Why in the News?

The Supreme Court has ruled that inclusive and meaningful Digital Access to e-governance and welfare systems is a part of the Fundamental Right to Life and Liberty under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.

Key Highlights of the Judgment:

• Inclusive Digital Access: The Court ruled on April 30, 2025, that access to e-governance and welfare systems is a fundamental right under Article 21, requiring inclusive digital ecosystems, especially for marginalised groups.
• Focus on KYC Processes: It issued 20 directions to make digital KYC processes more accessible for acid attack survivors and the visually impaired.
• Digital Divide: It recognised the digital divide as a constitutional issue, emphasising the need for equal access to digital platforms for essential services and opportunities.

About Article 21 of the Indian Constitution and its Scope:

• Article 21 reads: “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.”
• Initially focused on protecting life from arbitrary state action, it has been expanded to include living with dignity.
• Key Judicial Expansions:
  • Maneka Gandhi vs. Union of India (1978): Right to live with dignity, requiring a fair, just, and reasonable procedure.
  • Sunil Batra vs. Delhi Administration (1978): Right to live a healthy life and preserve cultural heritage.
  • Bandhua Mukti Morcha vs. Union of India (1984): Linking Article 21 with the Directive Principles of State Policy, ensuring abolition of forced labour.
  • Subramaniam Swamy vs. Union of India (2016): Recognized right to reputation as part of Article 21.
  • Olga Tellis vs. Bombay Municipal Corporation (1985): Recognized right to livelihood as part of Article 21.
  • Aruna Shanbaug case (2011): Recognized the right to die with dignity as part of Article 21.
  • K.S. Puttaswamy vs. Union of India (2017): Right to privacy recognized as an essential part of Article 21.

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