Introduction

Democracy, once celebrated as the ultimate safeguard of freedom and governance, is witnessing profound crises across continents. Nepal’s weak institutions, France’s protest-prone presidentialism, and America’s violent polarisation reveal that democratic malaise is not confined to one geography. The recurring theme is stark: young people feel robbed of their future.

Why is democracy back in crisis?

Recurring crises: Democracies appear to follow cycles of expansion (40–50 years) followed by exhaustion.
Current triggers: Corruption in Nepal, unsustainable economic models in France, and violent political divisions in the US.
Historical echoes: Similar crises were witnessed in the 1920s–30s and the 1960s–70s, culminating in debates such as the Trilateral Commission’s 1975 report on “The Crisis of Democracy.”

What role does youth disillusionment play?

Stolen future: Across Nepal, France, and the US, young people feel alienated and betrayed.
Lack of consensus: Youth anger does not translate into youth unity; it produces anxiety but not collective solutions.
Gerontocracy problem: Democracies like India and the US are led largely by older generations, deepening generational divides.

How does inequality and polarisation fuel the malaise?

Different consensus: Unlike the 1970s when “excess participation” was blamed, today growing inequality is seen as the root of discontent.
Dual polarisation: A clash of values coupled with diametrically opposed economic visions — Left demanding more state investment, Right fearing socialist excess.
Jobless growth: Declining employment elasticity of capital threatens to erode trust even in well-designed policies.

Why does corruption persist as a democratic fault line?

Structural vs transactional corruption: Elites monopolising power versus ostentatious lifestyles of politicians.
Anti-corruption paradox: Movements rarely eliminate corruption and often fuel authoritarian turns, seen in Nepal’s staggering levels of rent extraction.
Authoritarian co-option: Anti-corruption rhetoric is used to justify illiberal governance.

What is the role of war and misinformation?

Historical corrosion: Vietnam and Iraq wars eroded democratic legitimacy in the US.
Current crises: Gaza conflict risks corroding Western liberal legitimacy.
Misinformation cycle: Radical democratisation of information through social media has dissolved authority and deepened adversarial suspicion.

Can democracies reinvent themselves?

Past reinventions: Post-1930s depression and 1970s crises were followed by new waves of democratisation.
Paradox of protest: While protests mobilise energy, they often breed drift, violence, or nihilism.

Way Forward for Democracies

Institutional Reinvention: Strengthen checks and balances through judicial independence, parliamentary accountability, and free media — preventing democratic backsliding.
Inclusive Growth: Address structural inequality and jobless growth by creating policies focused on employment elasticity and equitable redistribution.
Youth Participation: Channel youth disillusionment into institutionalised participation (youth parliaments, policy fellowships, digital consultative platforms).
Taming Polarisation: Build broad-based social coalitions that transcend Left–Right economic divides and cultural polarisation.
Responsible Information Order: Regulate misinformation while protecting freedom of speech; strengthen media literacy to combat nihilism fuelled by social media.
Corruption Reform: Focus on structural corruption (elite monopolisation of power) rather than episodic “anti-corruption crusades” that risk authoritarian capture.
Global Learning: Draw lessons from past crises (1930s, 1970s) where institutional reinvention, new social contracts, and reform waves revitalised democracy.

Value Addition

Samuel P. Huntington’s Views and Theory on Democracy

Political Order and Institutionalisation

Book: Political Order in Changing Societies (1968).
Core Argument: The stability of a political system depends more on the strength of its institutions than on the level of modernisation.
Key Point: Modernisation without strong institutions leads to instability (e.g., corruption, coups, unrest).
Quote: “The most important political distinction among countries is not their form of government but their degree of government.”

The Third Wave of Democratisation

Book: The Third Wave: Democratisation in the Late Twentieth Century (1991).
Theory: Democracies emerge in “waves,” each followed by a possible “reverse wave.”

- First Wave (1828–1926): Expansion in Western countries.
- First Reverse Wave (1922–1942): Rise of fascism, military regimes.
- Second Wave (1945–1962): Post-WWII, decolonisation.
- Second Reverse Wave (1960–1975): Coups in Latin America, Africa, Asia.
- Third Wave (1974 onwards): Started with Portugal’s Carnation Revolution, followed by democratisation in Latin America, Eastern Europe, parts of Asia and Africa.

Key Factors for Third Wave:

Declining legitimacy of authoritarian regimes.
Economic growth and rising middle class.
Religious changes (e.g., Catholic Church’s role in Latin America).
Global democratic norms (influence of EU, US).
“Snowballing effect” (success in one country inspired others).
Relevance: Many current democracies (including in Asia, Latin America, Eastern Europe) emerged in this wave

Clash of Civilisations (1993)

Book: The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order.
Argument: Post-Cold War conflicts would be driven not by ideology or economics, but by cultural and civilisational differences.
Link to Democracy: Democracies rooted in Western civilisation may clash with non-Western civilisations (Islamic, Sinic/Chinese).

Relevant Quotes on Democracy

On Cycles and Fragility

John Adams: “Democracy never lasts long. It soon wastes, exhausts, and murders itself.”
Samuel Huntington: “Democracy is the only political system that is self-correcting.”

On Reinvention

Winston Churchill: “Democracy is the worst form of government — except for all those other forms that have been tried from time to time.”
Amartya Sen: “No famine has ever taken place in the history of the world in a functioning democracy.”

On Corruption and Morality

Mahatma Gandhi: “Corruption and hypocrisy ought not to be inevitable products of democracy, as they undoubtedly are today.”
Alexis de Tocqueville: “The health of a democratic society may be measured by the quality of functions performed by private citizens.”

On Youth and Future

Jawaharlal Nehru: “The future belongs to those who can give to the next generation reasons for hope.”
Kofi Annan: “Young people should be at the forefront of global change and innovation.”

How to Use in UPSC Answers

Quote John Adams or Huntington when talking about cycles of democracy.
Quote Gandhi or Amartya Sen when linking democracy with corruption or development outcomes.
Quote Churchill when emphasising democracy’s resilience despite flaws.

PYQ Relevance:

[UPSC 2023] Constitutionally guaranteed judicial independence is a prerequisite of democracy. Comment.

Linkage: The current crisis of democracy, as highlighted in Nepal, France, and the US, shows that without robust and independent institutions, democratic legitimacy erodes. Judicial independence acts as a bulwark against corruption, elite capture, and authoritarian drift. Thus, safeguarding constitutional autonomy of the judiciary is indispensable for reinvigorating democracy.

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