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GS Paper: GS3

  • [pib] Central Asian Flyway

    The two-day meeting of 30 range countries of Central Asian Flyway has begun.

    What is Central Asian Flyway?

    • Central Asian Flyway (CAF) is a flyway covering a large continental area of Eurasia between the Arctic Ocean and the Indian Ocean and the associated island chains.
    • It comprises several important migration routes of waterbirds, most of which extend from the northernmost breeding grounds in Siberia to the southernmost non-breeding wintering grounds in West Asia, India, the Maldives and the British Indian Ocean Territory.
    • The CAF range is essentially centred on one of the three major wintering areas of waterfowl in the Old World, namely the Indian subcontinent, the other two being Africa.
    • There are also the African-Eurasian Flyway (AEWA) to the west, and south-east Asia in the East Asian – Australasian Flyway (EAAF) to the east.
    • These wintering areas are geographically separate, and present entirely different ecological, historical and cultural situations.

    Range countries

    • The flyway covers 30 countries of North, Central and South Asia and Trans-Caucasus.
    • India is the core country of the CAF and supports 257 species of water birds.

    Major migratory birds

    • Critically Endangered – northern bald ibis, white-bellied heron, Baer’s pochard
    • Endangered – greater adjutant
    • Vulnerable – black-necked crane, Indian skimmer, lesser adjutant, masked finfoot, Socotra cormorant, wood snipe
    • Near Threatened – black-headed ibis, lesser flamingo, pygmy cormorant, white-eyed gull

    Why designate such flyways?

    • Approximately one in five of the world’s 11,000 bird species11,000 bird species migrate, some covering enormous distances.
    • Conserving migratory birds requires cooperation and coordination along the entire flyway between countries and across national boundaries.

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  • [pib] National Road Safety Board

    The Ministry of Road Transport & Highways has notified the constitution of the National Road Safety Board.

    National Road Safety Board

    • The NRSB will be constituted of a panel of seven members and a chairman, with the members having experience in the fields related to road safety, traffic regulation, urban planning, civil engineering and police enforcement and investigation.
    • Additionally, the board will also comprise of technical committees to look into a variety of aspects of road safety from civil engineering to vehicle construction and safety equipment.

    Why need such board?

    • Along with the rapid expansion and up-gradation on the road network and the enforcement of higher safety standards for vehicles, the Government is now actively looking into the safety of roads too.

    Terms of reference

    • The Head Office of the Board shall be in the National Capital Region and the Board may establish offices at other places in India.
    • The Board shall be responsible for promoting road safety, innovation and adoption of new technology and for regulating traffic and motor vehicles.

    For this purposes, inter alia, the Board shall formulate

    • specific standards for road safety, traffic management and road construction for hilly regions
    • guidelines for capacity building and development of skills for traffic police, hospital authorities, highway authorities, educational and research organizations and other organizations
    • guidelines for establishing and operating trauma facilities and para-medical facilities, for consideration by the Central Government
    • provide technical advice and assistance to the Central Government, State Governments and local authorities on road safety and traffic management

    Key provision: Protection of Samaritans

    • The board aims to promote Good Samaritans and good practices in road safety and traffic management
    • Good Samaritans who rescue victims of serious road accidents and rush them to a hospital within the golden hour will now be rewarded with ₹5,000.
    • They will also be eligible for a cash prize of ₹1 lakh which will be given to 10 such Samaritans in a year.
    • It has been felt that there is a need to motivate the general public through cash awards and certificates to help the road accident victims in emergency situation and to boost their morale.
    • The categories of accidents that will make one eligible for the award will include those that result in a major surgery or minimum three days of hospitalisation or brain and spinal cord injuries.

    Do you know?

    The ‘golden hour’ has been defined as ‘the time period lasting one hour following a traumatic injury during which there is the highest likelihood of preventing death by providing prompt medical care.

     

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  • [pib] Industrial Park Ratings System (IPRS) Report

    The Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) has released the Industrial Park Ratings System Report.

