Foreign Policy Watch: India-Iran
Visa-Free Travel to Iran for Indians
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Visa Free travel for Indians
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The recent announcement of visa-free travel to Iran for Indian passport holders has garnered significant attention, marking a significant milestone in bilateral travel facilitation.
Iran’s Visa-Free Regime for India
- Tourism Purposes: Indian citizens holding ordinary passports can avail of the visa-free travel privilege but must intend to visit Iran solely for tourism purposes.
- Mode of Entry: The relaxation applies exclusively to travelers entering Iran via air routes.
- Maximum Duration: Travelers under this scheme can stay in Iran for a maximum of 15 days during each visit.
- Re-entry Provisions: Re-entry into Iran is permissible after a gap of six months from the previous departure.
- Extended Stay or Multiple Entries: Individuals desiring prolonged stays, frequent visits within six months, or seeking alternative visa categories must obtain requisite visas from the Iranian diplomatic missions in India.
Visa Trends for Indians beyond Iran
- Current Visa-Free Countries: 27 countries now offer visa-free entry to Indian citizens, with recent additions including Kenya, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Sri Lanka.
- Global Outreach: Beyond immediate neighbors, countries like Barbados, Bhutan, Maldives, Mauritius, and Nepal offer visa-free entry to Indian citizens, reflecting evolving global travel dynamics.
- Popular Destinations for Indian Citizens: The top five travel destinations are the UAE, the USA, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, and Thailand, with many visiting as part of the diaspora.
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Foreign Policy Watch: India-Iran
Chabahar Port: India’s Gateway to Central Asia via Iran
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chabahar Port
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar’s recent visit to Iran featured crucial discussions with Iranian Minister of Roads and Urban Development, aiming to establish a long-term cooperation framework for the strategically vital Chabahar port.
Chabahar Port: A Strategic Gem
- Location: Chabahar Port is strategically positioned at the mouth of the Gulf of Oman in Iran.
- Deepwater Port: It stands as Iran’s first deepwater port, holding a pivotal position on global oceanic trade routes.
- Geographic Positioning: Situated west of Iran’s border with Pakistan, it competes with China’s Gwadar Port, located to the east.
- Strategic Importance: Chabahar Port holds immense strategic importance for both Iran and India.
- Mitigating Western Sanctions: It allows Iran to mitigate the impact of Western sanctions.
- Alternative Trade Route: For India, it offers an alternative trade route, bypassing Pakistan’s restrictions on land access for trade with Afghanistan and Central Asia.
India’s Engagement with Chabahar
- Initiating Ties: India’s engagement with Chabahar dates back to 2002 when discussions commenced between Iranian and Indian officials.
- Strategic Cooperation: A roadmap for strategic cooperation was signed during President Khatami’s 2003 visit to India, with Chabahar as a key project.
- Counteracting BRI: The project gained prominence for India as it sought alternative trade routes amid China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the development of Gwadar Port in Pakistan.
- Access to Central Asia: Chabahar’s significance further escalated with India’s ambitions to access Central Asia and Russia.
Development of Chabahar Port
- Two Distinct Ports: Chabahar Port comprises two distinct ports: Shahid Beheshti and Shahid Kalantari.
- Indian Investment: India’s primary investment is directed towards the Shahid Beheshti port.
- Trilateral Agreement: In April 2016, India, Iran, and Afghanistan signed a trilateral agreement.
- Rapid Development: India’s Shipping Ministry rapidly worked towards developing the port.
- Operational Milestones: In December 2017, the first phase of Shahid Beheshti port was inaugurated, facilitating the movement of Indian wheat to Afghanistan.
- IPGL’s Role: India Ports Global Limited (IPGL) played a pivotal role in the port’s operations.
- Phased Expansion: The Shahid Beheshti port is undergoing development in four phases, ultimately reaching a capacity of 82 million tons per year with 32 jetties.
Challenges and Delays
- Geopolitical Hurdles: Geopolitical complexities, particularly Iran’s relationship with the US, have contributed to project delays.
- US-Iran Relations: The fluctuating US-Iran relationship has posed challenges, especially after the US withdrew from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2018.
- Sanctions Impact: India faced challenges in finding international suppliers under sanctions.
- Afghanistan Dynamics: The situation in Afghanistan also affected India’s relations with Kabul but gradually improved.
- Recent Developments: In 2022, India reopened its embassy in Kabul and allocated funds for the Chabahar port project.
- Continued Wheat Exports: India plans to send 20,000 metric tonnes of wheat to Afghanistan through the port in 2023.
Future Outlook
- US-Iran Ties: The pace of Chabahar port development remains tied to US-Iran relations and regional dynamics.
- Ongoing Challenges: Challenges include susceptibility to American sanctions, uncertainties in Afghanistan, and compatibility with the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
- Strategic Diplomacy: Active diplomacy, efficient implementation, and operations are vital for overcoming these challenges and maintaining Chabahar’s status as a viable transit hub and a crucial link between Iran and India.
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Foreign Policy Watch: India-Iran
Iran, Pakistan, and the Baloch Militancy
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Iran-Pakistan Relations
Introduction
- Recent events have thrust the relationship between Iran and Pakistan into the spotlight, with missile strikes, drone attacks, and territorial disputes escalating tensions between the two neighboring nations.
- In this comprehensive analysis, we examine the historical context, evolving dynamics, and broader implications of the Iran-Pakistan relationship.
Iran-Pakistan: Historical Background
[A] Pre-1979: Allies under the Shadow of Superpowers
- Alliance and CENTO: Before Iran’s Islamic Revolution in 1979, both countries were aligned with the United States and were part of the Baghdad Pact (later CENTO), a military alliance modeled on NATO.
- Support During Wars: Iran provided material and weapons support to Pakistan during its wars against India in 1965 and 1971.
[B] Post-1979: A Shift in Alliances
- Sectarian Divide: After Ayatollah Khomeini’s Shiite regime took power in Iran, Pakistan, a Sunni-majority nation, found itself at odds with Iran due to sectarian differences.
- Geopolitical Differences: Differences emerged as Iran became a sworn enemy of the United States after 1979, while Pakistan drew closer to the U.S., particularly during the “War on Terror” post-9/11.
- Focus on Exporting Revolution: Iran’s foreign policy, centred on exporting the Islamic revolution, made its Arab neighbours uneasy, leading to a divergence in regional priorities.
- Opposite Sides in Afghanistan: Iran backed the Northern Alliance against the Taliban in Afghanistan, a group created with Pakistan’s support, leading to further tensions.
Attempts at Reconciliation
- 1995: Benazir Bhutto’s Visit: Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto referred to Iran as “a friend, a neighbor, and a brother in Islam” during her visit to Tehran in 1995, emphasizing cooperation and regretting U.S. sanctions.
- Zardari’s Era: Asif Ali Zardari’s presidency saw increased cooperation with Iran, particularly in trade and energy, though Sunni-Shiite tensions persisted.
- Nawaz Sharif’s Shift: Nawaz Sharif, upon becoming Prime Minister in 2013, realigned Pakistan’s stance away from Iran, strengthening ties with Arab allies and leaving the Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline project incomplete.
The Balochistan Conundrum
- Shared Ethnicity: The Baloch population, living on both sides of the Iran-Pakistan border, shares deep cultural, ethnic, and linguistic ties.
- Marginalization and Grievances: Baloch communities in both nations have been marginalized, leading to separatist movements.
- Cross-Border Insurgency: Baloch insurgents operate across the porous border, targeting military and civilian targets, complicating relations.
- Differences in Insurgent Groups: Baloch insurgents in Iran often have religious affiliations, while those in Pakistan lean towards secular ethno-nationalism.
Broader Regional Implications
- Regional Power Dynamics: The involvement of Arabs, Israelis, and Iranians in the Balochistan issue reflects broader regional power politics.
- Strategic Significance: Balochistan’s location at the mouth of the Gulf makes it integral to geopolitical strategies, including China’s Belt and Road Initiative.
- Balancing Act: India’s involvement in Iran and the Chabahar port development, seen as a counter to Pakistan’s Gwadar port, adds to regional complexities.
- Middle East Policy Shift: India’s economic and security interests in the Middle East are prompting a shift in its traditionally neutral stance towards regional conflicts.
