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GS Paper: GS3

  • US research highlights Indian farming practices

    A paper has recently published in the US has found that Integrated farming with intercropping increases food production while reducing environmental footprint.

    What is the finding?

    This work found that:

    1. Relay planting enhances yield
    2. Within-field rotation or strip rotation allowing strips for planting other plants (such as grass, fruits) besides the major crop was more fruitful
    3. Soil munching that is, available means such as crop straw, in addition to the major crop such as wheat or rice, and
    4. No-till or reduced tillage, which increases the annual crop yield up by 15.6% to 49.9%, and decreasing the environmental footprint by 17.3%, compared with traditional monoculture cropping

    Various terms mentioned

    [A] Relay planting

    • Relay planting means the planting of different crops in the same plot, one right after another, in the same season.
    • Examples of such relay cropping would be planting rice (or wheat), cauliflower, onion, and summer gourd (or potato onion, lady’s fingers and maize), in the same season.
    • Benefits: It is less risk since you do not have to depend on one crop alone. It also means better distribution of labour, insects spread less, and any legumes actually add nitrogen to the soil.

    [B] Strip cropping

    • Strip cropping has been used in the U.S. (where the fields are larger than those in India), where they grow wheat, along with corn and soybean, in the same farm in an alternative manner.
    • However, this needs large lands. The land is divided into strips, and strips of grass are left to grow between the crops.
    • Benefits: Planting of trees to create shelters has helped in stabilising the desert in Western India.

    [C] Soil mulching and no-till

    • Soil mulching requires keeping all bare soil covered with straw, leaves, and the like, even when the land is in use.
    • Benefits: Erosion is curtailed, moisture retained, and beneficial organisms, such as earthworms, kept in place. The same set of benefits are also offered by not tilling the soil.

    Significance of the findings

    • This research has led to the conclusion that small farm holders can grow more food and have reduced environmental footprint.
    • Current statistics reveal that our country has a significant population of small farmers, many owning less than 2 hectares of land.
    • About 70% of its rural households still depend primarily on agriculture for their livelihood, with 82% of farmers being small and marginal.

     

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  • How to create a truly digital public

    Context

    Despite the push for the adoption of digital technologies, large segments of Indians still can’t access or haven’t learned to trust digital artefacts.

    Issue of exclusion

    • Recognising the power of technology to drive inclusion at a massive scale, the state is doubling down on technology to reach more citizens and serve them better.
    • However, often the paradigm of technology for such services is built around the “elite” citizen, who is comfortable with technology.
    • Often, this imagined citizen is male, urban, upper class.
    • Large segments of Indians still can’t access or haven’t learned to trust digital artefacts.
    • Many among marginalised groups struggle to access digital civic platforms, and instead rely on trusted human intermediaries.

    Suggestions to make digital space truly public

    1) Design with the citizen

    • Encouraging human-centric design, and mandating user-assessments prior to roll out of GovTech platforms should be a key priority.
    • This is a shift from the default “build first and then disseminate” approach.
    • For example, formative research and human-centric design was informative in the creation of the first UPI payments app, BHIM.
    • BHIM’s simple interface and onboarding, use of relatable iconography and multi-language capabilities played an important role in early adoption of UPI among non “digital natives”.
    • Similarly, as the “Human Account” project demonstrated, it is possible to start with users in designing pro-poor fintech products, like the “Postman Savings” product which India Post Payments Bank designed for the rural poor.

    2) Harness trusted human interface to serve those who are not comfortable with technology

    •  Local intermediaries, such as formal and informal community leaders and civil society organisations, can play a key role in bridging the digital divide.
    • Working with existing networks (for example ASHAs) or carefully setting them up (such as the Andhra Pradesh Ward Secretariat programme), where pre-existing trust, community knowledge, and embeddedness can play a significant role, should be prioritised.

    3) Institutionalise an anchor entity that brings together innovators, policy makers and researchers

    • Such an entity will help to push the frontier on citizen-centricity in GovTech.
    • Such a platform — like the Citizen Lab in Denmark — can play a role in generating formative research.
    • Embedding this research in practice by partnering with the government as well as market innovators, and working with civil society organisations to enhance access to GovTech.