    Industrial Park Ratings System (IPRS)

    • The IPRS pilot exercise was launched in 2018 with an objective of enhancing industrial infrastructure competitiveness and supporting policy development for enabling industrialization across the country.
    • The IPRS report is an extension of the India Industrial Land Bank which features more than 4,400 industrial parks in a GIS-enabled database.
    • It seeks to help investors identify their preferred location for investment.
    • With this report, the investors can even remotely refer to this report to identify the suitable investable land area, as per the various parameters of infrastructure, connectivity, business support services and environment and safety standards.

    Highlights of the report

    • 41 Industrial Parks have been assessed as “Leaders” in the Industrial Park Ratings System Report released by DPIIT.
    • 90 Industrial Parks have been rated as under the Challenger category while 185 have been rated as under “Aspirers”.
    • These ratings are assigned on the basis of key existing parameters and infrastructure facilities etc.

     

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  • [pib] GI tagged sweet dish Mihidana

    The first consignment of GI-tagged sweet dish Mihidana sourced from Bardhaman, West Bengal has been exported to the Kingdom of Bahrain.

    About Mihidana

    • Mihidana, described as the micro cousin of the traditional Boondi, is derived from two words, Mihi meaning fine, and Dana, meaning grain.
    • The dessert is made from powdered Kaminibhog, Gobindobhog and basmati rice, mixed with a small amount of gram flour and saffron for a golden colour.
    • It is then blended with water by hand till its colour lightens.
    • This mix is then poured through a brass ladle with tiny holes into a pot of ghee and deep-fried.
    • The fine fried small rice-like grains are dipped in sugar syrup and drained once soaked.

    Back2Basics: Geographical Indication

    • A GI is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin.
    • Nodal Agency: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry
    • India, as a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 w.e.f. September 2003.
    • GIs have been defined under Article 22 (1) of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement.
    • GI is granted for a term of 10 years in India. As of today, more than 300 GI tags has been allocated so far in India (*Wikipedia).
    • The tag stands valid for 10 years.

     

    Answer this PYQ in the comment box:

    Q.Which of the following has/have been accorded ‘Geographical Indication’ status?

    1. Banaras Brocades and Sarees
    2. Rajasthani Daal-Bati-Churma
    3. Tirupathi Laddu

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

    [wpdiscuz-feedback id=”e2pqlqv8zy” question=”Please leave a feedback on this” opened=”1″]Post your answers here.[/wpdiscuz-feedback]

     

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  • Lessons from the death of the ease of doing business index

    Context

    The Ease of Doing Business Index (EoDB) came under attack on grounds that its data was modified in response to pressure from countries like China and Saudi Arabia. As a result of an independent audit, the index has now been abandoned by the Bank.

    Methodology used in EoDB ranking

    • World Bank researchers developed the EoDB ranking system under the assumption that better laws and regulatory frameworks would increase the ease of doing business and improve economic performance.
    • It collected data from respondents in various countries regarding existing laws and regulations on multiple dimensions, validated them through internal scrutiny, and then combined them into an overall index that allowed us to rank countries.
    • Each dimension was weighted equally and added up to create a scale.

    India specific issues with the EoDB ranking

    • If we want to create an internationally comparable index, we must ask similar questions.
    • Difference in level of development not taken into account: Yet, many of these questions may not be locally salient in economies at different levels of development.
    • For example, EoDB asked questions about the ease of getting an electric connection.
    • However, it is not getting a connection that is the problem, rather the reliability of electricity supply that hampers Indian industries.
    • In addition, most of the questions focused on hypothetical cases about limited liability companies.
    •  However, the World Bank’s own enterprise survey shows that 63 per cent of Indian enterprises are sole proprietorships and only 14 per cent are limited partnerships.
    •  Focusing on protecting minority owners’ rights in this tiny segment of Indian industries and using it to rank the business climate in India does not seem particularly useful.
    • The index placed tremendous faith in formalised systems while simultaneously disdaining bureaucratic structures embedded in this formalisation.

    Why EoDB ranking was so significant?