Conclusion
- The recent cross-border strikes and tensions between Iran and Pakistan underscore the fragility of their relationship, complicated by historical, sectarian, and geopolitical factors.
- While both nations are likely to seek de-escalation, the Balochistan issue, regional power dynamics, and India’s evolving role in the Middle East are challenging established assumptions about security in the region.
- As the Gulf’s conflicts spill into the Baloch frontier, a weakened Pakistan may find itself increasingly entangled in the Middle East’s widening conflict theatre, demanding a reevaluation of India’s regional strategies.
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Foreign Policy Watch: India-Iran
Iran announces Visa-free Travel for Indian Citizens
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Visa Free travel for Indians
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Iran has announced the removal of visa requirements for Indian citizens and nationals from 32 other countries.
- The decision is aimed at increasing tourism and improving global perceptions of Iran.
Iran’s Visa-Free Travel Initiative
- Countries Included: The list includes Russia, UAE, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Lebanon, several Central Asian and African countries, Japan, Singapore, Southeast Asian nations, and select countries in Latin America and Europe.
- Previous Visa Exemptions: Iran had earlier lifted visa requirements for Türkiye, Azerbaijan, Oman, China, Armenia, Lebanon, and Syria.
- Tourist Influx Statistics: Iran witnessed a 48.5% increase in tourist numbers, reaching 4.4 million in the first eight months of the current Iranian year.
Proposal for Wider Visa-Free Travel
- Ministry’s Initial Proposal: The Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts proposed visa-free travel for 60 countries, though it wasn’t fully approved.
- Umrah Flights to Saudi Arabia: Starting December 19, Iranians can travel to Saudi Arabia for Umrah, marking the first such opportunity in eight years.
India’s Growing Outbound Tourism Market
- Current Visa-Free Countries: 27 countries now offer visa-free entry to Indian citizens, with recent additions including Kenya, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Sri Lanka.
- Popular Destinations for Indian Citizens: The top five travel destinations are the UAE, the USA, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, and Thailand, with many visiting as part of the diaspora.
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Foreign Policy Watch: India-Iran
Iran dragged to International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ICJ
Mains level: Iran's tarnished image in global scenario
Central Idea
- The UK, Canada, Sweden, and Ukraine have jointly initiated legal proceedings against Iran at the International Court of Justice, the highest court of the United Nations.
- The case pertains to the tragic downing of a Ukrainian passenger jet in 2020, resulting in the loss of all 176 passengers and crew members.
- Iran recently acquired the membership of SCO.
About the International Court of Justice (ICJ) |
|
| Establishment | Also called World Court, was established in 1945.
Began its operations in 1946. Located in The Hague, Netherlands. |
| Purpose | To settle legal disputes between member states and provide advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized UN organs and specialized agencies. |
| Composition | 15 judges elected by the UN General Assembly and the Security Council.
Judges serve for a term of 9 years and can be re-elected. |
| Judicial Independence | Operates independently of the UN.
Its decisions are binding on the parties involved in a dispute. Member states are obligated to comply with ICJ judgments. |
| Jurisdiction | Over cases submitted to it by sovereign states.
Can only hear cases if both parties involved in the dispute have consented to its jurisdiction. Provides advisory opinions to UN organs and specialized agencies. |
| Cases | Disputes over territorial boundaries, maritime rights, human rights violations, interpretation of treaties, and state responsibility.
It has jurisdiction over both contentious cases and advisory proceedings. |
| Legal Systems | Applies two primary sources of law: International treaties and customary international law.
Considers general principles of law and judicial decisions as subsidiary sources. |
| Proceedings | ICJ proceedings are public unless the court decides otherwise or the parties involved agree on privacy. |
| Binding Nature of Judgments | ICJ judgments are legally binding on the parties involved in a dispute.
If a state fails to comply with a judgment, the matter can be brought to the attention of the UN Security Council for further action. |
| Enforcement Mechanism | ICJ lacks its own enforcement mechanism, and it relies on the voluntary compliance of states with its judgments.
However, the UN Security Council has the power to take measures to enforce ICJ rulings. |
| Accessibility | Accessible to all member states of the UN.
Non-member states can also become parties to cases. |
Tragedy and International Response
- Flight PS752: Details of the Ukrainian passenger jet, which was en route from Tehran to Kyiv on January 8, 2020.
- Shooting Down: The plane was shot down shortly after takeoff.
- Nationalities: The victims included individuals from Canada, Sweden, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, Afghanistan, and Iran, spanning a wide age range.
Iran’s Admission and Subsequent Actions
- Failed Arbitration Request: Iran’s lack of response to arbitration request led to the filing of the case.
- Initial Denials: Iran initially denied responsibility for the downing but later admitted that the Revolutionary Guard had mistakenly shot down the plane using two surface-to-air missiles.
- Blaming the Operator: Iranian authorities attributed the incident to an air defense operator who allegedly mistook the Boeing 737-800 for an American cruise missile.
- Judicial Response: An Iranian court sentenced an air defense commander to 13 years in prison for his alleged role in the downing.
- Critique of the Trial: The countries filing the case criticized the prosecution, referring to it as a “sham and opaque trial.”
Allegations against Iran
- Lack of Preventive Measures: The plaintiffs argue that Iran failed to take necessary measures to prevent the intentional commission of an offence.
- Inadequate Investigation and Prosecution: Iran is accused of conducting an impartial, transparent, and fair criminal investigation, which is inconsistent with international law.
- Destruction of Evidence: Allegations claim that Iran withheld or destroyed crucial evidence related to the incident.
- Harassment of Families: Iran is accused of threatening and harassing the families of the victims who sought justice.
- Failure to Report: Iran neglected to report crucial details of the incident to the International Civil Aviation Organization.
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Foreign Policy Watch: India-Iran
US- Iran Agreement : A Path to a Nuclear Arrangement
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Proposed agreement between US and Iran, potential outcomes and implications
Central Idea
- The recent disclosure of interactions between American and Iranian diplomats has shed light on the ongoing negotiations regarding the release of American prisoners in Iran and the possibility of a fresh deal on the nuclear issue. These discussions have taken place through intermediaries, with Oman playing a key role in facilitating communication between the two countries.
What is the proposed agreement?
- Iran’s Nuclear Program: Under the arrangement, Iran would freeze its nuclear enrichment at 60%. This measure is significant as Iran’s uranium enrichment program had reached 84%, raising concerns about its progress towards a nuclear weapon.
- US Security in the Region: Iran would agree not to attack US military contractors in Syria and Iraq. This provision aims to ensure the safety of American personnel operating in these areas.
- Cooperation with the IAEA: Iran would improve cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspectors. This step is crucial for ensuring transparency and verifying Iran’s compliance with its nuclear-related commitments.
- Ballistic Missiles: Iran would refrain from providing ballistic missiles to Russia. The inclusion of this provision reflects concerns about Iran’s missile capabilities and their potential destabilizing impact on the region.
- Release of American Prisoners: Iran would release the three US citizens currently in its custody. This aspect addresses the humanitarian issue of detained Americans and has been a point of contention in US-Iran relations.
United States commitments In return
- Sanctions: The US would pledge to avoid imposing new harsh sanctions on Iran. This is significant as sanctions have been a central tool in exerting pressure on Iran in the past.
- Gulf Waters: The US would refrain from seizing Iranian oil tankers in the Gulf waters. This provision aims to prevent further escalations and maintain stability in the region.
- UN Resolutions: The US would not pursue anti-Iran resolutions in the United Nations. This indicates a shift away from a confrontational approach in international forums.
- Release of Frozen Assets: The US would take steps to defreeze Iran’s bank accounts, which are estimated to be around $80 billion in various banks outside the country. Additionally, the US would immediately allow the release of $7 billion in South Korea and $2.7 billion in Iraq. These actions aim to address Iran’s economic concerns and provide some relief.
US Interests in the Proposed Agreement
- Nuclear Non-Proliferation: The United States has a long-standing interest in preventing the proliferation of nuclear weapons. The proposed agreement aims to address concerns regarding Iran’s nuclear program and prevent it from acquiring a nuclear weapon. By freezing Iran’s nuclear enrichment and enhancing cooperation with the IAEA, the agreement seeks to maintain regional stability and reduce the risk of nuclear proliferation.
