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GS Paper: GS3

  • [pib] “AmbiTAG”- India’s first indigenous temperature data logger

    IIT Ropar in (Punjab) has developed a first-of-its-kind IoT device – AmbiTag that records real-time ambient temperature during the transportation of perishable products, vaccines, and even body organs and blood.

    AmbiTag

    • Shaped like a USB device, AmbiTag continuously records the temperature of its immediate surroundings “from -40 to +80 degrees in any time zone for a full 90 days on a single charge.
    • Most of the similar devices available in the international market record data only for a duration of 30- 60 days.
    • It generates an alert when the temperature goes beyond a pre-set limit. The recorded data can be retrieved by connecting the USB with any computer.
    • So far, such devices are being imported by India in a massive quantity from other countries such as Singapore, Hong Kong, Ireland, and China.
    • The device has been developed under Technology Innovation Hub – AWaDH (Agriculture and Water Technology Development Hub) and its Startup ScratchNest.

    Its applications

    • The device helps know whether that particular item transported from anywhere in the world is still usable or perished because of temperature variation.
    • This information is particularly critical for vaccines including the Covid-19 vaccine, organs, and blood transportation.
    • Besides perishable items including vegetables, meat, and dairy products it can also monitor the temperature of animal semen during transit.

  • New IT Rules is not the way forward

    The article deals with the issues involved in the traceability requirement of the originator of information on social media platform as per new IT Rules.

    Traceability clause and issues involved

    • Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 imposes certain obligation on significant social media intermediaries.
    • Rule 4(2) puts an obligations to ensure traceability of the originator of information on their platforms.
    • Consequently, WhatsApp has filed a petition in the Delhi High Court.
    • WhatsApp contends that the mandate for traceability violates the privacy rights of Indian citizens, by rendering WhatsApp unable to provide encrypted services.

    Government’s response

    • The Government primarily relies on the argument that: privacy is not an absolute right, and that the traceability obligation is proportionate, and sufficiently restricted.
    • Notably, the new Rules mandate traceability only in the case of significant social media intermediaries i.e. those that meet a user threshold of 50 lakh users, which WhatsApp does.
    • Traceability is also subject to an order being passed by a court or government agency and only in the absence of any alternatives.
    • While it is indeed true that privacy is not an absolute right, the Supreme Court of India in the two K.S. Puttaswamy decisions of 2017 and 2018 has laid conditions for restricting this right.
    • In Puttaswamy cases, the Supreme Court clarified that any restriction on this right must be necessary, proportionate and include safeguards against abuse.

    Issues with traceability

    • Not proportionate: A general obligation to enable traceability as a systemic feature across certain types of digital services is neither suitable nor proportionate.
    • No safeguard against abuse: The Rules lack effective safeguards in that they fail to provide any system of independent oversight over tracing requests made by the executive.
    • This allows government agencies the ability to seek any messaging user’s identity, virtually at will.
    • Presumption of criminality:  Weakening encryption — which a traceability mandate would do — would compromise the privacy and security of all individuals at all times, despite no illegal activity on their part, and would create a presumption of criminality.

    Way forward

    • Explore the alternatives: The Government already has numerous alternative means of securing relevant information to investigate online offences including by accessing unencrypted data such as metadata, and other digital trails from intermediaries.
    • Already has ability to access encrypted data: The surveillance powers of the Government are in any case vast and overreaching, recognised even by the Justice B.N. Srikrishna Committee report of 2018.
    • Importantly, the Government already has the ability to access encrypted data under the IT Act.
    • Notably, Section 69(3) of the Information Technology Act and Rules 17 and 13 of the Information Technology Rules, 2009 require intermediaries to assist with decryption where they have the technical ability to do so, and where law enforcement has no alternatives.
    • Judicial scrutiny of Section 79 of IT Act: The ability of the government to issue obligations under the guise of “due diligence” requirements under Section 79 of the IT Act must be subject to judicial scrutiny.
    • Legislative changes needed: The long-term solution would be for legislative change along multiple avenues, including in the form of revising and reforming the now antiquated IT Act, 2000.

    Consider the question “What are the issues involved in the traceability of the originator of the information on social media platforms as mandated by the new IT Rules 2021? Suggest the way forward.”