    • A bigger problem is that EoDB had acquired such power that countries competed to improve their rankings.
    • Countries assume that their EoDB ranking will attract foreign investors.
    • Empirical evidence about this presumed impact is questionable.
    • There is indeed some evidence that the score on EoDB is associated with FDI, but this association exists mainly for more affluent countries.
    •  For instance, in 2020, China was the largest recipient of FDI despite ranking 85th on the EoDB.
    • One of the less visible parts of the EoDB exercise was the underlying political message.
    • Regulation, often treated synonymously with bureaucratic hurdles, is bad, and abandoning regulations will bring positive results.

    Way forward

    • Should we try to reform the index or give up on it? The decision rests on the answer to two questions.
    • First, are there universally acceptable standards of sound economic practices that are applicable and measurable across diverse economies?
    • Second, if the indices are so powerful, should their construction be left to institutions like the World Bank that bring not just knowledge but also wield the heft of global economic power?

    Consider the question “What are the advantages associated with Ease of Doing Business ranking? What are the issues with it?” 

    Conclusion

    The presumed economic consequences, as well as political benefits associated with improving the rankings, encouraged many countries to try and “game” the system by making superficial improvements on indicators that are being measured and, when that failed, by putting explicit pressure on the World Bank research team.

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  • Taproots to help restore India’s fading green cover

    This op-ed tries to establish a fair link between forest cover and population dependency on it.

    A decline in Forest Cover

    • The State of the World’s Forests report 2020, says that since 1990, around 420 million hectares of forest have been lost through deforestation, conversion and land degradation.
    • Nearly 178 million hectares have decreased globally due to deforestation (1990-2020).
    • India lost 4.69 MHA of its forests for various land uses between 1951 to 1995.

    Various reasons

    • Despite various international conventions and national policies in place to improve green cover, there is a decline in global forest cover.
    • Dependence on forests by nearly 18% of the global human population has put immense pressure on ecosystems; in India, this has resulted in the degradation of 41% of its forests.

    Why conserve forests?

    • Covering nearly 30% land surface of the earth, forests around the globe provide a wide variety of ecosystem services and support countless and diverse species.
    • They also stabilise the climate, sequester carbon and regulate the water regime.

    Need for restoration

    • Restoration in laymen’s terms is bringing back the degraded or deforested landscape to its original state by various interventions to enable them to deliver all the benefits.
    • Building and maintaining activities help to improve ecological functions, productivity and create resilient forests with multifarious capabilities.
    • India’s varied edaphic, climatic and topographic conditions are spread over 10 bio-geographical regions and four biodiversity hotspots, sheltering 8% of the world’s known flora and fauna.

    India’s dependency on forest resources

    • Out of its 21.9% population living under the poverty line, nearly 275 million people including local tribals depend on the forest for subsistence.
    • The intricate link between poverty and environmental degradation was first highlighted by India at the first UN global conference on the human environment in Stockholm.
    • Though India’s increasing economic growth is helping to eliminate poverty, there is continued degradation and a growing scarcity of natural resources.
    • Further, encroachment of nearly 1.48 MHA of forest and grazing in nearly 75% of forest area is also linked to the livelihood of local communities.
    • The participation of local communities with finances for incentives and rewards is essential to redress this complex riddle.

    Strategies adopted by India

    Ans. Bonn Challenge

    • To combat this, India joined the Bonn Challenge with a pledge to restore 21 MHA of degraded and deforested land which was later revised to 26 MHA to be restored by 2030.
    • The first-ever country progress report under the Bonn Challenge submitted by India by bringing 9.8 million hectares since 2011 under restoration is an achievement.
    • However, continued degradation and deforestation need to be tackled effectively to achieve the remaining target of restoration by addressing various challenges.

    Key challenges

    • Local ecology with a research base: forest restoration and tree planting are leading strategies to fight global warming by way of carbon sequestration.
    • However, planting without considering the local ecology can result in more damage.
    • Similarly, planting a forest in the wrong places such as savannah grasslands could be disastrous for local biodiversity.

