Introduction

Climate change has long been discussed in terms of rising temperatures and carbon emissions, but historian Sunil Amrith reframes it as a moral and historical crisis. His work The Burning Earth explores how human ambition, industrialisation, and inequality have shaped the Anthropocene. The interview highlights that solving the crisis requires not just technology, but a transformation in values, governance, and global justice.

Central Ideas and Dimensions

1. Human Ambition and the Roots of the Climate Crisis
   1. Moral Dimension: Amrith draws from Mahatma Gandhi’s dictum, “The world has enough for everyone’s need but not enough for everyone’s greed.” Industrialisation, driven by greed rather than necessity, transformed humanity’s relationship with nature.
   2. Historical Continuity: Post-industrial societies viewed nature as a source of endless exploitation; colonised nations inherited these extractive systems.
   3. Colonial Legacy: European colonial powers intensified extraction in Asia and Africa, embedding global inequalities in resource use and emissions.
2. Industrialisation and Technological Faith: A Limited Solution
   1. Technological Optimism: Many assume industrial progress can “fix” climate problems through innovation and decarbonisation.
   2. Historical Warning: Industrialisation was never morally neutral; it was driven by moral ambition and economic expansion.
   3. Inequality in Transition: The Global South is now being asked to decarbonise rapidly despite having contributed less to historical emissions.
   4. Example: The ‘Green Transition’ narrative often benefits rich economies while transferring economic burdens to poorer ones.
3. Climate Change as a Political, not Merely Technical, Problem
   1. Political Process: Climate negotiations are shaped by historical responsibility and inequality in emission shares.
   2. Distribution of Responsibility: Developed countries hold disproportionate responsibility, yet developing countries bear heavier adaptation costs.
   3. Injustice of Geography: Those least responsible like communities in the Global South face the worst climate impacts.
   4. Global Debate: The question of who should pay and who should adapt is as pressing as the question of how to reduce emissions.
4. Humanities and the Ethics of Climate Discourse
   1. Beyond Science: Amrith calls for humanities’ involvement, history, anthropology, and moral philosophy, to interpret climate change as a human story.
   2. Changing Relationship with Nature: Understanding industrialisation’s moral and emotional roots can help reshape our relationship with the planet.
   3. Broader Lens: Integrating social, cultural, and ethical frameworks prevents oversimplified “technological salvation” narratives.
5. The Limits of Techno-fixes and the Role of Human Values
   1. Bill Gates’ View: Technology can solve climate change even if temperatures rise by 1.5°C.
   2. Amrith’s Counterpoint: Even if emissions stopped tomorrow, warming would continue due to locked-in carbon cycles.
   3. Moral Reorientation: Sustainable future demands restraint, compassion, and fairness, not mere efficiency or profit.
   4. Systemic Realisation: Human welfare, not human power, should guide policy; prosperity cannot be measured by GDP alone.

Conclusion

Amrith’s argument reframes the climate crisis as a mirror to human civilization reflecting not just carbon levels, but our collective morality. The path ahead demands ethical reawakening, equitable governance, and historical responsibility, not just green technology. Climate change is not a scientific failure; it is a civilizational test of whether humanity can outgrow its own greed.

PYQ Relevance

[UPSC 2017] ‘Climate Change’ is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change?
Linkage: Climate change is a recurring UPSC theme in GS 3 and Essays. This article adds depth by linking human greed and moral failure to India’s climate vulnerability, especially in Himalayan and coastal regions.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now