- Regional Stability: The US has a vested interest in promoting stability in the Middle East. The proposed agreement aims to mitigate tensions and reduce the likelihood of a regional conflagration. By addressing Iran’s nuclear program and its activities in the region, the agreement seeks to contribute to a more stable and secure Middle East.
- Humanitarian Concerns: The release of American prisoners held in Iran is an important humanitarian issue for the United States. The proposed agreement includes a provision for the release of these individuals, which aligns with US interests in protecting the welfare of its citizens abroad.
Potential Outcomes of the Proposed Agreement
- Temporary Resolution: The agreement could serve as a temporary resolution to address immediate concerns related to Iran’s nuclear program and US-Iran tensions. By freezing Iran’s nuclear enrichment and securing the release of American prisoners, it could create a period of relative stability and reduced hostilities between the two countries.
- Mitigating Regional Conflicts: The agreement may help mitigate regional conflicts by reducing the risk of a direct confrontation between Iran and the United States. With Iran committing not to attack US military contractors in Syria and Iraq, it could contribute to a de-escalation of tensions in these regions.
- Improved US-Iran Relations: The proposed agreement could pave the way for improved relations between the United States and Iran in the short term. By engaging in diplomatic negotiations, both countries demonstrate a willingness to find common ground and address key issues. This could potentially lead to further engagement and dialogue on other matters of mutual concern in the future.
- Economic Impact: If the agreement is implemented, it could have economic implications. Iran’s release of frozen assets and the potential easing of some sanctions could provide a boost to its economy. This, in turn, could improve the living conditions of Iranian citizens and potentially contribute to stability within the country.
- Impact on Regional Dynamics: The agreement may have broader implications for regional dynamics. It could potentially facilitate improved ties between Iran and Saudi Arabia, as well as impact other regional players. Additionally, the agreement could influence the behavior and decisions of other countries in the region, potentially altering geopolitical dynamics.
- Uncertain Long-Term Viability: The long-term viability of the proposed agreement remains uncertain. Given its informal and unwritten nature, there may be challenges in ensuring adherence and accountability over time. Changes in leadership, shifts in domestic politics, or evolving regional dynamics could impact the agreement’s sustainability beyond the current administration.
India’s significant interest in these developments
- Energy Security: India is heavily reliant on oil imports, and Iran has historically been an important supplier of crude oil. Any changes in the US-Iran relationship, including sanctions or easing of restrictions, could have an impact on India’s energy security and oil prices.
- Chabahar Port: India has invested significantly in the development of the Chabahar Port in Iran, which serves as a crucial gateway for India’s connectivity with Afghanistan and Central Asia. The US sanctions have posed challenges to India’s operations at the port. Therefore, any changes in the US-Iran dynamics and potential easing of sanctions could have implications for India’s access and operations at the port.
- Regional Stability: India has a stake in maintaining stability in the region, particularly in its immediate neighborhood. The US-Iran agreement, if successful, could potentially contribute to regional stability and reduce tensions. This aligns with India’s broader interests in ensuring peace and security in the Middle East.
- Balancing Relations: India maintains relationships with both the United States and Iran. As a strategic partner of the US, India has sought to align its interests with the US on several global issues. At the same time, India has maintained longstanding cultural, economic, and historical ties with Iran. India will likely aim to strike a balance between its relationships with both countries while promoting its national interests.
- Geopolitical Considerations: India’s stance on the US-Iran negotiations could be influenced by broader geopolitical considerations. India seeks to maintain its strategic autonomy and diversify its partnerships. It will carefully assess the implications of the US-Iran agreement on its relationships with other countries in the region, including Saudi Arabia and Israel
Conclusion
- The implications of US and Iran arrangement extend beyond the nuclear issue, potentially impacting Iran’s regional relationships and opening doors for future engagement between the US and Iran. The success of the agreement remains uncertain, but it marks a notable step towards resolving longstanding tensions between the two nations.
Also read:
| Iran- Saudi rivalry: China’s role and India’s Concerns |
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Foreign Policy Watch: India-Iran
China’s Mediation Brings Saudi Arabia and Iran to the Table: An Analysis
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Resumption of diplomatic relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran and China's mediation efforts, concerns of US, Israel and India
Central Idea
- China’s mediation efforts have resulted in the resumption of diplomatic relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran, which is significant in terms of regional stability and the changing dynamics of international diplomacy.
What is Mediation?
- Mediation is a deliberate attempt to reconcile differences between two parties, and it plays a significant role in international relations. In this op-ed, we will discuss China’s recent mediation efforts that led to the resumption of diplomatic relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran.
Background
- Conflicts in GCC: The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) has been facing several tensions and conflicts since 2016, mainly related to Yemen and Syria. However, bilateral efforts have been underway since early 2016 to ease these tensions.
- Bilateral efforts: Talks were held in Baghdad and during Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi’s visit to China in February 2023. The Emir of Kuwait and the Sultan of Oman initiated steps that were responded to by Iran. All concerned were worried about the attacks on shipping and energy facilities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and the United Arab Emirates.
China’s Mediation Efforts
- Resumption of diplomatic relations: In a joint statement on March 10, 2023, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and China announced that an agreement has been reached between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran covering a resumption of diplomatic relations between them and a re-opening of their embassies and missions within a period not exceeding two months.
- Terms of the agreement: The agreement affirmed their respect for the sovereignty of states, non-interference in the internal affairs of states, and said the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of both countries shall meet to implement this, arrange for the return of their Ambassadors, and discuss means of enhancing bilateral relations.
- For instance; One agreement and seven achievements: Iranian National Security Adviser Ali Shamkhani lent credibility to the accord. A commentary in an Iranian newspaper on March 11 depicted the event as ‘One agreement and seven achievements’; it listed the latter as
- Tehran’s willingness to engage in dialogue;
- Failure of the U.S.’s effort to isolate Iran;
- Strengthening of the alliance of Islamic Countries;
- Failure of Israeli efforts against this agreement;
- Failure of U.S. effort to show the Iranian public that it has no choice but to agree to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) with America;
- Beijing’s successful entry in West Asian relations, and
- Failure of dreams of regime change.
American and Israeli Reactions
- US; Change in terms of reference in international diplomacy For US:S. reactions, apart from unconcealed surprise, reflected the change in terms of reference in international diplomacy.
- Israel; a fatal blow to a regional coalition against Iran: Equally surprised was Israel, the other major player in the region, which saw it as a fatal blow to the effort to build a regional coalition against Iran.
The Indian stand
- India’s reaction to this development has been restrained: Apart from historical linkages, the region is in India’s proximate neighbourhood and within its security parameters.
- Trade a priority: It is the principal source of hydrocarbon imports, and increasingly of investments. It is also an important destination for manpower exports apart from being a major trading partner including projects.
- Policy of avoiding interference in bilateral and regional disputes: The official policy has focused on bilateral relations and avoidance of involvement in bilateral and regional disputes.
- Refrained from speculative ventures: Given these priorities, India has consciously refrained from speculative ventures in alternate security architectures apart from supporting cooperative security and freedom of waterways and of navigation.
Conclusion
- China’s mediation efforts have played a significant role in bringing Saudi Arabia and Iran to the negotiating table. This development is significant in terms of regional stability and the changing dynamics of international diplomacy. India’s response to this development has been restrained, focusing on bilateral relations and avoiding involvement in regional disputes. The region should not be viewed in competition with China, and India should not consider itself a surrogate for those who have been outplayed in power games.
Mains Question
Q. Analyze the significance of China’s mediation efforts in bringing Saudi Arabia and Iran to the negotiating table and its impact on international diplomacy. Evaluate India’s response to this development.
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Foreign Policy Watch: India-Iran
China’s West Asia policy and Implications for India
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: China’s West Asian peace diplomacy and Implications for India
Central Idea
- China’s increasing involvement in global power dynamics has been propelled by its diplomatic work in West Asia, which has been facilitated by regional states leveraging its influence with Iran. China’s role as peacemaker in the region has given it a significant advantage in global power tussles, especially in the wake of the Saudi Arabia-Iran diplomatic thaw. However, the implications of China’s role in global power dynamics are far-reaching.
China’s Diplomatic Influence in the Region
- Saudi Arabia-Iran diplomatic thaw: The diplomatic thaw between Saudi Arabia and Iran has propelled China further into global power tussles. Saudi Arabia and Iran have been in a long-standing rivalry, which has caused instability in the region. However, the recent diplomatic thaw has provided an opportunity for China to expand its influence in the region.
