by former High Court judge B. Gokuldas was constituted to inquire into the tragedy.

    How is Spurious Liquor Made and Why Does it Have Deadly Effects?

    • Composition: Spurious liquor often contains methanol in addition to ethanol. Methanol is sometimes added to increase the intoxicating effect and/or bulk volume of the homemade liquor.
    • Methanol’s Deadly Effects: Methanol is metabolized in the liver to formaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) enzymes. Formaldehyde is further metabolized to formic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzymes. The accumulation of formic acid leads to metabolic acidosis and acidaemia, damaging various organs and leading to potential death.

    Why is Methanol added to Liquor and How is it Processed by the Body if Ingested?

    • Reasons for Adding Methanol: To enhance the ‘kick’ or intoxicating effects of the liquor and increase the volume of the liquor cheaply.
    • Processing in the Body: ADH enzymes convert methanol to formaldehyde.ALDH enzymes then convert formaldehyde to formic acid. The build-up of formic acid causes metabolic acidosis, optic neuropathy, cerebral oedema, hemorrhage, and potential death.

    Is Treatment Effective?

    • Timeliness is Crucial: Early intervention is essential for effective treatment of methanol poisoning. Prompt administration of antidotes and supportive therapies significantly improves the chances of recovery and reduces the risk of severe complications such as blindness or death.
    • Available Antidotes: Ethanol and Fomepizole are effective antidotes that inhibit the metabolism of methanol to toxic compounds. Ethanol competes with methanol for ADH enzymes, while fomepizole directly inhibits these enzymes, preventing the formation of harmful formaldehyde and formic acid.
    • Supportive Therapies: Hemodialysis can effectively remove methanol and its toxic metabolites from the bloodstream, while folinic acid helps break down formic acid. These treatments, when combined with antidotes, can mitigate the damage to vital organs and improve patient outcomes.

    Way forward:

    • Strict Regulation and Monitoring: Enhance regulatory oversight of liquor production and distribution to ensure all alcoholic beverages meet safety standards. Regular inspections and stringent enforcement of licensing laws can prevent the production and sale of illicit alcohol.
    • Public Awareness and Education: Conduct widespread public education campaigns to inform the community about the dangers of consuming spurious liquor. Awareness programs can help people recognize the signs of adulterated alcohol and understand the severe health risks associated with its consumption.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Effectiveness of the government system at various levels and people’s participation in the governance system are interdependent.” Discuss their relationship with each other in the context of India. (UPSC IAS/2016)