    Conclusion

    As India makes rapid strides in its digitalisation journey, it is timely to invoke Gandhiji’s talisman and ensure that GovTech can serve its highest and greatest purpose, that is, serving those who are last in line.

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  • How ONDC seeks to democratize digital commerce?

    The department for the promotion of industry and internal trade (DPIIT) in the ministry of commerce and industry is building an open network for digital commerce (ONDC), designed to curb digital monopolies and standardize the onboarding of retailers on e-commerce sites.

    What does the ONDC aim to achieve?

    • The Unified Payment Interface (UPI) has disrupted the digital payments domain. ONDC seeks to achieve something similar for e-commerce.
    • It aims to “democratize” digital commerce, moving it away from platform-centric models like Amazon and Flipkart to an open network.
    • ONDC may enable more sellers to be digitally visible. The transactions will be executed through an open network.
    • The system may empower merchants and consumers.
    • It will eventually touch every business, from retail goods and food to mobility.

    How would ONDC work?

    • The ONDC is still work in progress and the details are not public.
    • But what we know so far is the network may make it easier for a small retailer to be discovered.

    A boon for retailers

    • Once a retailer lists its products or services using the ONDC’s open protocol, the business can be discovered by consumers on e-commerce platforms that follow the same protocol.
    • A consumer searching for the product can see the location of the seller and opt to buy from the neighbourhood shop that can deliver faster compared to an e-commerce company.
    • This may promote hyperlocal delivery of goods such as groceries, directly from sellers to consumers.

    What are the next steps?

    • A private sector-led non-profit unit will be set up to fast-track its roll-out.
    • It is expected to provide a startup mindset enabled by a management with a futuristic vision, deep understanding of commerce and comfort with cutting edge technology.
    • A non-profit company structure removes any incentive for profit maxi-mization,
    • It would keep focus on ethical and responsible behaviour while providing for trust, rigorous norms of governance, accountability and transparency.

     

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  • Farmer suicide

    The number of agricultural labourers who died by suicide in 2020 was 18% higher than the previous year, according to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) report.

    Farmers suicide in 2020

    • In 2020, 5,098 of these agricultural labourers died by suicide, an 18% rise from the 4,324 who died last year.
    • Overall, 10,677 people engaged in the farm sector died by suicide in 2020, slightly higher than the 10,281 who died in 2019.
    • They made up 7% of all suicides in the country.
    • Most of these deaths were among those whose primary work and main source of income comes from labour activities in agriculture or horticulture.
    • However, among farmers who cultivate their own land, with or without the help of other workers, the number of suicides dropped 3.7% from 5,129 to 4,940.
    • Among tenant farmers who cultivate leased land, there was a 23% drop in suicides from 828 to 639.

    State-wise data

    • The worst among States continues to be Maharashtra, with 4,006 suicides in the farm sector, including a 15% increase in farm worker suicides.
    • Other States with a poor record include Karnataka (2016), Andhra Pradesh (889) and Madhya Pradesh (735).
    • Tamil Nadu also bucked the national trend; although the total number of farm suicides in the State was slightly higher.

    Why more suicides despite a boom?

    • The farm sector was one of the few bright spots in the Indian economy since a year.
    • It recorded growth on the back of a healthy monsoon and the continuation of agricultural activities during a lockdown that crippled other sectors.
    • Hence, suicides among landowning farmers dropped slightly during the pandemic year.
    • Landless agricultural labourers who did not benefit from income support schemes such as PM Kisan may have faced higher levels of distress during the pandemic.

    General causes of farmers suicides in India

    Suicide victims are motivated by more than one cause however the primer reason is the inability to repay loans.