- China’s role as peacemaker in West Asia: China’s role as peacemaker in West Asia has given it a significant advantage in global power tussles. Beijing has leveraged its influence with Iran to broker peace deals in the region. China’s diplomatic efforts have been largely successful, and it has emerged as a key player in global power dynamics.
- Implications of China’s role in global power dynamics: China’s diplomatic efforts have put it in a unique position to shape the global order, especially as the United States’ influence wanes. China’s growing influence has also raised concerns among other major powers, who fear that China’s ambitions may threaten their interests.
India’s Political and Diplomatic Outreach in West Asia
- Cultural and geographical proximity: India’s outreach in West Asia has been extensive, with a deep cultural history and geographic proximity to the region.
- Diplomacy and dialogue: India has not commented on the Saudi Arabia-Iran thaw but has always stood for diplomacy and dialogue.
- India’s official position “No third-party mediation”: Many in West Asia believe that India is in a good position to act as a mediator in the region’s conflicts, but India has baulked at such an idea due to its official position of not supporting third-party mediation on Kashmir with Pakistan.
India’s Relations with Iran
- India’s relations with Iran have been impacted by sanctions and difficulties in fastening or upscaling developmental activities at Chabahar Port.
- India’s economic relations with Iran have suffered due to sanctions and India’s efforts to build closer ties with the US by promoting talks with Iran over the latter’s nuclear program.
- Strategic interests in Iran for India remain palpable, especially in light of the return of the Taliban to power in Afghanistan and Russia’s war against Ukraine.
China’s influence and impact on India’s relations in the region
- China’s capacity to influence Iran: China’s growing economic and political influence in Iran could potentially give it leverage over Iran’s foreign policy decisions, especially with regard to its relations with India. China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has also been a major factor in shaping China’s relations with Iran, and India’s decision not to join the initiative has limited its economic ties with Iran.
- Russia and middle east: China’s increasing collaboration with Russia in the Middle East, particularly in Syria, is also a cause of concern for India. Russia’s closer military cooperation with Iran, coupled with its drifting towards China, could potentially create a power bloc in the region that may not be aligned with India’s interests.
- Peacemaker in West Asia: China’s efforts in brokering a diplomatic thaw between the two countries could potentially lead to a reduction in tensions in the region. While this could be seen as a positive development, it could also impact India’s interests in the region, particularly given its close ties with Saudi Arabia and the UAE.
New Delhi’s need to readjust its positions in the region
- India’s historic ties with Iran and its strategic interests in the region make it imperative for India to maintain strong ties with Iran.
- India will also need to balance its relations with other regional players, particularly Saudi Arabia and the UAE, which have been key partners in India’s energy security and economic growth.
- India may also need to explore new avenues for economic engagement with Iran, given the limitations posed by sanctions and China’s growing presence in the region.
Conclusion
- China’s role as peacemaker in West Asia still needs to play out, but its influence on the region and global politics has implications for India’s relations with Iran. Given China’s growing influence in West Asia, India will need to reassess its position in the region and adjust its foreign policy accordingly.
Mains Question
Q. Discuss the impact of China’s growing diplomatic influence in West Asia on India’s relations with Iran and other regional players. How should India readjust its positions in the region to maintain its strategic interests?
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Foreign Policy Watch: India-Iran
Iran- Saudi rivalry: China’s role and India’s Concerns
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: China's presence in the Middle east and Implications for India
Central Idea
- In an unexpected turn of events on March 10, the National Security Advisors of Iran and Saudi Arabia declared, in the presence of Chinese State Councillor Wang Yi in Beijing, that they have come to a mutual understanding to address their issues, and will reopen their embassies within a span of two months.
Background: Iran- Saudi rivalry
- Since January 2016, when the Saudi kingdom severed diplomatic ties with Iran after the attack on the former’s embassy in Tehran, the two countries have been engaged in a rivalry for regional geopolitical influence, prolonging conflicts in Yemen and Syria.
- Only a few months ago, Iran’s top military officials were threatening Saudi Arabia with consequences unless it controlled its Persian-language media outlets zealously covering anti-government protests in Iran. Riyadh had raised alert levels citing a credible threat of attack from Iran.
Iran’s Strategic Partnership with China
- Iran considers China its most important strategic partner, and was alarmed when the joint statement issued at the first China-GCC Summit in Riyadh in December 2022 called on Iran to maintain the non-proliferation regime and respect the principles of non-interference in the internal affairs of states.
- The China-brokered agreement coming a month after Raisi’s visit to Beijing shows how Beijing has successfully leveraged its ties with an Iran struggling with domestic pressure, sanctions, and deteriorating ties with Europe over its military support to Russia.
The Dialogue Process
- The Iran-Saudi Security Dialogue: This refers to the ongoing talks between Iran and Saudi Arabia aimed at improving security in the region, particularly in Yemen. These talks were facilitated by then-Iraqi Prime Minister Mustafa Al-Kadhimi in 2021, and have continued in fits and starts since then.
- Biden Administration’s Conflict Management Measures: The Biden administration has taken steps to end American support for offensive operations in the war in Yemen, including relevant arm sales, as a conflict management measure. This move helped to make Riyadh see the logic of dialogue with Iran.
- Chinese Role in Brokering the Final Agreement: China has played a key role in brokering the final agreement between Iran and Saudi Arabia. Beijing has adopted a balanced approach of strengthening ties with all players based on common interests and mutual respect rather than geopolitical alignments with specific countries.
- China’s Growing Regional Engagement: China’s growing regional engagement in the Middle East is driven by its desire to distinguish itself from the US-led interventions in the region. Beijing has supported Gulf countries in setting up multilateral dialogue platforms and taking the initiative in regional issues, including those involving Iran.
What are India’s concerns?
- Impact on India’s Energy Security: Any improvement in relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia could impact India’s energy security. India is heavily dependent on oil imports from both countries, and any conflict or tension between them could lead to disruptions in oil supplies and increased prices.
- Potential for regional destabilization: The rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia has fueled conflicts in the Middle East, including the ongoing war in Yemen. Any escalation of tensions between the two countries could lead to further destabilization in the region, which could have implications for India’s security interests.
- China’s growing influence in the Middle East: China’s role in brokering the agreement between Iran and Saudi Arabia highlights its growing political capital in the region, which could have implications for India’s strategic interests. India has traditionally maintained good relations with both Iran and Saudi Arabia, and any shift in the regional balance of power could impact India’s interests.
- Impact on India’s Chabahar port project: India has invested heavily in the development of the Chabahar port in Iran as a gateway to Afghanistan and Central Asia. Any improvement in relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia could impact India’s plans for the port, which could have implications for India’s strategic interests in the region.
Conclusion
- India will now have to deal with the new reality where China has been able to translate its economic influence in West Asia into diplomatic heft. The agreement between Iran and Saudi Arabia could have positive implications for the region’s stability, but India will need to carefully monitor the evolving dynamics and assess how it can leverage its own relations with Iran, Saudi Arabia, and other regional players to secure its strategic interest.
Mains Question
Q. Evaluate China’s growing influence in the Middle East and its impact on India’s traditional ties with Iran and Saudi Arabia.
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Foreign Policy Watch: India-Iran
India, Iran discuss development of Chabahar Port
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chabahar Port
Mains level: Read the attached story
India and Iran held Foreign Office level consultations to continue cooperation for development of the Shahid Beheshti terminal of the Chabahar Port.
Chabahar Port
- In 2016, India signed a deal with Iran entailing $8 billion investment in Chabahar port and industries in Chabahar Special Economic Zone.
- The port is being developed as a transit route to Afghanistan and Central Asia.
- India has already built a 240-km road connecting Afghanistan with Iran.
- All this were expected to bring cargo to Bandar Abbas port and Chabahar port, and free Kabul from its dependence on Pakistan to reach the outer world.
- Completion of this project would give India access to Afghanistan and beyond to Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Russia and Europe via 7,200-km-long multi-modal North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC).
Why is Chabahar back in the news?
- The visit is a chance to strengthen ties and the maritime relationship between the two countries.
- Due to pandemic, there were less number of visits from India to Iran and vice-versa and the pace of the project is also allegedly slower.