    Conclusion

    While, undoubtedly, there are numerous problems in the digital ecosystem that are often exacerbated or indeed created by the way intermediaries function, ill-considered regulation of the sort represented by the new intermediary rules is not the way forward.

  • Why people are Protesting in Lakshadweep

    The article highlights the issues with development model sought to be pursued in Lakshadweep.

    Background of Island Development Authority’

    • A specially constituted Island Development Authority (IDA) for the island territories of India, chaired by no less than the former Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi.
    • IDA had in 1988, approved a framework for the development of India’s island territories.
    • IDA sought an environmentally sound strategy for both island groups hinges on better exploitation of marine resources coupled with much greater care in the use of land resources.
    • Deliberations of the IDA wanted that Lakshadweep, with its land ownership constitutionally protected, be opened to international tourism.

    Issues with following Maldives model for development of Lakshadweep

    •  Recently, the Administrator, Lakshadweep, introduced a slew of draft legislation that will have a wide-ranging impact on the islands.
    • One such legislation is the Lakshadweep Development Authority Regulation 2021 with intentions to develop Lakshadweep like neighbouring Maldives, “a renowned international tourist destination”.
    • Rejecting the Maldives model, the plan for Lakshadweep required that the industry had to be people-centric and enrich the fragile coral ecology.
    • Today, long lines and refrigeration have aided the expansion of the fishing sector but income disparities have grown.
    • Indiscriminate trawling endangers the coral, as experienced in the Maldives and now banned there.
    • The Government recognises the need to develop policies for enhancing employment opportunities, environment-friendly management of fisheries, sanitation, waste disposal and widening access to drinking water, with the youth, having acquired a modern education, preferring salaried jobs over pursuing traditional occupations.

    Conclusion

    What Lakshadweep needs is a clear policy must include conservation and natural resource management arrived at after wide consultation, eminently possible within the existing infrastructure of the Union Territory, and also taking into account climatic compulsions.

  • Resource crunch in states after Covid second wave

    The article gives the overview of the impact of second Covid wave on the fiscal health of the States.

    Impact of first Covid wave on fiscal health of states

    • The analysis of the fiscal data for all states with the exception of Goa, Manipur, Meghalaya and Sikkim reveal a grim picture.
    • The aggregate revenue deficit for 24 state governments soared to Rs 4 trillion as per the revised estimates (RE) for 2020-21, up from a modest budgeted amount of Rs 353 billion.
    • And, despite a 16 per cent cut in capital spending, the fiscal deficit of these states deteriorated to Rs 8.7 trillion in 2020-21 (RE), up from the budgeted estimate of Rs 6.0 trillion.

    How states had projected ambitious decline in revenue deficit

    • The budgets for the ongoing fiscal year,  had projected an ambitious, decline in the aggregate revenue deficit to Rs 1.2 trillion, lower than the pre-Covid-19 level of Rs 1.3 trillion in 2019-20.
    • This has benefitted from the considerable expansion in their revenue receipts this year, forecasted at 24.7 per cent, compared to a moderate 12.4 per cent increase in their aggregate revenue expenditure.
    • This anticipated shrinking of the revenue deficit has allowed states to plan for a substantial expansion in their capital expenditure and net lending pegged at 34.1 per cent.
    • This anticipated shrinking also allowed the States to attempt a modest correction in their budgeted fiscal deficit, bringing it down to Rs 7.6 trillion in 2021-22 from Rs 8.7 trillion in 2020-21 (RE).

    Fiscal concerns over second Covid wave

    • The second wave of Covid-19 infections and its spread to rural areas has fanned fiscal concerns.
    •  The curtailed consumption of discretionary items and contact-intensive services will dampen the growth of states’ own tax revenues this year.
    • Moreover, lower mobility during the regional lockdowns will constrain tax revenues that states earn on fuels.
    • The data for the generation of GST e-way bills confirms that the staggered imposition of the localised lockdowns has had an adverse impact on economic activity since April.
    • This will result in a sequential slowdown in GST collections that will be reported in the subsequent two months.
    • Nevertheless, the GST collections is likely to nearly double to Rs 1.7 trillion in the first quarter of this year, up from Rs 0.9 trillion over the same period last year, boosted by the record-high collections in April,
    • That reflected healthy economic activity in March.