    • Debt trap: Major causes reportedly are bankruptcy/indebtedness, problems in the families, crop failure, illness and alcohol/substance abuse.
    • Lack of credit: Low access to credit, irrigation and technology worsens their ability to make a comfortable living.
    • Responsibility burden: In other words, debt to stress and family responsibilities as reasons were significantly higher than fertilizers and crop failure.
    • Disguised unemployment: This remains high. Fragmentation of land holdings has left far too many farmers with farms that are too small to be remunerative.
    • Mental health: One of the major causes behind suicidal intent is depression. Farmers are often subjected to fear of boycott due to societal pressures.

     

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    Back2Basics: National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)

    • The NCRB is an Indian government agency responsible for collecting and analysing crime data as defined by the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and Special and Local Laws (SLL).
    • It is headquartered in New Delhi and is part of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
    • It was set-up in 1986 to function as a repository of information on crime and criminals so as to assist the investigators in linking crime to the perpetrators.
    • It was set up based on the recommendation of the Task force, 1985 and National Police Commission, 197.
    • It merged the Directorate of Coordination and Police Computer (DCPC), Inter State Criminals Data Branch of CBI and Central Finger Print Bureau of CBI.

    Also read:

    [Burning Issue] Farmers’ suicide in India

     

  • Nationwide Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) drive launched

    Union Health Minister has launched a nationwide expansion of Pneumococcal 13-valent Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) under the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP).

    Why such drive?

    • Pneumonia was a leading cause of death among children under five, globally and in India.
    • Pneumonia caused by pneumococcus is the most common cause of severe pneumonia in children.
    • Around 16% of deaths in children occur due to pneumonia in India.
    • The nationwide roll-out of PCV will reduce child mortality by around 60%.

    Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV)

    • The PCV is a mix of several bacteria of the pneumococci family, which are known to cause pneumonia—hence ‘conjugate’ is included in the name of the vaccine.
    • PCV prevents pneumococcal disease. It can protect both children and adults from pneumococcal disease.
    • Such conjugate vaccines are made using a combination of two different components.

    Pneumonia vs Pneumococcal pneumonia

    • Pneumonia is a lung disease.
    • Pneumococcal pneumonia, a kind of pneumonia, can infect the upper respiratory tract and can spread to the blood, lungs, middle ear, or nervous system.
    • Pneumococcal disease is a name for any infection caused by bacteria called Streptococcus pneumonia or pneumococcus.
    • Most people carry pneumococcus in their nose and throat, where the bacteria do not cause any symptoms.

    Take this yorker from CSP 2020:

    Q.What is the importance of using Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines in India?

    1. These vaccines are effective against pneumonia as well as meningitis and sepsis.
    2. Dependence on antibiotics that are not effective against drug-resistant bacteria can be reduced.
    3. These vaccines have no side effects and cause no allergic reactions.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 1 and 2 only

    (c) 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

    [wpdiscuz-feedback id=”txjic5odbw” question=”Please leave a feedback on this” opened=”1″]Post your answers here.[/wpdiscuz-feedback]

     

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  • Mission Samudrayan: India’s First and Unique Manned Ocean

    Union Minister of Earth Sciences has launched India’s First Manned Ocean Mission Samudrayan at Chennai.

    Mission Samudrayan

    • The Samudrayan project has been undertaken by the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT).
    • It will be a part of the Rs 6,000 crore Deep Ocean Mission.
    • It is designed to carry 3 persons in 2.1meter diameter Titanium Alloy Personnel Sphere with an operational endurance of 12hrs and systems to support emergency endurance up to 96hrs.
    • It could work at a depth between 1000 and 5500 meters.

    Objectives

    • Samudrayan shall facilitate carrying out deep ocean exploration of the non-living resources such as polymetallic manganese nodules, gas hydrates, hydro-thermal sulphides and cobalt crusts.
    • The mission would carry out subsea activities such as high-resolution bathymetry, biodiversity assessment, geo-scientific observation, search activities, salvage operation and engineering support.

    Focus areas of the Project

    • Ocean climate change advisory services
    • Underwater vehicles
    • Underwater robotics-related technologies
    • Deep-sea mining: Exploitation of polymetallic nodules

    Components of the mission

    Some of the critical subsystems of the manned submersibles are:

    • Development of Titanium Alloy Personnel Sphere, Human support and safety system in enclosed space, low density buoyancy modules, Ballast and Trim System
    • Pressure compensated batteries and propulsion system, control and communication systems and Launching and Recovery System.