- This visit will also highlight the importance of Chabahar as a gateway for Indian trade with Europe, Russia and CIS [Commonwealth of Independent States] countries.
- India is keen in developing the Shahid Beheshti port as a “a transit hub” and link it to the International North South Trade Corridor (INSTC), that also connects to Russia and Europe.
What is India’s strategic vision for Chabahar?
- When the first agreement for Chabahar was signed by then PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 2003, the plan had a three-fold objective:
- To build India’s first offshore port and to project Indian infrastructure prowess in the Gulf
- To circumvent trade through Pakistan, given the tense ties with India’s neighbour and build a long term, sustainable sea trade route and
- To find an alternative land route to Afghanistan, which India had rebuilt ties with after the defeat of the Taliban in 2001
- Subsequently, PM Manmohan Singh’s government constructed the Zaranj -Delaram Highway in Afghanistan’s South.
- It would help connect the trade route from the border of Iran to the main trade routes to Herat and Kabul, handing it over to the Karzai government in 2009.
- In 2016, PM Modi travelled to Tehran and signed the agreement to develop Chabahar port, as well as the trilateral agreement for trade through Chabahar with Afghanistan’s President Ashraf Ghani.
Commencement of operations
- Since the India Ports Global Chabahar Free Zone (IPGCFZ) authority took over the operations of the port in 2018, it has handled 215 vessels, 16,000 TEUs (Twenty-foot Equivalent Units) and four million tons of bulk and general cargo.
Why is it gaining importance?
- In the last few years, a fourth strategic objective for the Chabahar route has appeared, with China’s Belt and Road Initiative making inroads in the region.
- The government hopes to provide Central Asia with an alternate route to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) through Iran for future trade.
Why is the Chabahar dream taking so long to realise?
- India’s quest for Chabahar has hit geopolitical road-block after road-block; the biggest issue has been over Iran’s relationship with western countries, especially the United States.
- In years when western sanctions against Iran increased, the Chabahar project has been put on the back-burner.
- However, the nuclear talks resulted in the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2015 came into being, the Chabahar port has been easier to work on.
- In 2018, the Trump administration put paid to India’s plans by walking out of the JCPOA and slapping new sanctions on dealing with Iran.
- This led to the Modi government “zeroing out” all its oil imports from Iran, earlier a major supplier to India, causing a strain in ties.
- India also snapped ties with Afghanistan after the Taliban takeover in August 2021, which put an end to the humanitarian aid of wheat and pulses that was being sent to Kabul via Chabahar.
- When India restarted wheat aid this year, it negotiated with Pakistan to use the land route to Afghanistan instead.
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Foreign Policy Watch: India-Iran
Reinvigorating the Chabahar Port
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India-Iran Ties
Mains level: Read the attached story
After months of what appeared to be a go-slow, the Union government has pushed up its interest in using Iran’s Chabahar port to connect to Afghanistan and Central Asia for trade, with the visit of the Union Minister of Ports, Shipping & Waterways to the port.
Chabahar Port
- In 2016, India signed a deal with Iran entailing $8 billion investment in Chabahar port and industries in Chabahar Special Economic Zone.
- The port is being developed as a transit route to Afghanistan and Central Asia.
- India has already built a 240-km road connecting Afghanistan with Iran.
- All this were expected to bring cargo to Bandar Abbas port and Chabahar port, and free Kabul from its dependence on Pakistan to reach the outer world.
- Completion of this project would give India access to Afghanistan and beyond to Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Russia and Europe via 7,200-km-long multi-modal North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC).
Why is Chabahar back in the news?
- The visit is a chance to strengthen ties and the maritime relationship between the two countries.
- Due to pandemic, there were less number of visits from India to Iran and vice-versa and the pace of the project is also allegedly slower.
- This visit will also highlight the importance of Chabahar as a gateway for Indian trade with Europe, Russia and CIS [Commonwealth of Independent States] countries.
- India is keen in developing the Shahid Beheshti port as a “a transit hub” and link it to the International North South Trade Corridor (INSTC), that also connects to Russia and Europe.
What is India’s strategic vision for Chabahar?
When the first agreement for Chabahar was signed by then PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 2003, the plan had a three-fold objective:
- To build India’s first offshore port and to project Indian infrastructure prowess in the Gulf
- To circumvent trade through Pakistan, given the tense ties with India’s neighbour and build a long term, sustainable sea trade route and
- To find an alternative land route to Afghanistan, which India had rebuilt ties with after the defeat of the Taliban in 2001
- Subsequently, PM Manmohan Singh’s government constructed the Zaranj -Delaram Highway in Afghanistan’s South.
- It would help connect the trade route from the border of Iran to the main trade routes to Herat and Kabul, handing it over to the Karzai government in 2009.
- In 2016, PM Modi travelled to Tehran and signed the agreement to develop Chabahar port, as well as the trilateral agreement for trade through Chabahar with Afghanistan’s President Ashraf Ghani.
Commencement of operations
- Since the India Ports Global Chabahar Free Zone (IPGCFZ) authority took over the operations of the port in 2018, it has handled 215 vessels, 16,000 TEUs (Twenty-foot Equivalent Units) and four million tons of bulk and general cargo.
Why is it gaining importance?
- In the last few years, a fourth strategic objective for the Chabahar route has appeared, with China’s Belt and Road Initiative making inroads in the region.
- The government hopes to provide Central Asia with an alternate route to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) through Iran for future trade.
Why is the Chabahar dream taking so long to realise?
- India’s quest for Chabahar has hit geopolitical road-block after road-block; the biggest issue has been over Iran’s relationship with western countries, especially the United States.
- In years when western sanctions against Iran increased, the Chabahar project has been put on the back-burner.
- However, the nuclear talks resulted in the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2015 came into being, the Chabahar port has been easier to work on.
- In 2018, the Trump administration put paid to India’s plans by walking out of the JCPOA and slapping new sanctions on dealing with Iran.
- This led to the Modi government “zeroing out” all its oil imports from Iran, earlier a major supplier to India, causing a strain in ties.
- India also snapped ties with Afghanistan after the Taliban takeover in August 2021, which put an end to the humanitarian aid of wheat and pulses that was being sent to Kabul via Chabahar.
- When India restarted wheat aid this year, it negotiated with Pakistan to use the land route to Afghanistan instead.
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Foreign Policy Watch: India-Iran
Places in news: Strait of Hormuz
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Strait of Hormuz
Mains level: Global strategic flashpoints
A US Navy warship fired a warning flare to wave off an Iranian speedboat coming straight at it during a tense encounter in the strategic Strait of Hormuz.
Why in news?
- The Strait of Hormuz, a narrow waterway in the Middle East marks the most sensitive transportation choke point for global oil supplies.
Strait of Hormuz
- The Strait of Hormuz is a narrow channel, approximately 30 miles wide at the narrowest point, between the Omani Musandam Peninsula and Iran.
- It connects the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman.
- The Strait is deep and relatively free of maritime hazards.
- Its depth is greatest near the Musandam Peninsula and tapers as you move north toward the Iranian shore.
Why is it important?
- Oil tankers carrying crude from ports on the Persian Gulf must pass through the strait.
- Around 21 million barrels of oil a day flowed through it in 2018, equivalent to roughly a third of global seaborne oil trade and about 21% of global petroleum liquids consumption.
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Foreign Policy Watch: India-Iran
India-Iran Relations
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: INSTC
Mains level: Paper 2- India-Iran relations
Context
Iran’s Foreign Minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian’s three-day visit to India, last week, was the first ministerial-level visit from Iran since Ebrahim Raisi assumed the Iranian presidency in August last year.
Background
- Bilateral relations between India and Iran span millennia marked by meaningful interactions.
- Both countries shared borders until 1947 and share several common features in their language, culture and traditions.
- The diplomatic links were established on 15th March 1950, when both countries signed a Treaty of Friendship and Perpetual Peace.
- However, Iran’s joining of Baghdad pact in 1954 and the Cold War politics prevented both countries from having closer relations until the 1990s.
- Islamic Revolution of 1979, hostage of US diplomats, Iran-Iraq War and Tehran’s support for Hezbollah and Hamas among others resulted in a range of political and economic sanctions, leading to Iran being isolated at a global level
- In the 1990s, both countries’ interests converged around energy, Central Asia and security, mostly around the Pakistan-Afghan region.