    Best strategy: Natural Forest Restoration

    • Luckily recent research has shown that naturally regenerated forests tend to have more secure carbon storage.
    • Being less tech-sensitive, cost-effective and conserving more biodiversity, natural forest restoration is becoming more widely accepted.

    Limitations to India

    • Nearly 5.03% of Indian forests are under protection area (PA) management needing specific restoration strategies.
    • The remaining areas witness a range of disturbances including grazing, encroachment, fire, and climate change impacts that need area-specific considerations.
    • Further, much of the research done so far on restoration is not fully compatible with India’s diverse ecological habitats hence warranting due consideration of local factors.
    • The involvement of multiple stakeholders in forest restoration is bound to cause a conflict of interests among different stakeholders; along with low priority and insufficient funding, it becomes even more challenging.

    Policy measures

    • There have been remarkable initiatives to involve local people in the protection and development of forests by forming joint forest management committees (JFMC).
    • However, a review of their functionality and performance is essential to make them more dynamic and effective to scale up their involvement.
    • Therefore, negotiations with a wide range of stakeholders including these committees for resolving conflicts and fulfilling restoration objectives are a must and a challenging feat to reach a suitable trade-off.

    Way forward

    • Adequate financing is one of the major concerns for the success of any interventions including restoration.
    • The active approach of restoration which includes tree planting and the involvement of communities seeks incentives and rewards and make the whole affair quite cost-intensive.
    • The contribution of corporates in restoration efforts so far has been limited to 2% of the total achievement.
    • Hence, alternate ways of financing such as involving corporates and dovetailing restoration activities with ongoing land-based programmes of various departments can help to make it easy for operation.
    • Apart from these specific challenges, the common barriers to restoration as identified globally also need critical review before placing the required methodologies and area-specific strategies in place.

    Conclusion

    • Active engagement of stakeholders including non-governmental organizations, awareness and capacity building of stakeholders with enabling policy interventions and finance can help a lot to achieve restoration objectives for India.
    • The need of the hour is an inclusive approach encompassing these concerns with the required wherewithal.

     

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  • Govt moots easy clearance for Forest Land use

    The government has proposed absolving agencies involved in national security projects and border infrastructure projects from obtaining prior forest clearance from the Centre as part of amendments to the existing Forest Conservation Act (FCA).

    About Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980

    • The FCA is the principal legislation that regulates deforestation in the country.
    • It prohibits the felling of forests for any “non-forestry” use without prior clearance by the central government.
    • The clearance process includes seeking consent from local forest rights-holders and from wildlife authorities.
    • The Centre is empowered to reject such requests or allow it with legally binding conditions.
    • In a landmark decision in 1996, the Supreme Court had expanded the coverage of FCA to all areas that satisfied the dictionary definition of a forest; earlier, only lands specifically notified as forests were protected by the enforcement of the FCA.

    What is the proposed amendment?

    • The proposed amendment is part of a larger rationalizing of existing forest laws for infrastructure projects.
    • The act was regressively interpreted over the right of way of railways, highways.
    • As of today a landholding agency (Rail, NHAI, PWD, etc) is required to take approval under the Act as well as pay stipulated compensatory levies.
    • They are required to pay Net Present Value (NPV), Compensatory Afforestation (CA), etc. for use of such land which was originally been acquired for non-forest purposes.

    Other proposals

    • The Environment Ministry has proposed provisions for penal compensation to make good for the damages already done to trees in forest land.
    • The document also proposes removing zoos, safaris, Forest Training infrastructures from the definition of “non-forestry” activities.
    • The current definition restricts the way money collected as part of compensatory cess can be spent towards forest conservation purposes.

    Previous attempts made

    • Previous attempts to amend acts linked to forest laws have been controversial.
    • There was a plan to amend the Indian Forest Act, 1927, that deals with the rights of forest dwellers, in an attempt to address contemporary challenges to the country’s forests.
    • The draft law had been sent to key forest officers in the States for soliciting comments and objections.
    • It drew flak from activists as well as tribal welfare organizations.
    • The government withdrew the draft and has said that a newer updated version was on the anvil.