    Progress till date

    • The preliminary design of the manned submersible MATSYA 6000 is completed.
    • Sea trials of 500 metre rated shallow water version of the manned submersible are expected to take place in the last quarter of 2022 and the MATSYA 6000.
    • The deep-water manned submersible will be ready for trials by the second quarter of 2024.

    Why need such mission?

    • This manned submersible mission provides a feel of direct physical presence for researchers and has better intervention capability.
    • With the advancing subsea technologies, the recent Fendouzhe manned submersible developed by China in 2020 has touched ~11000m water depths.
    • With Samudrayan, India joins the elite club of nations such as USA, Russia, Japan, France and China to have such underwater vehicles for carrying out subsea activities.

    Back2Basics: India and International Seabed Authority (ISA)

    • The ISA, an autonomous international organization established under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, allots the ‘area’ for deep-sea mining.
    • India was the first country to receive the status of a ‘Pioneer Investor’ in 1987 and was given an area of about 1.5 lakh sqkm in the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB) for nodule exploration.
    • In 2002, India signed a contract with the ISA, and after a complete resource analysis of the seabed, India surrendered 50%, and the country retained an area of 75,000 sqkm.
    • Further studies have helped narrow the mining area to 18,000 sqkm, the ‘First Generation Mine-site’.

     

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  • The three acts of entrepreneurship that accelerated India’s start-up ecosystem

    Context

    Three acts of entrepreneurship from five years ago — Jio, UPI, and GST — have converged to accelerate our startup ecosystem.

    Let’s look at each in more detail

    • Impact of JIO: India’s per GB internet data costs are just 3 per cent of those in the US.
    • A bold and risky $35 billion bet made by a private company transformed Indians from being data deprived to data-rich; consumption has jumped 15 times because costs fell by over 90 per cent.
    • The addition of millions of consumers and smartphones since Jio’s delightful five-year disruption of the market has exploded the most important universal metric in startup valuation — addressable market.
    • Affordable digital connectivity is transforming 75 crore of them into consumers, entrepreneurs, employees, and suppliers.
    • Role of UPI: Google’s letter to the US Federal Reserve suggesting America learn from India’s Universal Payments Interface (UPI) acknowledged that our real-time, low-cost, open-architecture payment plumbing is a public good.
    • UPI’s mobile-first architecture is a key pillar of the paperless, presenceless, and cashless framework of the Aadhaar-seeded India Stack.
    •  Impact of GST: GST attacked complexity and incentivised law-abiding supply and distribution chains.
    • It was long in the making but going live needed the risk-taking of starting with a second-best architecture, accepting some unjustifiable rates, and state revenue guarantees.
    • The doubling of indirect tax registered enterprises since GST creates a virtuous economic cycle of higher total factor productivity for enterprises and employees.

    Flourishing startup ecosystem

    • India now has the highest ratio of unlisted to listed companies with a $1 billion valuation.
    • Initial public offering documents filed by early startups like Nykaa, Paytm, Zomato and PolicyBazaar roughly average a 10x valuation rise since the triad did IPO.
    • Estimates suggest India’s startup ecosystem valuation will explode from $315 billion today to $1 trillion by 2025.

    Conclusion

    Gandhiji’s notion of democracy — where the weakest have the same opportunity as the strongest — needs an economic meritocracy only possible when entrepreneurs have all the ingredients in the right proportions.

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  • Agni V vs China’s Hypersonic Missile

    Though inducted over three years ago, India’s foremost Agni 5 ballistic missile was tested for the first time after reports that China had tested a new hypersonic missile.

    What is the Agni 5 missile?

    • Agni 5 is India’s long-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile, which can hit a target with a precision that is 5,000 km
    • The nuclear-capable missile is India’s contender for the Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM).
    • Its range puts almost the entire China within the missile’s target range.
    • Though the government has claimed that it has a maximum range of around 5,000 km, several reports suggest that it can hit targets as distant as 8,000 km.
    • The nuclear capable missile can carry a warhead of around 1,500 kg and has a launch weight of 50,000 kg, making it one of the most potent missiles in the country.