- This resulted in the signing of ‘The Delhi Declaration’, which provided the vision of the countries’ defence and strategic partnership and “Tehran Declaration”, which set forth the areas of possible cooperation
India-Iran relations: A shared vision for equitable, pluralistic and co-operative international order
- The “Tehran Declaration” signed during former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s visit to Iran affirmed the shared vision of the two countries for an “equitable, pluralistic and co-operative international order”.
- It recognised then Iranian President Mohammad Khatami’s vision of a “dialogue among civilisations” as a paradigm of international relations based on principles of tolerance, pluralism and respect for diversity.
- Advancing the standing in global order: Two decades later, as India strengthens new partnerships within its regional vision centred on the Indo-Pacific, both countries remain driven by the goals of advancing their standing at the regional and global level.
- Both are keen to project themselves as independent strategic actors determined to play a role in shaping a new multipolar order in their shared Eurasian neighbourhood and also at the global level.
Why does India need Iran?
- Energy security: Conventionally, for energy security
- Iran is amongst India’s top oil suppliers
- Strategic importance: Since the 1990s, Iran’s importance has become ‘strategic’
- Security reasons: Iran’s cooperation is critical for India’s security given that
- Pak supports terrorism in India
- Influence in Afghanistan: India’s influence in Afghanistan is marginal.
- Countering Pakistan: India needs Iran to moderate Pak’s influence in West Asia
- Iran is a leader in the Muslim world.
- Access to Afghanistan and Central Asia
Significance of Iran for India
- Geopolitical logic in relations: The sanctions imposed by the US on Iran after it withdrew from the nuclear deal in 2018 may have virtually destroyed India-Iran trade, especially India’s energy imports from Iran, but the geopolitical logic underpinning relations between the two countries remains firm.
- Land bridge to Central Asia and Eurasia: Iran has sought to leverage its crossroad geographical location straddling the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea, India has come to see it as its land bridge to Central Asia and Eurasia.
- INSTC: Despite the difficulties posed by decades of American sanctions, Iran has, along with India, Russia and a few other countries in the Eurasian region, continued to work on the multi-modal International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC).
- During Raisi’s visit to Moscow, the two sides had pledged to redouble their efforts to build the railway line between Iran’s Caspian port of Rasht and Astara on the Iran-Azerbaijan border.
- Alternative Caspian Sea Route: The activation of an alternative Caspian Sea route speaks volumes about the positive outlook of Iran, India and Russia on this corridor despite a variety of geopolitical challenges.
- Iran’s Chabahar port, where India is developing two berths that it will lease for commercial operations for 10 years, is also a story of perseverance in the ties between the two countries.
Irritants in Indo-Iran ties
- India’s relations with Saudi Arabia, US and Israel: Growing Saudi-India-US-Israel relations have irked Iran.
- In retaliation, Iran, for the first time, has linked the plight of Muslims in Gaza, Yemen, and Bahrain, with those in Kashmir
- Iran-Pak-China ties: Warming Iran-Pak-China ties have annoyed India.
- Sluggish Chabahar port development: Slow Chabahar port development has annoyed Iran.
- China-Iran strategic partnership:
- An economic and security partnership deal between Iran and China was recently made public, creating a global alarm, especially for India and the US.
- The foundation for this deal was laid during Chinese President Xi Jinping’s visit to Iran in 2016
- The draft agreement involves Chinese investments worth $400 billion into the Iranian economy over 25 years.
- Of this, $280 billion will be allocated for the oil and gas sector and the remaining funding will be for other core sectors like banking, telecommunications, ports and railways.
- In return, China would get a steady supply of Iranian oil at a heavily discounted rate during the same period.
- This deal creates a win-win situation for both countries.
- It lifts Iran’s sanction-hit economy and helps China set a firm foothold in the Middle East.
US sanctions:
- Iran’s aim to develop nuclear weapons has come under strong criticism from Trump Administration since the beginning.
- Thus, the US has withdrawn from the Iran nuclear deal in 2018 after it was signed in 2015 and imposed unilateral sanctions on Iran.
- The US’ sanctions and aggressive policies have created a situation of economic and geostrategic uncertainty.
- Indian investors are wary of having businesses in Iran for the fear of the US.
- Also, India deviated from the policy of not abiding by unilateral sanctions by ceasing to purchase Iranian oil.
- Due to this, Iran did not back India’s bid to mobilise international support against Beijing’s aggression in the Ladakh.
Other issues:
- Iran is against India’s decision to abrogate Article 370 and 35A.
- It has called on India and Pakistan to show restraint and prevent the killing of innocent Kashmiris, revealing possible close ties between Pakistan and Iran.
- Iran also voiced against “extremist Hindus and their parties” during the 2020 Delhi riots.
- Apart from these issues, Iran also sidelined India’s ONGC from exploration rights at its Farzad B Gas field, stating that it will engage the company at a later date.
Way forward
- As India is treading a fine line in balancing relations with the US, China and Iran while striving to augment its political influence in West Asia, embracing one country over the other is not an option for India.
- Therefore, a multilateral foreign policy is a way forward.
- India must retain its involvement in the Chabahar port development because of the geostrategic significance.
- In the immediate term, India should improve its multi-alignment credentials to absorb investments into the port projects from the public and private sector, boost maritime cooperation among littoral countries to enhance the transit of goods, and foster regional partnership for the Chabahar port development.
- Based on the mutual geostrategic and energy interests, India could collaborate with Japan under the Asia-Africa Growth Corridor.
- Japan’s participation would enhance the multilateral characteristics of the transit hub in the region, unlike the China-owned Gwadar port. This will further enhance multilateral investments to solidify regional economic partnerships that enable the sustainability of the port.
- Also, India needs to evolve a better strategy on Iran beyond waiting to see how the US may react, beyond having to issue a clarification in response to Iran’s sudden provocations and beyond allowing voids of partnerships that China may fill.
- In order to do so, India must create a new alliance of countries having similar geostrategic interests, which are also facing issues with US’ unrealistic and aggressive foreign policy strategy and China’s expansionistic policies.
Conclusion
While the revival of the nuclear deal could give a fillip to India’s economic ties with Iran, India’s interests in continental Asia will be served well by heeding to the calls for developing a long-term roadmap for bilateral relations.
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Foreign Policy Watch: India-Iran
Farzad B Gas Field
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Farzad B Gas Field
Mains level: Not Much
Iran gave the Farzad B gas field to a domestic gas producer in a setback move to India.
Farzad B Gas Field
- Farzad-B is an off-shore natural gas field 20 kilometres off Farsi Island in Iran.
- The gas field was discovered in 2008 by a consortium of three Indian companies, led by the state-owned ONGC Videsh with a 40% stake; the other companies were Indian Oil Corporation (40%) and Oil India (20%).
Deal soured after US sanctions
- Negotiations between the consortium and the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) to develop the gas field stalled due to secondary sanctions against Iran by the US and the European Union in the early 2010s.
- Following the lifting of sanctions after the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action was signed in July 2015 the consortium was close to an agreement to invest $US5 billion to develop the gas field.
- After the United States withdrawal from the JCPOA in May 2018, and the reinstatement of U.S. sanctions against Iran, the negotiations between the consortium and NIOC broke down.
Consider the question “Balancing the contrasts has been the basis of India’s relations with Iran. Comment.”
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Foreign Policy Watch: India-Iran
India should not jump to conclusion in dealing with Iran
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Jask Port
Mains level: Paper 2- Iran-China deal and concerns for India
Two events which happened in quick succession raised concern in India. Iran’s decision to continue the railway project on its own and the reports of deal with China, both the events weighs heavily on India’s interests. This article examines the future course of action which India must adopt in such a situation.
Context
- Iran and China are close to concluding a 25-year strategic partnership.
- This is being linked to reports that Iran has decided to undertake the construction of the Chabahar-Zahedan railway line on its own.
- The project has not been handed over to China — at least not yet — so the “India loses, China wins” narrative is premature.
What does the China-Iran deal indicate?
- China attaches importance to Iran, which is a key source of energy supplies, a part of Belt and Road Initiative, and a potentially lucrative market.
- However, like India, China has also in parallel cultivated closer relations with Saudi Arabia and the UAE.
- China continues to have a strong relationship with Israel.