    The shortfall and way forward

    •  States’ own tax collections is estimated to trail their budget estimates as they were drawn up before the second wave.
    • For this year,  state GST collections would be at Rs 6.1 trillion, falling below their projected revenues of Rs 8.7 trillion.
    • This indicates a GST compensation requirement of Rs 2.65 trillion — only 38 per cent of which may be met through the expected GST compensation cess collections.
    • Following the meeting of the GST Council, the Finance Minister has indicated that a back-to-back loan of Rs 1.58 trillion will be provided to the states.
    • If the tranches of this loan start flowing to the states soon, it will alleviate their anticipated revenue crunch over the next two months.
    • Already, there has been a sharp rise in the size of the upcoming State Development Loan auction to Rs. 19,550 crore, relative to the modest average size of around Rs. 7,400 crore seen so far in the first eight auctions held in FY2022.

    Conclusion

    In any case, the capital spending budgeted by certain state governments this year appears to be optimistic. Moreover, localised restrictions imposed during the last two months are expected to have constrained activity.

  • Cryptocurrency & India

    The article highlights the need for coherent cryptocurrency policy and avoid missing the benefits offered by the technology.

    Growing dominance of cryptocurrencies

    • Created by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008, Bitcoin is the most popular cryptocurrency.
    • It is a fully decentralised, peer-to-peer electronic cash system that didn’t need the purview of any third-party financial institution.
    • The Bitcoin, which traded at just $ 0.0008 in 2010, commanded a market price of just under $65,000 this April.
    • Many newer coins were introduced since Bitcoin’s launch, and their cumulative market value touched $ 2.5 trillion this May.
    • Within a span of just over a decade, their value has surpassed the size of economies of most modern nations.
    •  The “cryptomarket” grew by over 500 per cent, even while the pandemic unleashed global economic carnage not seen since the Great Depression.
    • China’s recent crackdown on cryptocurrency had far-reaching consequences.
    • An astounding trillion US dollars were wiped out from the global cryptomarket within a span of 24 hours.
    • This kind of  volatility mentioned above has always been a concern for regulators and investors alike.

    India’s approach

    • Law enforcement and taxation agencies have called for a ban, expressing concerns over cryptocurrencies being used as instruments for illicit activities, including money laundering and terror funding.
    • In 2018, the Reserve Bank barred our financial institutions from supporting crypto transactions — but the Supreme Court overturned it in 2020.
    • Yet, Indian banks still block these transactions, and the government has circulated a draft bill outlawing all cryptocurrency activities, which has been under discussion since 2019.
    • The Reserve Bank has announced the launch of a private blockchain-supported official digital currency, similar to the digital Yuan.
    • India is increasingly mimicking China’s paradoxical attempt to centralise a decentralised ecosystem.
    • India is trying to decouple cryptocurrencies from their underlying blockchain technology, and still derive benefit.
    • Unfortunately, this is impractical, and shows a lack of understanding of this disruptive innovation.
    • The funds that have gone into the Indian blockchain start-ups are less than 0.2 per cent of the amount the sector raised globally.
    • The current central government approach makes it near-impossible for entrepreneurs and investors to acquire much economic benefit.

    Need for regulation

    • Regulation is definitely needed to prevent serious problems, to ensure that cryptocurrencies are not misused, and to protect unsuspecting investors from excessive market volatility and possible scams.
    •  However, regulation needs to be clear, transparent, coherent and animated by a vision of what it seeks to achieve.
    • India has not been able to tick these boxes, and we’re in danger of missing out in the global race altogether.

    Way forward

    • Any new regulations made in this sector should prevent the misuse of these digital assets without hindering innovation and investments.
    • Provisions have to be made to route the value extracted from these networks transparently into our financial system.
    • Regulatory uncertainties over India’s position on cryptocurrency highlights the need for clear-headed policy-making.

    Consider the question “India was a late adopter in all the previous phases of the digital revolution be it the semiconductors, the internet or smartphones. Do you think the same is happening again in India’s adoption of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology?”