    Note: Officially an ICBM needs a missile to have a range of at least 5,500 km.

    History of Agni Missiles

    • India began testing the Agni series of missiles in 1989 with the first test for Agni 1, an Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile, with a range of around 1,000 km.
    • At that time only the US, the erstwhile Soviet Union, China, France and Israel, had IRBM technology.
    • Since then, DRDO labs have continued to work on it, bringing the latest available Agni 5 to its present capability.
    • In addition to the IRBM-capable nations, only North Korea and the UK have ICBM technology at the moment.

    Why is it important for India?

    • The success of AGNI missiles is in line with India’s stated policy to have ‘credible minimum deterrence’ that underpins the commitment to ‘No First Use’.
    • What makes Agni 5 agile is that it is a “canisterised” missile. It means that the missile can be launched from road and rail platforms, making it easier for it to be deployed and launched at a quicker pace.
    • The canisterisation also gives the missile a longer shelf life, protecting it from the harsher climatic conditions.
    • While India is among the handful of nations with ICBM capability.
    • The next generation of the missile, Agni VI, under development, is expected to have a range of around 8,000 km.

    What is a Hypersonic Glide Vehicle that China tested?

    • HGV is nuclear capable missile, which circled the earth before moving towards its target, missing it by two dozen miles.
    • It is launched by a rocket which moves in the Earth’s lower orbit, at more than five times to 25 times the speed of sound.
    • The vehicle is capable of carrying nuclear payloads, which gives the launching country the strategic capacity to attack almost any target across the world.

    How is HGV different from an ICBM?

    • A hypersonic glide vehicle orbits the earth at a lower height, and is manoeuvrable as compared to ICBM.
    • The ability to change track or target, mid-trajectory, along with the speed, makes them tougher to track and defend against.
    • The manoeuvrability provides them in-flight updates to attack a different target than originally planned.
    • They possess ability to fly at unpredictable trajectories, these missiles will hold extremely large areas at risk throughout much of their flights.

    Which countries have hypersonic technology?

    • Apart from China, the US and Russia are working on the technology.
    • France and India are working together for gaining the capability.

    Concerns about China developing such technology

    • China might have left the US behind in hypersonic capability.
    • It is being perceived as a Sputnik moment (first Russian space mission widely envied by the US).
    • A hypersonic attack could occur with very little warning time. The unpredictable trajectory would give them an advantage.

    Another concern: Increasing Proliferation

    • Globally the main concern is that once the technology is successfully established by even one country, it would lead to a larger race for the capability and its eventual proliferation.
    • The more that hypersonic missiles proliferate into the hands of additional nations, the more paths develop for crises.

     

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  • APVAX Initiative

    The Government of India has applied for loans from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) to procure as many as 667 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines under the APVAX initiative.

    Try this question from CSP 2019

    Q.With reference to Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), consider the following statements:

    1. AIIB has more than 80 member nations.
    2. India is the largest shareholder in AIIB.
    3. AIIB does not have any members from outside Asia.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

    [wpdiscuz-feedback id=”gz52xyhnb9″ question=”Please leave a feedback on this” opened=”1″]Post your answers here.[/wpdiscuz-feedback]

    APVAX Initiative

    • The ADB is expected to lend $1.5 billion and the AIIB around $500 million for the vaccine purchase by India.
    • It which has been made under the ADB’s Asia Pacific Vaccine Access Facility (APVAX) initiative.
    • Launched in December 2020, APVAX offers “rapid and equitable support to its developing member countries as they procure and deliver effective and safe COVID-19 vaccines”.
    • The Beijing-headquartered AIIB will co-finance the vaccine procurement.