- As China’s economic, military and technological capabilities have increased, its profile in this strategically important region has also expanded.
What should be India foreign policy approach towards Iran
- While acknowledging changed regional geopolitical landscape, India should pursue continue the policy of maintaining positive relations with Iran, the Arab states and Israel.
- India will have more room for manoeuvring in the region by continuing to maintain a strong and friendly relationship with Iran.
- One should also not exclude the possibility of a Democratic US President reviving the Iran nuclear deal.
- The revival of the deal will open the door for US and European companies to resume business with Iran.
- It is the reinstatement of severe economic sanctions that has led Iran to turn to China, but the latter has remained cautious.
- The pursuit of a closer security partnership with the US does not mean that India should follow the US lead on its other important relationships.
Concerns for India
- While maintaining the relations, India should not monitor closely the development of relations between China and Iran, which could complicate our security interests on our western flank.
- Of particular concern is a reference to China constructing a new port at Jask at the mouth of the Hormuz strait.
- If the port were operated by China, India’s maritime security would be at further risk.
- It would also be of deep concern to the Arab states who will suffer from any closing of the Hormuz Strait while Iran remains less affected.
- This is an issue on which the Arab states may well react adversely to China.
- India, too, should press its concerns on Iran while working on a counter-strategy.
Consider the question “Balancing the contrasts has been the basis of India’s relations with Iran. Comment.”
Conclusion
India should continue its engagement with Iran while pressing for its concerns at the same time in particular when it comes to Iran’s relations with China endangering India’s interest.
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Foreign Policy Watch: India-Iran
Iran ties need quiet diplomacy
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: JCPOA
Mains level: Paper 2- India-Iran ties and India's concerns over Iran-China partnership
India ties with Iran are significant for more than one reasons. Two countries share cultural bonds, Iran holds a special place when it comes to India’s energy security. Yet, India often finds itself in a difficult position as it tries to walk the tightrope between the U.S. sanction and maintaining the relations with Iran.
Context
- Concerns were raised in India over its exclusion by Iran from the 628 km long rail link between Chabahar and Zahidan.
- Iran has since clarified that it is not the case and India could join the project at a later stage.
- It happened just as China and Iran were close to signing a deal on an economic and security partnership.
Importance of Chabahar and the rail link
- Chabahar could provide connectivity for Afghanistan through Iran in order to lessen its dependence on Karachi port.
- This plan has enjoyed support in Delhi, Kabul and Tehran since 2003.
- Road and rail links from Chabahar to Zahidan and then 200 km further on to Zaranj in Afghanistan, need to be built.
Progress on the project
- Iran was under sanctions during 2005-13, so there was little progress.
- Meanwhile, India concentrated on the 220 km road to connect Zaranj to Delaram on the Herat highway, and completed it in 2008.
- After the sanctions on Iran eased in 2015, A memorandum of understanding (MoU) was signed with Iran in 2016.
- This MoU aimed to equip and operate two terminals at the Shahid Beheshti port as part of Phase I of the project.
- The Trilateral Agreement on Establishment of International Transport and Transit Corridor between Afghanistan, Iran and India was signed.
- In addition to $85 million of capital investment, India also committed to providing a line of credit of $150 million for port container tracks.
- Phase I was declared operational in 2018 and India’s wheat shipments to Afghanistan have been using this route.
- A special economic zone (SEZ) at Chabahar was planned but re-imposition of U.S. sanctions has slowed investments into the SEZ.
- India was given a waiver from U.S. sanctions to continue cooperation on Chabahar.
- Despite the waiver, the project has suffered delays.
Growing Iran-China relations
- In 2016, just as sanctions were eased, Chinese President Xi Jinping visited Tehran and proposed a long-term comprehensive, strategic partnership.
- Iran kept the negotiations going for years because of reluctance to grow too close to China.
- Meanwhile, tensions in the region have been growing since last year with missile strikes in Saudi Arabia and a U.S. drone strike killing Gen. Qassim Soleimani.
- As a veto-wielding member, China can help Iran at the UNSC.
- Even so, the Iran- China comprehensive, strategic partnership road map has run into opposition in the Majlis[Iranian Parliament].
India’s concerns over Iran-China deal
- What is alarming for New Delhi is that Beijing is also concluding a security and military partnership with Tehran.
- Initial reports in Iran have suggested China will deploy 5,000 security personnel to protect its projects in Iran.
- Some reports suggest Kish Island in the Persian Gulf, located at the mouth of the Strait of Hormuz, maybe “sold” to China.
- With a growing Chinese presence, India is also concerned about its strategic stakes around the Chabahar port project.
Way forward for India
- Though China has a greater capacity to resist U.S. sanctions, Iran realises the advantage of working with India as it enjoys a sanctions waiver from the U.S. for Chabahar.
- Iran and India also share an antipathy to a Taliban takeover in Afghanistan.
- This is why Iran would like to keep the door open.
- Nevertheless, India needs to improve its implementation record of infrastructure projects in its neighbourhood.
- There are numerous tales of Indian cooperation projects in Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, etc suffering delays and cost overruns that only make it easier for China to expand its footprint in India’s neighbourhood.
Consider the question “India-Iran ties circumscribed by each other’s compulsion and geopolitical constraints. Comment.”
Conclusion
India should continue to remain politically engaged with Iran so that there is a better appreciation of each other’s sensitivities and compulsions.
With inputs from:
https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-in-china-iran-indias-concerns-6511177/
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Foreign Policy Watch: India-Iran
Chabahar Rail Project
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ports along the strait of hormuz
Mains level: India-Iran relations soured in recent times
The Iranian government has decided to proceed with the construction of Chabahar Rail Project on its own, citing delays from the Indian side in funding and starting the project.
What is the issue?
- Four years ago, India and Iran signed an agreement to construct a rail line from Chabahar port to Zahedan, along the border with Afghanistan.
- The Iranian Railways will proceed without India’s assistance, using approximately $400 million from the Iranian National Development Fund.
- The development comes as China finalizes a massive 25-year, $400 billion strategic partnership deal with Iran, which could cloud India’s plans.
The Chabahar Rail Project
- It is a 628 km Chabahar-Zahedan line, which will be extended to Zaranj across the border in Afghanistan.
- The entire project would be completed by March 2022.
- It was meant to be part of India’s commitment to the trilateral agreement between India, Iran and Afghanistan to build an alternate trade route to Afghanistan and Central Asia.
Why did Iran omit India from the project?
- Despite several site visits by engineers, and preparations by Iranian railways, India never began the work, ostensibly due to worries that these could attract U.S. sanctions.
- The U.S. had provided a sanctions waiver for the Chabahar port and the rail line to Zahedan, but it has been difficult to find equipment suppliers and partners due to worries they could be targeted by the U.S.
- India has already “zeroed out” its oil imports from Iran due to U.S. sanctions.
The contentious partnership with China
- Iran and China are close to finalising a 25-year Strategic Partnership which will include Chinese involvement in Chabahar’s duty-free zone, an oil refinery nearby, and possibly a larger role in Chabahar port as well.
- The cooperation will extend from investments in infrastructure, manufacturing and upgrading energy and transport facilities, to refurbishing ports, refineries and other installations.
- It is also rumoured that the Chabahar port will be leased to China surpassing India.
- Iran had proposed a tie-up between the port at Gwadar and Chabahar last year and has offered interests to China in the Bandar-e-Jask port 350km away from Chabahar, as well as in the Chabahar duty-free zone.
Back2Basics: India-Iran Partnership over Chabahar Port
- In 2016, India signed a deal with Iran entailing $8 billion investment in Chabahar port and industries in Chabahar Special Economic Zone.
- The port is being developed as a transit route to Afghanistan and Central Asia.
- India has already built a 240-km road connecting Afghanistan with Iran.
- All this were expected to bring cargo to Bandar Abbas port and Chabahar port, and free Kabul from its dependence on Pakistan to reach the outer world.
- Completion of this project would give India access to Afghanistan and beyond to Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Russia and Europe via 7,200-km-long multi-modal North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC).
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Foreign Policy Watch: India-Iran
The diplomatic cost
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Not much.
Mains level: Paper 2- Changing India-Iran relations.
Context
The CAA and violence in Delhi have started to take its toll on India’s secular foreign policy.