    Conclusion

    We are currently on the cusp of the next phase, which would be led by technologies like blockchain. We have the potential to channel our human capital, expertise and resources into this revolution, and emerge as one of the winners of this wave. All we need to do is to get our policymaking right.

     

  • Data is an essential weapon against Covid

    The article highlights how data played an important role in decision-making in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic. 

    Importance of data in decision making

    • The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted globally how important data is to governments in decision-making.
    • Epidemiological data is of paramount significance for targeting and implementing control measures for public health in a timely manner
    • Such data was used effectively in the evidence-based response and decision-making in countries like South Korea.
    • Modern response to pandemics has focused on exploiting all the available data to inform policy action in real time.

    How data analysis helped during pandemic

    • Data analysis has revealed the need for continuous and repeated tracking of case numbers, fatalities and recoveries.
    • The epidemiological concept of flattening the curve and its predictions are results of data analysis and modelling.
    • Understanding testing adequacy or lack thereof allows us to measure our preparedness, prognostic versus diagnostic ability, and shape our responses to identify, manage, and care for new cases.
    • Epidemic outbreak data like case data, medical and treatment data can be used to understand disease pathogenesis and severity.
    • Genome sequencing surveillance helps identify and track viral genome sequence variants in real time and the evolution of the virus.
    •  The concept of open access to various data enables models to improve forecast and study the spread of the disease.’

    Integration and analysis of multiple datatypes

    • The integration and analysis of multiple heterogeneous datatypes eventually would yield a holistic picture.
    • This helps guide policy decisions for control and management of public health.
    • When genome surveillance data is correlated with the magnitude of cases and their outcomes, then we can understand the transmissibility or infectivity of the virus.
    • Geographical mapping of prevalence of mutants allows us to understand viral spread and explain recoveries or deaths in a specific area.
    • The roll out of vaccinations can shape viral evolution and drug-treatment strategies.
    • Surveillance through studying genome sequencing of the virus, coupled to other epidemiological data allows us to identify these connections.

    Challenges

    • Part of the challenge lies in the standardisation of data collection, curation, annotation and the integration of data analytics pipelines for outbreak analytics.

    Way forward

    • Ensuring data availability and quality under operational constraints is critical.
    • The use of data standards instils consistency, reduces errors and enables transparency.
    • Embedded in the idea of data sharing lies the concept of data security and confidentiality.
    • Concerns of privacy and security calls for a systemic infrastructure with built-in safeguards to ensure data encryption while preserving anonymity and ensuring privacy.
    • As our dependence on data-based decisions becomes more and more critical, an urgent charter for standardised digital health data in India is required.

    Consider the question “The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted globally how important data is to governments in decision-making. Explain how data helps in decision making and challenges in evidence-based decision making based on data.”

    Conclusion

    Rational and scientific methods necessitate data without which neither can we have information, nor knowledge or wisdom. Data sharing, and transparency and timely dissemination of data are critical to overcome the pandemic.

  • Why are edible oils getting costlier?

    Edible oil prices have risen sharply in recent months.

    How much have edible oil prices rising?

    • The prices of six edible oils — groundnut oil, mustard oil, vanaspati, soya oil, sunflower oil, and palm oil — have risen between 20% and 56% at all-India levels in the last year.
    • The prices of soya oil and sunflower oil, too, have increased more than 50% since last year.
    • In fact, the monthly average retail prices of all six edible oils soared to an 11-year high in May 2021.
    • The sharp increase in cooking oil prices has come at a time when household incomes have been hit due to Covid-19.

    Trends of oil consumption in India

    • With rising incomes and changing food habits, consumption of edible oils has been rising over the years.
    • While mustard oil is consumed mostly in rural areas, the share of refined oils —sunflower oil and soyabean oil — is higher in urban areas.

    How much is produced domestically and how much is imported?