     

    Try answering this PYQ

    Consider the following statements:

    1. As per recent amendment to the Indian Forest Act, 1927, forest dwellers have the right to fell the bamboos grown on forest areas.
    2. As per the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, bamboo is a minor forest produce.
    3. The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 allows ownership of minor forest produce to forest dwellers.

    Which of the statements given above is / are correct?

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

    [wpdiscuz-feedback id=”mirdxqw0g4″ question=”Please leave a feedback on this” opened=”1″]Post your answers here.[/wpdiscuz-feedback]

     

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  • What is Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) ?

    The outages at Facebook, WhatsApp and Instagram occurred because of a problem in the company’s domain name system. At the heart of it was a BGP or Border Gateway Protocol issue.

    What is BGP?

    • Simply put, it is the protocol that runs the internet or makes it work.
    • Since the internet is a network of networks, BGP is the mechanism that bounds it together.
    • When the BGP doesn’t work, internet routers can’t really figure out what to do and that leads to the internet not working.
    • The routers — big ones — keep up on updating other possible routes that are used to deliver network packets to the last possible source.
    • In this case, Facebook platforms were the last point of destination and BGP problem meant Facebook was unable to tell other networks know that it was on the internet.

    How does it work?

    • The BGP is like an entity that is responsible for creating and more importantly updating maps that lead you to sites like Google, Facebook or YouTube.
    • So if someone is responsible for making and updating the map, and they make a mistake, then the traffic — or users — will not end up reaching that place.

    How did a BGP issue affect Facebook?

    • A BGP update message informs a router of any changes you’ve made to a prefix advertisement or entirely withdraws the prefix.
    • There were a lot of routing changes from Facebook last night and then routes were withdrawn, Facebook’s Domain Name Server went offline.

    Role of DNS

    • DNS is the phonebook of the Internet.
    • People access information online through domain names — timesofindia.com or facebook.com.
    • Internet browsers use IP or Internet Protocol addresses and what DNS does is that it translates domain names to IP addresses to browsers can load Internet resources.
    • If DNS is the internet’s phone book, BGP is its postal service.
    • When a user enters data in the internet, BGP determines the best available paths that data could travel.

     

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  • Physiology Nobel for work on temperature and touch

     

    U.S. scientists David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian have won the Nobel Medicine Prize for discoveries on receptors for temperature and touch.

    Who are the Laureates?

    • David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian, working independently in the United States, made a series of discoveries in the late 1990s and early 2000s.
    • They figured out the touch detectors in our body and the mechanism through which they communicate with the nervous system to identify and respond to a particular touch.

    What did they discover?

    • They discovered the molecular sensors in the human body that are sensitive to heat, and to mechanical pressure, and make us “feel” hot or cold, or the touch of a sharp object on our skin.
    • n 1997, Dr. Julius and his team published a paper in Nature detailing how capsaicin, or the chemical compound in chili peppers, causes the burning sensation.
    • They created a library of DNA fragments to understand the corresponding genes and finally discovered a new capsaicin receptor and named it TRPV1.
    • This discovery paved the way for the identification of many other temperature-sensing receptors.
    • They identified another new receptor called TRPM8, a receptor that is activated by cold. It is specifically expressed in a subset of pain-and-temperature-sensing neurons.
    • They identified a single gene PIEZO2, which when silenced made the cells insensitive to the poking. They named this new mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo1.

    How do they work?

    • The human ability to sense heat or cold and pressure is not very different from the working of the many detectors that we are familiar with.
    • When something hot, or cold, touches the body, the heat receptors enable the passage of some specific chemicals, like calcium ions, through the membrane of nerve cells.
    • It’s like a gate that opens up on a very specific request. The entry of the chemical inside the cell causes a small change in electrical voltage, which is picked up by the nervous system.
    • There is a whole spectrum of receptors that are sensitive to different ranges of temperature.
    • When there is more heat, more channels open up to allow the flow of ions, and the brain is able to perceive higher temperatures.