The US and other’s reaction to the situation in India
- Trump visit to India: President Trump referred to India as a democracy which was peaceful and tolerant. He lauded freedom, rule of law, liberty and protection of human dignity, adding graphically that where India had the holy Ganges, it also had the Golden Temple and Jama Masjid.
- Assurance to the critics at home: He thereby cleverly reassured critics at home, especially in the US Congress, that he was not ignoring the values the two great democracies shared.
- However, as the situation in Delhi spun into violence the next day, in an untutored media interaction at the US ambassador’s residence, he ducked questions about the CAA or Delhi riots, nonchalantly remarking it was “up to India” to deal with it.
- This may have brought comfort to the Indian government but the world at large differed.
- Response from the other countries: Delhi had already exchanged angry words with Malaysia, Turkey and even Indonesia over their varied critique of India’s handling of its Muslim minority when Iran joined the issue.
Iran’s response to violence in India
- Condemnation by foreign ministers: Iranian Foreign Minister Javad Zarif condemned the “wave of organised violence against Indian Muslims”, adding that “Iran has been a friend of India”.
- India’s foreign ministry summoned the Iranian ambassador to protest the inappropriateness of the minister’s remark.
- The reaction by the Iranian Supreme Leader: Soon after, Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei found the time, in the middle of the COVID-19 outbreak, to excoriate the Indian government.
- Adding insult to injury, he appended #IndianMuslimsInDanger.
- No reaction on China problems: A facile response, can be that Iran is being hypocritical as it has not expressed remorse over the Chinese repression of Uyghurs.
- The difference in India’s importance to China: China is a veto-wielding member of the UN Security Council, which also sustains the Iranian economy despite US sanctions. On the other hand, India has a Shia population second only to that of Iran.
Relations with Iran
- Two consulates in India: There are two Iranian consulates in India in Hyderabad and Mumbai. Iran seeks the third one in Lucknow.
- Qom also hosts many Shia students, particularly from the Kargil region.
- Historic links between the two countries: After Humanyun’s exile in Iran (1530-40) before recovering the Indian throne, the Persian language and culture fired the cultural renaissance at the Mughal court.
- Religio-cultural heritage importance: India is important for Iran for its religio-cultural heritage, unlike China, which is needed for transactional and strategic reasons.
- Two interrelated questions flow from this reasoning:
- 1. What is Iran’s importance for India and the trajectory of India-Iran relations over the last two decades?
- 2. And why is Iran adopting this sharp tone over what the Indian government argues is an internal matter?
- Convergence in the relations: The closest India-Iran strategic convergence began in the 1990s, particularly after Kabul fell to the Taliban in 1996. These ties blossomed under reformist Iranian President Mohammad Khatami and Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
- Tehran Declaration: In 2001, the two signed the Teheran Declaration. Khatami in his opening remarks said that Iran always admired India’s secular credentials and Vajpayee had maintained that tradition.
- In 2003, Khatami was the chief guest at India’s Republic Day and a New Delhi Declaration was issued.
- Deterioration in relations and impact of India-US relation: The relationship began to slip as Iran’s clandestine nuclear programme and assistance from Pakistan’s rogue scientist A Q Khan was uncovered in mid-2003.
- Impact of India-US closeness: Concomitantly, India was drawing closer to the US and negotiating a nuclear cooperation agreement.
- The US used the nuclear issue to cause a cleavage as Indian and Iranian interests began seriously diverging.
- Taliban factor: In any case, the Taliban had been ejected from Afghanistan and US troops literally surrounded Iran, having in 2003 overthrown Saddam Hussein. Geo-strategy trumped diplomacy.
The US-Iran relation cycle
- The nuclear deal with Iran: Iran-US relations also went through a cycle, with President Barack Obama recalibrating US policy towards the Gulf and West Asia.
- Countering ISIS: Calculating that without Iran, ISIS could not be countered, the US in 2015 endorsed the nuclear deal that P-5 and Germany negotiated to end the nuclear stand-off.
- Missing warmth of the 1990s: Although India-Iran relations after that returned to near normal as most US sanctions were lifted, the warmth of the 1990s was missing.
- Iran was now beginning to extend its influence and role across Iraq and West Asia.
- Maximum Pressure strategy of the US: President Donald Trump in 2016 reversed US policy and since then “maximum pressure” has been applied on Iran via tightened sanctions.
- India’s engagement with Saudi Arabia and UAE: PM Modi also moved more forthrightly to engage Saudi Arabia and the UAE.
- The fallout of the US strategy reversal: A fallout of the US policy reversal has been an exacerbation of not only the Shia-Sunni split but a Sunni-Sunni split as Qatar and Turkey are with Iran.
Changing polity and increasing influence in the neighbourhood
- Conservatives elected to power: In Iran’s parliamentary election on February 28, extremely conservative members have been elected, the moderates having been vetoed by the Guardians Council earlier.
- Turnout was a low 43 per cent, due partly to fear of the coronavirus.
- Increasing influence in the neighbourhood: Iran is even more isolated, though determined to resist US demands, due to communications being curtailed due to the virus.
- Relations with the Taliban: It has good working relations with the Taliban and converging interests to see that US troops exit the region.
- The friendly government in Baghdad: Iran is battling to ensure a friendly government in Baghdad, despite the killing of Major General Qasem Soleimani, by keeping militias aligned to it in play.
Conclusion
- Perception of India: Khamenei’s tweet reflects the perception that India is in the US-Saudi-Emirati corner and of little use as long as Trump is president.
- Growing closeness Abu Dhabi, Riyadh and Ahmedabad would have led Iran to this conclusion.
- Leveraging India’s dependence: In the Islamic world, Iran by publicly defending Indian Muslims embarrasses the silent Saudis.
- It also calculates that India needs access to Afghanistan through Chabahar to assist the Ghani government or influence developments there.
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Foreign Policy Watch: India-Iran
What is Jus Cogens?
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Jus Cogens
Mains level: Principle of Jus Cogens
The US has threatened to target few historical sites if Iran retaliates to attack US in revenge. This is a breach of JUS COGENS as targeting cultural sites amounts to a a war crime.
Jus Cogens
- The jus cogens rules have been sanctioned by the Vienna Conventions on the Law of Treaties of 1969 and 1986. According to both Conventions, a treaty is void if it breaches jus cogens rules.
- Jus Cogens or ius cogens, meaning “compelling law” in Latin, are rules in international law that are peremptory or authoritative, and from which states cannot deviate.
- These norms cannot be offset by a separate treaty between parties intending to do so, since they hold fundamental values.
- Today, most states and international organisations accept the principle of jus cogens, which dates back to Roman times.
What does the convention say?
- Article 53 of the 1969 Convention says: “A treaty is void if, at the time of its conclusion, it conflicts with a peremptory norm of general international law.
- For the purposes of the present Convention, a peremptory norm of general international law is a norm accepted and recognized by the international community of States as a whole as a norm.
- From this no derogation is permitted and which can be modified only by a subsequent norm of general international law having the same character.
- Article 64 says- If a new peremptory norm of general international law emerges, any existing treaty which is in conflict with that norm becomes void and terminates.
- Besides treaties, unilateral declarations also have to abide by these norms.
What is included in jus cogens?
- So far, an exhaustive list of jus cogens rules does not exist.
- However, the prohibition of slavery, genocide, racial discrimination, torture, and the right to self-determination are recognised norms.
- The prohibition against apartheid is also recognised as a jus cogens rule, from which no derogation is allowed, since apartheid is against the basic principles of the UN.
What is the problem with targeting cultural heritage?
- Following the unparalleled destruction of cultural heritage in World War II, the nations of the world adopted at The Hague in 1954, The Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict.
- It was the first international treaty focussed exclusively on the protection of cultural heritage during war and armed conflict.
- The Convention defined cultural property as “movable or immovable property of great importance to the cultural heritage of every people, such as monuments of architecture, art or history, whether religious or secular; archaeological sites….”, etc.
- There are currently 133 signatories to Convention, including countries that have acceded to and ratified the treaty.
- Both the United States and Iran (as well as India) signed the Convention on May 14, 1954, and it entered into force on August 7, 1956.
- The Rome Statute of 1998, the founding treaty of the International Criminal Court, describes as a “war crime” any intentional attack against a historical monument, or a building dedicated to religion, education, art, or science.
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