    About Asian Development Bank (ADB)

    • The ADB is a regional development bank established on 19 December 1966.
    • It is headquartered in the Ortigas Center located in the city of Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines.
    • From 31 members at its establishment, ADB now has 68 members.
    • The ADB was modelled closely on the World Bank, and has a similar weighted voting system where votes are distributed in proportion with members’ capital subscriptions.
    • ADB is an official United Nations Observer.
    • As of 31 December 2020, Japan and the UN each holds the largest proportion of shares at 15.571%.
    • China holds 6.429%, India holds 6.317%, and Australia holds 5.773%.

    Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)

    • The AIIB is a multilateral development bank that aims to improve economic and social outcomes in Asia.
    • The bank was proposed by China in 2013 and the initiative was launched at a ceremony in Beijing in October 2014.
    • The bank currently has 103 members, including 16 prospective members from around the world.
    • The starting capital of the bank was US$100 billion, equivalent to 2⁄3 of the capital of the Asian Development Bank and about half that of the World Bank.
    • It received the highest credit ratings from the three biggest rating agencies in the world, and is seen as a potential rival to the World Bank and IMF.

    AIIB and India

    • So far, the AIIB has approved loans for 28 projects in India amounting to $6.7 billion, more than for any other member of the multilateral bank.
    • India is the second-largest shareholder after China in the bank, which does not count the U.S. and Japan among its members.

     

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  • Krishi UDAN 2.0 Scheme

    The Union Minister of Civil Aviation has launched Krishi UDAN 2.0.

    Krishi UDAN 2.0

    • The scheme proposes to facilitating and incentivizing movement of Agri-produce by air transportation.
    • It lays out the vision of improving value realization through better integration and optimization of Agri-harvesting and air transportation.
    • It works by contributing to Agri-value chain sustainability and resilience under different and dynamic conditions.
    • It will be implemented at 53 airports across the country mainly focusing on Northeast and tribal regions and is likely to benefit farmer, freight forwarders and Airlines.

    Key highlights of the scheme

    • Facilitating and incentivizing movement of Agri-produce by air transportation: Full waiver of Landing, Parking, TNLC and RNFC charges for Indian freighters and P2C at selected Airports. Primarily, focusing on NER, Hilly, and tribal regions.
    • Strengthening cargo-related infrastructure at airports and off airports: Facilitating the development of a hub and spoke model and a freight grid.
    • Concessions sought from other bodies: Seek support and encourage States to reduce Sales Tax to 1% on aviation fuels for freighters / P2C aircraft as extended in UDAN flights.
    • Resources-Pooling through establishing Convergence mechanism: Collaboration with other government departments and regulatory bodies.
    • Technological convergence: Development of E-KUSHAL (Krishi UDAN for Sustainable Holistic Agri-Logistics).

    What is E-KAUSHAL?

    • It is a platform to be developed to facilitate information dissemination to all the stakeholders.
    • This will be a single platform that will provide relevant information at the same time will also assist in coordination, monitoring and evaluation of the scheme.
    • Furthermore, integration of E-KUSHAL with the National Agriculture Market (e-NAM) is proposed.

    Airports under the scheme

    Proposed timeline Locations
    2021 – 2022 Agartala, Srinagar, Dibrugarh, Dimapur, Hubballi, Imphal, Jorhat, Lilabari, Lucknow, Silchar, Tezpur, Tirupati, Tuticorin
    2022 – 2023 Ahmedabad, Bhavnagar, Jharsuguda, Kozhikode, Mysuru, Puducherry, Rajkot, Vijayawada
    2023 – 2024 Agra, Darbhanga, Gaya, Gwalior, Pakyong, Pantnagar, Shillong, Shimla, Udaipur, Vadodara
    2024 – 2025 Holangi, Salem

    7 focus routes & products

    Routes Products
    Amritsar – Dubai Babycorn
    Darbhanga – Rest of India Lichis
    Sikkim – Rest of India Organic produce
    Chennai, Vizag, Kolkata – Far East Seafood
    Agartala – Delhi & Dubai Pineapple
    Dibrugarh – Delhi & Dubai Mandarin & Oranges
    Guwahati  – Hong Kong Pulses, fruits & vegetables

     

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