    • In 2019-20, domestic availability of edible oils from both primary sources (oilseeds like mustard, groundnut etc.) and secondary sources (such as coconut, oil palm, rice bran oil, cottonseed) was only 10.65 million tonnes against the total domestic demand of 24 million tonnes.
    • Thus, India depends on imports to meet its demand.
    • In 2019-20, the country imported about 13.35 million tonnes of edible oils or about 56% of the demand.
    • This mainly comprised palm (7 million tonnes), soyabean (3.5 millon tonnes) and sunflower (2.5 million tonnes).
    • The major sources of these imports are Argentina and Brazil for soyabeen oil; Indonesia and Malaysia palm oil; and Ukraine and Argentina again for sunflower oil.

    Answer this PYQ from CSP 2019:

    Q.Among the agricultural commodities imported by India, which one of the following accounts for the highest imports in terms of value in the last five years?

    (a) Spices

    (b) Fresh fruits

    (c) Pulses

    (d) Vegetable oils

    Global prices rising

    • The increase in domestic prices is basically a reflection of international prices because India meets 56% of its domestic demand through imports.
    • In the international market, prices of edible oils have jumped sharply in recent months due to various factors.
    • Even the FAO price index (2014-2016=100) for vegetable oils, an indicator of the movement of edible oil prices in the international market, has soared to 162 in April this year, compared to 81 in April last year.

    But why are international prices rising?

    • One of the reasons is the thrust on making biofuel from vegetable oil. There is a shifting of edible oils from food basket to fuel basket.
    • There has been a thrust on making renewable fuel from soyabean oil in the US, Brazil and other countries.
    • Other factors include buying by China, labour issues in Malaysia, the impact of La Niña on palm and soya producing areas, and export duties on crude palm oil in Indonesia and Malaysia.

    What are the options before the government?

    • One of the short-term options for reducing edible oil prices is to lower import duties.
    • However, the edible oil industry is not in favor of reducing duties.
    • If import duties are reduced, international prices will go up, and neither will the government get revenue nor will the consumer benefit.
    • The government can rather subsidize edible oils and make them available to the poor under the Public Distribution System.

  • [pib] National AI Portal INDIAai

    The ‘National AI Portal (https://indiaai.gov.in)’, celebrated its first anniversary on May 28, 2021.

    National AI Portal

    • INDIAai is the National AI Portal of India – a central hub for everything AI in India and beyond.
    • A joint initiative of MeitY, NeGD and NASSCOM, the website aims to be the trusted content powerhouse in the backdrop of India’s journey to global prominence in Artificial Intelligence.
    • It serves as a central hub for AI related news, learning, articles, events and activities etc., in India and beyond.
    • It has been set up to prepare the nation for an AI future.
    • It is the single central knowledge hub on artificial intelligence and allied fields for aspiring entrepreneurs, students, professionals, academics, and everyone else.
    • The portal focuses on creating and nurturing a unified AI ecosystem for driving excellence and leadership in India’s AI journey, to foster economic growth and improve lives through it.

    B2BASICS

    Artificial intelligence (AI) is a wide-ranging branch of computer science concerned with building smart machines capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence. AI is an interdisciplinary science with multiple approaches, but advancements in machine learning and deep learning are creating a paradigm shift in virtually every sector of the tech industry.

  • New IT Rules 2021

    The article highlights the issues with the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021.

    Important provision made in the IT Rules 2021

    • The Rules mandate duties such as removal of non-consensual intimate pictures within 24 hours.
    • The rules also mandates publication of compliance reports to increase transparency.
    • Rules provides for setting up of a dispute resolution mechanism for content removal.
    • It provides for adding a label to information for users to know whether content is advertised, owned, sponsored or exclusively controlled.

    Issues with the rules

    1) Affects right to free speech and expression

    • The Supreme Court, in the case of Life Insurance Corpn. Of India vs Prof. Manubhai D. Shah (1992) had elevated ‘the freedom to circulate one’s views as the lifeline of any democratic institution’.
    • So, the rules need to be critically scrutinised for the recent barriers being imposed by it.

    2) Violation of legal principles

    • The rules were framed by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeiTY).
    • However, the Second Schedule of the Business Rules, 1961 does not empower MeiTY to frame regulations for digital media.
    • This power belongs to the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.
    • This action violates the legal principle of ‘colourable legislation’ where the legislature cannot do something indirectly if it is not possible to do so directly.
    • Moreover, the Information Technology Act, 2000, does not regulate digital media.
    • Therefore, the new IT Rules which claim to be a piece of subordinate legislation of the IT Act, goes beyond the rule-making power conferred upon them by the IT Act.
    • This makes the Rules ultra vires to the Act.

