Why in the News?

Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps recently launched fresh military exercises in the Strait of Hormuz amid heightened tensions and discussions over potential security threats. The development has revived concerns over a possible disruption in a waterway that carries nearly 20% of global petroleum and a major share of LNG supplies. Even a minor disruption could trigger a sharp spike in global oil prices, inflationary pressures, and supply chain instability. While Iran has previously threatened closure during periods of confrontation, including during the Iran-Iraq War and recent tensions with Israel and the U.S., a full closure has never occurred. The present moment underscores the vulnerability of global energy markets to geopolitical flashpoints.

Geography of the Strait of Hormuz 

1. Location: Lies between Iran (north) and Oman and the United Arab Emirates (south), forming the only maritime outlet of the Persian Gulf.
2. Waterway Linkage: Connects the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman and onward to the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean, enabling global energy trade.
3. Chokepoint Character: Approximately 33 km wide at its narrowest point with 3 km-wide shipping lanes in each direction, handling nearly 17-20 million barrels per day of oil.
4. Sovereign and Legal Control: Bordered by Iran, Oman, and the UAE, while international transit passage is regulated under UNCLOS provisions ensuring freedom of navigation.

How does the geography of the Strait of Hormuz shape global energy governance and maritime security

1. Geographical Constraint: The strait is only 33 km wide at its narrowest point, with shipping lanes of approximately 3 km in each direction, increasing vulnerability to blockades and naval disruptions.
2. Chokepoint Status: Handles nearly 17-20 million barrels per day, about 20% of global petroleum consumption, making it the world’s most critical oil transit chokepoint.
3. Strategic Location: Connects the Persian Gulf to the Arabian Sea, serving as the sole maritime outlet for major Gulf producers such as Saudi Arabia, Iran, UAE, Kuwait and Iraq.
4. Maritime Law Implications: Raises questions under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) regarding transit passage rights and freedom of navigation.

What are the policy implications of potential disruption for global and Indian energy security?

1. Energy Dependence: India imports over 85% of its crude oil requirements, with more than 40% sourced from Gulf countries dependent on the Strait route.
2. Inflationary Impact: Sudden oil price spikes increase input costs, widen fiscal deficit, and elevate retail fuel prices (petrol, diesel, LPG).
3. Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR): India maintains reserves at Visakhapatnam, Mangaluru, and Padur to cushion short-term supply shocks.
4. Asian Vulnerability: China, India, Japan and South Korea together account for nearly two-thirds of oil flows through the strait, increasing Asia’s systemic exposure.

Why are alternative energy transit routes inadequate to offset disruption risks?

1. Pipeline Diversification: Saudi Arabia operates the East-West pipeline to the Red Sea; UAE connects to Fujairah port outside the Gulf.
2. Capacity Constraints: Existing pipelines cannot fully replace 17-20 million barrels per day transiting the strait.
3. Limited LNG Alternatives: Qatar, one of the largest LNG exporters, sends most gas shipments through the Strait, with no equivalent alternative sea route.
4. Insurance and Freight Costs: Even partial disruptions raise shipping insurance premiums and freight rates, increasing global oil prices.

How does the Strait reflect the intersection of regional geopolitics and institutional accountability?

1. Iran-U.S. Tensions: Repeated threats of closure during sanctions and military stand-offs demonstrate geopolitical leverage.
2. Historical Precedent: During the Iran-Iraq War (1980s), tanker wars disrupted shipping, requiring naval escorts.
3. Military Signalling: Recent naval drills by Iran signal deterrence capability without formal closure.
4. International Response: U.S.-led naval patrols and multinational maritime coalitions ensure continued freedom of navigation.

What are the broader economic and governance consequences of instability in the Strait?

1. Global Inflation Transmission: Oil price increases transmit through fuel, logistics and food supply chains.
2. Trade Balance Pressure: Oil-importing economies face currency depreciation and widened current account deficits.
3. Energy Market Volatility: Markets react to anticipated risk, often raising prices even without actual closure.
4. Policy Imperative: Encourages diversification of energy sources, renewables adoption, and regional diplomacy.

Conclusion

The Strait of Hormuz remains the most critical maritime chokepoint for global energy flows, carrying nearly one-fifth of the world’s petroleum supply. Its narrow geography, concentration of hydrocarbon exporters, and recurring geopolitical tensions make it structurally vulnerable to disruption. Even limited instability can trigger global oil price shocks, inflationary pressures, and fiscal stress for import-dependent economies such as India. The issue underscores the strategic necessity of maritime security cooperation, energy diversification, strategic petroleum reserves, and calibrated diplomacy to safeguard economic stability and uphold freedom of navigation under international law.

PYQ Relevance

[UPSC 2018] In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to this situation?

Linkage: It links directly to India’s energy security, as instability in Iran can disrupt oil supplies through the Strait of Hormuz, affecting inflation, fiscal stability, and strategic reserves. It connects with India’s strategic autonomy and West Asia policy, testing diplomatic balancing between the U.S., Iran, and Gulf partners amid shifting geopolitical alignments

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