    Therapeutic implications

    • Breakthroughs in physiology have often resulted in an improvement in the ability to fight diseases and disorders. This one is no different.
    • There are receptors that make us feel pain. If these receptors can suppress, or made less effective, the person had felt less pain.
    • Chronic pain is present is a number of illnesses and disorders. Earlier, the experience of pain was a mystery.
    • But as we understand these receptors more and more, it is possible that we gain the ability to regulate them in such a way that the pain is minimized.

    [Note: We will compile all Nobel Prizes into a single post once all are awarded.]

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  • Reimagining food systems with lessons from India

    Context

    The first and historic United Nations Food Systems Summit (UNFSS) 2021 was held in September this year.

    Significance of food system transformation

    • Global food systems are the networks that are needed to produce and transform food, and ensure it reaches consumers, or the paths that food travels from production to plate.
    • Global food systems are in a state of crisis in many countries affecting the poor and the vulnerable.
    • In terms of larger goals, the food system transformation is considered essential in achieving the sustainable development agenda 2030.
    • This makes strong sense as 11 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) out of 17 are directly related to the food system.

    Achievements of the Food Systems Summit

    • The summit created a mechanism for serious debates involving UN member states, civil society, non-governmental organisations, academics, researchers, individuals, and the private sector.
    • The debate and response focused on five identified action tracks namely: Ensure access to safe and nutritious food for all; Shift to sustainable consumption patterns; Boost nature-positive production; Advance equitable livelihoods, and Build resilience to vulnerabilities, shocks, and stress.
    • The Statement of Action emerging from the summit offers a concise set of ambitious, high-level principles and areas for action to support the global call to “Build back better” after the COVID-19 pandemic.

    Lessons from India’s experience with food systems

    • India’s long journey from food shortage to surplus food producer offers several lessons for other developing countries.
    • The learnings encompassed elements of nutritional health, food safety and standards, sustainability, deployment of space technology, and the like.
    • Safety nets: One of India’s greatest contributions to equity in food is its National Food Security Act 2013 that anchors the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS), the Mid-Day meals (MDM), and the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS).
    • Today, India’s food safety nets collectively reach over a billion people.
    • Food safety nets and inclusion are linked with public procurement and buffer stock policy.
    • Challenge of climate change: Climate change and unsustainable use of land and water resources are the most formidable challenges food systems face today.
    • The latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report has set the alarm bells ringing, highlighting the urgency to act now.
    • Nutrition and food diversity: Dietary diversity, nutrition, and related health outcomes are another area of concern as a focus on rice and wheat has created nutritional challenges of its own.
    • India has taken a bold decision to fortify rice supplied through the Public Distribution System with iron.
    • Low nutrition: Despite being a net exporter and food surplus country at the aggregate level, India has a 50% higher prevalence of undernutrition compared to the world average.
    • But the proportion of the undernourished population declined from 21.6% during 2004-06 to 15.4% during 2018-20.
    • Food wastage: Reducing food wastage or loss of food is a mammoth challenge and is linked to the efficiency of the food supply chain. Food wastage in India exceeds ₹1-lakh crore.

    Need to eliminate hunger

    • ‘The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World’ report, estimates that around a tenth of the global population was undernourished last year.
    • Hunger and food insecurity are key drivers of conflict and instability across the world.
    • The Nobel Peace Prize 2020 conferred on the United Nations WFP highlighted the importance of addressing hunger to prevent conflicts and create stability.

    Way forward

    • Collaboration: We must collaborate to invest, innovate, and create lasting solutions in sustainable agriculture contribution to equitable livelihood, food security, and nutrition.
    • Lessons from India: India has so much to offer from its successes, and learning also, to prepare itself for the next 20 to 30 years.
    • There is a need to reimagining the food system towards the goal of balancing growth and sustainability, mitigating climate change, ensuring healthy, safe, quality, and affordable food, maintaining biodiversity, improving resilience, and offering an attractive income and work environment to smallholders and youth.

    Conclusion

    We are on the cusp of a transformation to make the world free of hunger by 2030 and deliver promises for SDGs, with strong cooperation and partnership between governments, citizens, civil society organisations, and the private sector.