    3) Deprives the fair recourse to intermediary

    • An intermediary is now supposed to take down content within 36 hours upon receiving orders from the Government.
    • This deprives the intermediary of a fair recourse in the event that it disagrees with the Government’s order due to a strict timeline.

    4) Privacy violation

    • These Rules undermine the right to privacy by imposing a traceability requirement.
    • The immunity that users received from end-to-end encryption was that intermediaries did not have access to the contents of their messages.
    • Imposing this mandatory requirement of traceability will break this immunity, thereby weakening the security of the privacy of these conversations.
    • This will also render all the data from these conversations vulnerable to attack from ill-intentioned third parties.
    • The threat here is not only one of privacy but to the extent of invasion and deprivation from a safe space.
    • Recent data breach affecting a popular pizza delivery chain and also several airlines highlights the risks involved in such move in the absence of data protection law.
    • Instead of eliminate the fake news, the Rules proceed to hurriedly to take down whatever authority may deem as “fake news”.

    5) Operational cost

    • The Rules create additional operational costs for intermediaries by requiring them to have Indian resident nodal officers, compliance officers and grievance officers.
    • Intermediaries are also required to have offices located in India.
    • This makes profit making a far-fetched goal for multinational corporations and start-up intermediary enterprises.
    • Therefore, not only do these Rules place a barrier on the “marketplace of ideas” but also on the economic market of intermediaries in general by adding redundant financial burdens.

    Consider the question “What are the challenges associated with the social media? How the  Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 will help is dealing with these challenges? What are the issues with these rules?”

    Conclusion

    Democracy stands undermined in direct proportion to every attack made on the citizen’s right. The IT Rules 2021 have tilt towards violation of rights. Therefore, these rules need reconsideration.

  • Odisha’s blackbucks double in 6 years

    Odisha’s blackbuck population has doubled in the last six years, according to figures from the latest population census.

    Blackbucks in Odisha

    • Blackbucks are found only in the Ganjam district in the southern part of the state, which is where the census was carried out.
    • It is known in Odisha and Ganjam as Krushnasara Mruga.
    • The people of Ganjam believe the sighting of a blackbuck in a paddy field is a harbinger of luck for them.
    • It used to be sighted in the Balukhand-Konark Wildlife Sanctuary in Puri district till 2012-13, but now has vanished from the area.
    • The blackbuck is a Schedule-1 animal according to the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 (amended in 1992) and is considered as ‘Vulnerable’ according to the Red Data Book.

    Reasons for their rise

    • Improvement of habitats, the protection given by the local people and forest staff were some of the reasons for the increase of the population.
    • The people of Ganjam had been enthusiastically protecting the animal like the Bishnois of western Rajasthan and the Vala Rajputs of Saurashtra.

    Answer this PYQ:

    Q.With reference to ‘Eco-Sensitive Zones’, which of the following statements is/are correct?

    1. Eco-Sensitive Zones are the areas that are declared under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
    2. The purpose of the declaration of Eco-Sensitive Zones is to prohibit all kinds of human activities, in those zones except agriculture.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

    Back2Basics: Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972

    • WPA provides for the protection of the country’s wild animals, birds, and plant species, in order to ensure environmental and ecological security.
    • It provides for the protection of a listed species of animals, birds, and plants, and also for the establishment of a network of ecologically important protected areas in the country.
    • It provides for various types of protected areas such as Wildlife Sanctuaries, National Parks, etc.
    • There are six schedules provided in the WPA for the protection of wildlife species which can be concisely summarized as under:
    Schedule I: These species need rigorous protection and therefore, the harshest penalties for violation of the law are for species under this Schedule.
    Schedule II: Animals under this list are accorded high protection. They cannot be hunted except under threat to human life.
    Schedule III & IV: This list is for species that are not endangered. This includes protected species but the penalty for any violation is less compared to the first two schedules.
    Schedule V: This schedule contains animals which can be hunted.
    Schedule VI: This list contains plants that are forbidden from cultivation.